Here are the three principles of health promotion from the Ottawa Charter:
1. Enable - This principle aims to enable people to increase control over their own health and its determinants, and thereby improve health.
2. Mediate - This principle acknowledges that health promotion requires coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary organizations, by local authorities, by industry and by the media.
3. Advocate - This principle aims to advocate for health as a positive concept and fundamental human right. It requires the identification of obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways to remove them.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
A presentation by Karen Nelson, MBA, MSW, RSW, of the Ottawa Hospital, made to social workers at their 2013 Annual Meeting. A very thorough overview with significant research supporting the link between Social Determinants of Health and healthcare outcomes.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
This presentation describes what is new public health with adapted components from the previous eras of public health. Health promotion and evolution of public health is covered here.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
A presentation by Karen Nelson, MBA, MSW, RSW, of the Ottawa Hospital, made to social workers at their 2013 Annual Meeting. A very thorough overview with significant research supporting the link between Social Determinants of Health and healthcare outcomes.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
This presentation describes what is new public health with adapted components from the previous eras of public health. Health promotion and evolution of public health is covered here.
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
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WHO defined health in 1984 as "a state of complete physical, mental, social & spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health doesn't mean absence of diseases but it has a broader concept.
health and wellness fundamental of nursing full chapterpinkijat
Concept of health and wellness, dimensions of health,and models of health and wellness,health illness continuum model, factors influencing of health,risk factor of influencing health ,level of disease prevention,illness and illness behaviour ,impact of illness on family and patient ,health care agency , hospital classification of hospital,health care team, national health policy 2017.in fundamental of nursing full chapter
Introduction to Public Health PracticePrevention Health Servic.docxvrickens
Introduction to Public Health Practice
Prevention Health Services
Program Name
Faculty Name :
Date:
Subject Code:
Module No. 4 – Public Health & Health Systems
School of Public Health
1
Objective
2
At the end of this module, the students should be able to
Describe the health system as a public health concern
Discuss Natural history of disease
Identify and describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention
Learning Outcome
3
The students will acquire knowledge about the natural history of disease as well as the modes of intervention and will be able to apply this knowledge for the prevention of health problems in the community
Content
Public health system
Natural History of Disease
Levels of prevention
Modes of intervention
Health services pyramid
4
Public health system
Relationship between public health and other health activities has never been clear.
Different views prevail among health professionals
Public health is part of the health system or the health system is part of public health?
Most components serve the same ends
The term health system refers to all aspects of the organization, financing and provision of programs and services for prevention and treatment of illness and injury.
The public health system is a component of this larger health system.
Public commonly perceives the health system to include only medical care and treatment aspects of the overall system.
However, public health activities are part of larger set of activities that focus on health, well-being, disease and illness.
Some questions to brainstorm
Does the countries have a rational strategy for investing its resources to maintain and improve people’s health?
Is the current strategy excessive in ways that inequitably limited access to and benefit from needed services?
Is the health system accountable to its end-users and ultimate payers for the quality and results of its services.
The issues of health,
Excess
access,
Accountability
and quality
Make the health system a public health concern
Prevention and Health service
Health and illness are dynamic state that are influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental, behavioral, social and health services factors acting through an ecological model.
The complex interaction of these factors results in the occurrence or absence of disease or injury.
Which in turn contributes to the health status of individuals and populations.
Prevention and Health services
Before we go to prevention, its necessary to understand the Natural history of disease.
The nineteenth-century revolution in thinking brought about by Koch and Pasteur led to the recognition of distinct stages in the development of a disease.
If left untreated, a disease would evolve through a series of stages that characterize its natural history
But if an intervention is applied, the natural history is modified, producing a typical clinical course for the condit ...
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
3.2.1 Models of Health
1. 3.2.1 Models of health and health
promotion including:
•Biomedical model of health
•Social model of health
•The Ottawa Charter for Health
Promotion
Key Skills:
The ability to
• analyse the different approaches to health and health
promotion;
2. The language of health:
some key words
Diagnosis: identification of a disease or illness
through medical observation of signs and
symptoms, the patient’s history and tests
Intervention: any action to improve health or
cure illness including the use of medication,
hospitalisation or surgery
Prevention: any action to reduce or eliminate the
onset, causes, complications or recurrence of
disease or illness
3. Assessment
Student must be able to:
Explain / outline / define the models of health
Identify the major components of each model
Suggest ways that each model could be used to address a
particular health concern
Evaluate each model with regards to likely success in
various situations
Identify aspects of the models of health in case studies
Advantages and disadvantages
4. What is a health model?
Models of health are ‘conceptual frameworks’
or ways of thinking about health
Three such models are:
The Biomedical Model of Health
The Social Model of Health
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
5. Definition –
Biomedical Model of Health
Focuses on the physical or biological
aspects of disease and illness. It is a
medical model of care practised by
doctors and/or health professional
and is associated with the diagnosis,
cure and treatment of disease. (VCAA
HHD Study Design)
6. Biomedical Model of Health
Has been evolving for many years leading to improvements
in medical science, technology, increase in cures and
treatments ie: increase in vaccinations /immunizations
Emphasis on diagnosis and treating individuals
separately from their lifestyle/living conditions – this
model of health concentrates on the disease, illness, or
disability and attempts to (cure) return the physical health
of the person to a pre-illness state. The reasons for the
illness are not at the centre of the biomedical model.
Tends to be the first thing people think of when they think
of health care
Receives the majority of government healthcare funding
(over 90%)
7. Biomedical Model of Health
Dominant for many years and played a large role in prolonging
life expectancy
Bio- living or living organism
Medical- science of diagnosing-curing disease.
In the biomedical approach Dr’s and hospitals are the real focus
of medicine or health. The expectation being that the Dr will be
able to fix the condition and the patient will take on a passive
role.
The 2 aspects of the biomedical approach are:
Diagnosis: identification of the disease or illness through Dr’s
observations of symptoms or through diagnostic tests e.g. X rays,
Scans, blood tests
Intervention: action taken to improve health e.g. via medical
treatment, hospitalisation, prescriptions, surgery etc.
****medical intervention with a fix it approach
8. Examples of the Biomedical Model
X-rays Diagnosis – identification
Scans of a disease or illness
through a doctor’s
Blood Test
observation, or through the
Ultrasound use of specific diagnostic
Mammograms tests.
Pap smear tests
Intervention/treatment –
Prescription Medicine refers to any action that is
Surgery taken to improve health
Hospitalisation
9. Biomedical Model of Health
The WHO defines Health as “A complete state of
physical , social and mental wellbeing, and not
merely the absence of disease of infirmity”
(WHO 1946)
Does the Biomedical model of health address
this definition? Explain
10. Advantages
It creates advances in technology and research
Without this model of health there would be little
known about how to treat and diagnose illnesses
Many common problems can be effectively treated
Diseases that would otherwise develop and cause
considerable illness or death can be stopped.
Extends life expectancy
Improves quality of life
Can be successful in returning someone back to good
health
11. Disadvantages
Relies on professional health workers and technology and is
therefore costly
Professionals with specialist knowledge needed are expensive to train
Technology, equipment and technological developments expensive
Doesn’t promote good health / narrow view of health
Doesn’t encourage people to live healthy lives as they are treated to fix
problems as they arise. The focus is on the condition and not the
determinants that caused it.
Not every condition can be treated
Cancer is an example – advances have been made, but treatment not
always successful
Affordability – not always affordable
Not all countries can afford the medical technologies and resources
that are part of the biomedical model of health - an important factor
contributing to differences experienced in health status
12. Case Study- Stephen
Stephen, aged eight, was born with a major kidney
problem, which required surgery when he was eight
months old. His right kidney became badly scarred and
malformed as a result of several bad kidney infections
which required hospitalisation.
Throughout Stephens life his doctor has regularly
monitored the function of Stephen’s kidneys through the
use of urine tests. The consequences of Stephens kidney
failure to cope is dangerously high blood pressure.
Stephen makes regular visits to a renal specialist who uses
an ultra sound to check on his kidney growth and
occasionally Stephen requires nuclear testing with DSMA
scan which involves an injection of radioactive substance
into his blood so doctors can view his kidneys and bladder.
15. Practise Questions
TSSM Biomedical approach to health
Define the Biomedical model of health
Diagnosis, treatment & cure
Reliance on health professions ie doctors and medial
specialists
‘fix it’ model that focus on the biological/physical
aspects of disease or illness
16.
17. Social Model of Health
This approach attempts to address the broader
influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and
economic factors) rather than disease and injury.
It is a community approach to prevent diseases and
illnesses.
Focus is on policies, education and health promotion.
The Social Model of Health goes beyond the focus of
lifestyles and behaviour and accepts the need for social
change to provide prerequisites for health
It was developed in the late 1970’s 1980’s as some
members of the community were not experiencing the
same levels as health as others despite the
understanding of the impact of lifestyle and
behaviours on health.
18. Definition – Social Model of Health
A conceptual framework within which
improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved
by directing effort towards addressing the social,
economic and environmental determinants of
health. The model is based on the understanding
that in order for health gains to occur, social,
economic and environmental determinants must be
addressed. (VCAA HHD Study Design)
19. 5 Key Principles (A.R.E.A.S.)
Addresses the broader determinants of
health
Reduce social inequities
Empower individuals and communities
Access to health care
Inter-Sectorial collaboration
20. 5 Key Principles (A.R.E.A.S.)
Addresses the broader determinants of health (all aspects of
health are addressed)
broader determinants such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic
state, location and physical environment influence behavioural
determinants and have a strong relationship with health and are
becoming a focus of health promotion strategies.
Reduce social inequities (addresses equity of the social
determinants of health)
Aims to promote equity for all people and to achieve this the
social determinants which lead to inequality such as gender,
culture, socioeconomic status, location and the physical
environment must be addressed.
Empower individuals and communities (empowers with skills,
knowledge & confidence to make positive decisions re: their
health)
Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge
means they have the ability to make positive decisions about their
health and participate in healthy behaviours.
21. Access to health care (accessible and appropriate health
information)
Access to health care is a significant factor contributing to health
status. This social model of health acts to enable all people to
have access to health care. Social factors that can impact on
access to health care include cultural and language barriers,
economic and geographical factors and education level.
Inter-Sectorial collaboration (c0-ordinated approach health
and government departments)
By involving all organisations and stakeholders (people with a
shared interest) who have an influence over the social and
environmental determinants of health can all the social
determinant be adequately addressed and affect health status
positively.
22. Advantages – Social Model
Education for people, so don’t get the disease
Govt support/strategies e.g. QUIT, TAC, immunization
Less costly to prevent the disease before it happens
Encourages individuals to take responsibility and lead
healthier lifestyles => improve quality of life
Community approach involving all levels of
government, non-government organisations
Increase economic development of the country as the
population is in good health and lead productive lives
23. Disadvantages – Social Model
Lack of education for the whole population, some
people don’t get or understand the message
Population not motivated e.g. suntans, smoking,
overweight.
Not believing it will happen to them
Changing lifestyles is VERY hard
Not all diseases can be prevented
Results of this method of health are not evident until
after a long period of time and difficult to measure its
effectiveness
24. Examples of the social model of health:
Go For Your Life Strategy – made up of different government and
non-government stakeholders, targeted approach to education
the whole community and encourages all people to adopt
healthy dietary practises and exercise.
Sun Smart Schools Program – aims to reduce the exposure of
children to harmful UV rays and educate them about the dangers
of sun exposure.
Be a Man – Talk to your doctor about Prostate Cancer’ program –
aims to break down cultural beliefs about health held by men
and encourage them to visit a doctor to discuss their health.
Rural Retention Program (RRP) – federal government provide
financial incentive for Doctors to work in rural/remote areas
25. 5 Key Principles (A.R.E.A.S.)
Addresses the broader determinants of
health
Reduce social inequities
Empower individuals and communities
Access to health care
Inter-Sectorial collaboration
26. Using the social model of health
Principle of the Addresses the Involves Acts to reduce Acts to enable Empowers
social model broader intersectorial social access to individuals
determinants collaboration inequities health care and
Issue to be of health communities
Addressed
Mental health Ensure mental Get workplaces Focus on people Provide free Use men as the
issues health to play a part. in indigenous access to promoters of
education and Like the communities or health care programs
advice is workplace those of low assessments to targeting men
available in health checks. SES. those in low to educate men
rural and SES groups, to identify
remote areas. provide symptoms of
information at depression
football Indigenous to
matches, pubs develop and
etc. promote
programs
aimed at
indigenous.
Case study
Your Example
27. Case Study – VicHealth’s Food For All Program
(2011 exam q3)
Section B
3ci) Identify two principles of the social model of health that are relevant to
the Food for All program ( 2 marks)
3cii) Use examples from the Food for All program to demonstrate how these
two principles are reflected in the VicHealth funded program (4 marks)
28.
29.
30. Practise Questions
VCAA exam 2010 Q3
TSSM questions – social model of health
Case study –
Access all areas: arts program breaks down barrier
31.
32. VCAA prac exam 2010 q4
Address broad determinants of health; aim is to decrease social
inequalities; Increase access to health care for all people
Involves intersectorial collaboration: developed by Peer Support
Program (the centre for Adolescent Health) funded by VicHealth,
Victorian Department of Human Services, Beyondblue
33. Address all determinants of health – PATS program consisted of a Peer leader who was
responsible for the social aspects of the groups including organising activities and the
socialisation of participants.
Reduce social inequality – PATS program was a funded program involving young people ) 12 –
18yrs) regardless of gender and SES. 5 programs were conducted across Victoria in various
locations making it available to adolescents in various locations.
Empower individuals and the community – peer leadership training was provided to the peer
leader, adolescents in the program where provided with knowledge and skills to cope with
the challenges of a parent with mental illness. The PATS program focused on workers,
organisations and the broader community creating awareness of issues affecting young
people with a parent with a mental illness which enable community organisations to
effectively develop resources to support the young people. Seminars and professional
development sessions also provided individuals and communities with information to
address factors affecting their health.
Accessibility to healthcare – PATS program was facilitated by a health professional in 5
different locations in Victoria providing young people in the programs with access to a
service and information that was appropriated and based on their need. Peer leaders
involved in the PATS program played a role in education and advocacy in the various
locations the program was facilitated across Victoria.
Sectoral Collaboration – the PATS program was a result of integrated action between the
Centre of Adolescent health, funded by VicHealth, the Victoria Department of Human
Services and Beyondblue.
34.
35. Answer:
Addresses the broader determinants of health – services provided in
local metro, rural/ remote areas, all genders ethnicity and
socioeconomic groups has access to
Reduce social inequities – medicare, PBS
Empower individuals and communities – community health centres,
doctors/dietitians provide life skills education ie selection of low fat
foods
Access to health care – bulk builing doctors, public hospitals
Inter-Sectorial collaboration – education in schools, government
and non-government organisations to provide education on weight
loss
36.
37.
38. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
Ottawa – Canada hosted the first international conference on health
promotion in 1986
Charter – refers to the document that outlines the functions and
principals of health promotion
In response to the Social model of health the WHO held its first
International Conference on health promotion in 1986 in Ottawa,
Canada.
Outcome of this conference was a document that provided
organisations and key stakeholders guidelines to help incorporate
health promotion into their strategies, policies and campaigns with the
aim of taking action to achieve ‘health for all by the year 2000 and
beyond’ through health promotion and reduce inequalities in health.
3 Principles of health promotion
8 Prerequisites (conditions or resources) for gains in health
5 Priority or action areas
39. Study Design - Definition
An approach to health development by the World Health
Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in
health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was
developed from the social model of health and defines
health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health’ (WHO
1998). The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies
for health promotion which are enabling, mediating, and
advocacy. (VCAA HHD Study Design)
40. Health promotion
Health promotion is the process of enabling people
to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
Health promotion therefore focuses on prevention
rather than cure and uses the causes of disease as the
starting point rather than diseases themselves
Population focused
41. Three basic Principle of Health
Promotion
Enable – Health promotion aims to enable all people to
achieve their fullest health by closing the gaps in health
inequalities by ensuring equal opportunities and resources
for everyone. Reducing differences in health status by
ensuring equal opportunities and resources to make
healthy choices
Mediate – Professionals, social groups and health
personnel have a major responsibility to mediate
(negotiate) between differing interests in society to achieve
health. Co-ordinated action between all interested parties
ie government, NGO’s, media, health sectors,
Advocate – supporting and making public health
recommendations for health, getting the message out
42. 8 Prerequisites for health
These 8 conditions or resources
Peace are the basic prerequisites that
Shelter underpin any improvements in
Education health. – Without these
improvements in health are
Safe and adequate food supply limited
Adequate income
A stable ecosystem- a balance between plants and animals
in the environment which is important for many health
resources such as food, water and air
Sustainable resources- the need to sustain the many
resources needed for health (food, water, income - funding,
building supplies, oil) for future generations to benefit
Social justice and equity- all people being valued and
receiving fair treatment so all people share the benefits of
society
43. 5 Priority or Action areas
That should be taken into account when devising health
promotion initiatives
1. Build healthy public policy
2. Create Supportive Environments:
3. Strengthen Community Action:
4. Develop Personal Skills:
5. Reorient Health Services:
(Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats)
44. Build healthy public policy
• Relates directly to the decisions made by the government
and organisations in relation to laws, regulations and
policies that affect/improve health.
• Examples, increasing taxes on certain alcoholic drinks which
makes participating in unhealthy behaviours more difficult
thereby reducing exposure to determinants that can cause ill
health.
• Some policies and laws are designed to make the environment
healthier for those who chose not to participate in unhealthy
behaviours ie banning smoking in public places.
• Some laws are designed to directly influence behaviour ie
wearing seat belts, safety restraints for children.
• Some law aim to deglamourise unhealthy behaviours – plain
cigarette packaging
45. Create Supportive Environments
• A supportive environment is one that promotes health
and assists people in making healthy lifestyle choices.
This priority recognises the impact that broader
determinants have on health and aim to promote a
healthy physical and social environment for the
community to allow people to live healthy lives.
• Examples – Quit line – a support service for people
wanting to quit smoking, Providing shaded areas in
schools – reduces exposure to UV rays, Sustainable energy
production – ensures future generations have access to a
healthy environment. Occupational Health and Safety
Officers
• Government childcare schemes,
• Walking and bicycle tracks to encourage physical activity
46. Strengthen Community Action:
• Focuses on building links between individuals and the
community and the centres around the community
working together to achieve a common goal. Skills
need to be developed in the community in order for action
to be taken to improve healthy.
• Giving the community a sense of ownership of a health
strategy increases the likelihood of its effectiveness.
• Example: Governments immunisation strategy involves
the media, doctors, schools, parents Neighbourhood
Watch and Safety House Programs, Driver Reviver Stations
47. Develop Personal Skills
• Education is the key aspect of this priority. It refers to
gaining knowledge and life skills to make informed
decisions that may indirectly effect their health.
• Personal skills need to be developed to assist people to live
healthy lives
• Many parts of society have a role in educating – school,
work, families, government, non-government
organisations
Examples: Developing skills to read food labels and
select healthy foods, develop financial and budgeting
skills, practising safe sex, being sun smart, exercising
as part of one’s life, healthy eating habits
48. Reorient Health Services
• Refers to reorienting the health system so that it promotes
health as opposed to only focussing on diagnosis and
treating illness, as is the case with the biomedical model.
• To reorient health services, the health system must encompass
not only doctors and hospitals, but all members of the
community including individuals, community groups, health
professionals, health service institutions and governments.
• This priority area suggest incorporating health promotion to
play a more significant role thereby addressing all the
determinants of health, not just disease.
• Example – focusing on healthy eating rather than on surgery to
reduce the impact of CVD, doctors prescribing activity before
the development of damaging conditions such as type 2
diabetes, self-hep groups, police and emergency services (ie Fire
Brigade) working with schools to support road education
programs,
49. The Ottawa Charter provides governments and health
promotion organisations with an effective tool to use
when planning effective strategies.
However it is not necessary to address all five priority
areas and some effective programs may only focus on
one or two priority areas.
Focusing on all five areas may spread resources too
thinly, meaning the strategy may not achieve its goals.
Oxford handout
50. Arrive Alive Campaign (2008 – 2017) is the
Victorian Government’s road safety strategy.
Through this strategy the Vic government has: built
healthy public policy by :
introducing an additional requirement for registration
of new cares – cars manufactured after 31.12.10 must be
fitted with electronic stability control, cars
manufactured after 31.12.2011 must be fitted with head
protecting technology such as side curtain airbags.
Graduated Licensing system (GLS) for young drivers
(1.7.08) to ensure young drivers get adequate supervision
and experience as learners.
51. Arrive Alive Campaign
Created supportive environments: by funding a
major infrastructure program to improve roads and
roadside in Victoria aimed to reduce the most
common types of crashes as well as a heightened
enforcement effort.
Develops personal skills through a public awareness
campaign focused on reducing driving under the
influence of drugs.
Build healthy public policy: laws and legislation –
50km zones, 40 zones near schools, Graduated
Licensing System
52. Using the Ottawa Charter
Element of the Build public Create Strengthen Develop Reorient health
Charter health policy supportive community personal skills services
environments action
Issue to be
Addressed
childhood obesity Develop a healthy Run a breakfast Develop a whole Teach students Invite a local Dr.
in primary schools lunch policy. program and school approach about healthy or dietitian to talk
Tax on junk food make the canteen to healthy eating eating so they can about the dangers
a healthy food and include make healthy of unhealthy
zone. healthy recipes in choices in food eating.
the school technology and
newsletter health classes
the issue of Anti-bullying Provide safe Whole school Parenting School nurse /
bullying in schools policy in schools places during approach to anti- courses, self- counsellor /youth
recess and lunch bullying esteem and ‘no worker providing
breaks blame’ classes health promotion
for students education to
students
53. Case Studies and exam questions
Case Studies and exam questions
Cancer is the correct disease
Build Healthy Public Policy – Government puts in place policies re tobacco
smoking – e.g. none in covered areas e.g. hotels, restaurants that limit where
people are able to smoke, governments increase taxes on cigarettes to deter
purchase and reduce risks
54.
55.
56. Answer:
Create supportive environments – provides support groups
for indigenous diabetics, where families learn to cook
together and share meals with other families dealing with
diabetes. The scheme promotes group sharing and provides
a non-threatening atmosphere where people can ask
questions and receive answers.
Develop personal skills – the program provides education
about managing diabetes. It improves cooking skills as well
as understanding about diabetes. It also improves
communication skills and raises the confidence of
participants. Visual posters to educate understanding of
diabetes and how to monitor blood glucose levels.
1. These will be lower order type questions on the exam. 2. This should include advantages and disadvantages. 3. It is not enough to know, they must understand it!6. such as the principles of the social model or the priority areas of the Ottawa Charter)
The prostate cancer ads have male celebs promoting it. This may aim to empower men.
Address broad determinants of health; aim is to decrease social inequalities; Increase access to health care for all people Involves intersectorial collaboration: developed by Peer Support Program (the centre for Adolescent Health) funded by VicHealth, Victorian Department of Human Services, Beyondblue
Cancer is the correct diseaseBuild Healthy Public Policy – Government puts in place policies re tobacco smoking – e.g. none in covered areas e.g. hotels, restaurants that limit where people are able to smoke, governments increase taxes on cigarettes to deter purchase and reduce risks