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Introduction to Public Health Practice Prevention Health Services Program Name Faculty Name : Date: Subject Code: Module No. 4 – Public Health & Health Systems School of Public Health 1 Objective 2 At the end of this module, the students should be able to Describe the health system as a public health concern Discuss Natural history of disease Identify and describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention Learning Outcome 3 The students will acquire knowledge about the natural history of disease as well as the modes of intervention and will be able to apply this knowledge for the prevention of health problems in the community Content Public health system Natural History of Disease Levels of prevention Modes of intervention Health services pyramid 4 Public health system Relationship between public health and other health activities has never been clear. Different views prevail among health professionals Public health is part of the health system or the health system is part of public health? Most components serve the same ends The term health system refers to all aspects of the organization, financing and provision of programs and services for prevention and treatment of illness and injury. The public health system is a component of this larger health system. Public commonly perceives the health system to include only medical care and treatment aspects of the overall system. However, public health activities are part of larger set of activities that focus on health, well-being, disease and illness. Some questions to brainstorm Does the countries have a rational strategy for investing its resources to maintain and improve people’s health? Is the current strategy excessive in ways that inequitably limited access to and benefit from needed services? Is the health system accountable to its end-users and ultimate payers for the quality and results of its services. The issues of health, Excess access, Accountability and quality Make the health system a public health concern Prevention and Health service Health and illness are dynamic state that are influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental, behavioral, social and health services factors acting through an ecological model. The complex interaction of these factors results in the occurrence or absence of disease or injury. Which in turn contributes to the health status of individuals and populations. Prevention and Health services Before we go to prevention, its necessary to understand the Natural history of disease. The nineteenth-century revolution in thinking brought about by Koch and Pasteur led to the recognition of distinct stages in the development of a disease. If left untreated, a disease would evolve through a series of stages that characterize its natural history But if an intervention is applied, the natural history is modified, producing a typical clinical course for the condit ...

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Introduction to Public Health Practice Prevention Health Services Program Name Faculty Name : Date: Subject Code: Module No. 4 – Public Health & Health Systems School of Public Health 1 Objective 2 At the end of this module, the students should be able to Describe the health system as a public health concern
Discuss Natural history of disease Identify and describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention Learning Outcome 3 The students will acquire knowledge about the natural history of disease as well as the modes of intervention and will be able to apply this knowledge for the prevention of health problems in the community Content Public health system Natural History of Disease Levels of prevention Modes of intervention Health services pyramid 4
Public health system Relationship between public health and other health activities has never been clear. Different views prevail among health professionals Public health is part of the health system or the health system is part of public health? Most components serve the same ends The term health system refers to all aspects of the organization, financing and provision of programs and services for prevention and treatment of illness and injury. The public health system is a component of this larger health system. Public commonly perceives the health system to include only medical care and treatment aspects of the overall system. However, public health activities are part of larger set of activities that focus on health, well-being, disease and illness. Some questions to brainstorm
Does the countries have a rational strategy for investing its resources to maintain and improve people’s health? Is the current strategy excessive in ways that inequitably limited access to and benefit from needed services? Is the health system accountable to its end-users and ultimate payers for the quality and results of its services. The issues of health, Excess access, Accountability and quality Make the health system a public health concern Prevention and Health service Health and illness are dynamic state that are influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental, behavioral, social and health services factors acting through an ecological model. The complex interaction of these factors results in the occurrence or absence of disease or injury. Which in turn contributes to the health status of individuals and populations.
Prevention and Health services Before we go to prevention, its necessary to understand the Natural history of disease. The nineteenth-century revolution in thinking brought about by Koch and Pasteur led to the recognition of distinct stages in the development of a disease. If left untreated, a disease would evolve through a series of stages that characterize its natural history But if an intervention is applied, the natural history is modified, producing a typical clinical course for the condition Natural history of disease General strategies to maintain health before developing health Two general strategies that seek to maintain health by intervening prior to the development of disease or injury. Health promotion Specific protection
Both involve activities that alter the interaction of the various health-influencing factors in ways that contribute to either averting or altering the likelihood of occurrence of disease or injury. Health promotion and Specific Protection Health promotion activities attempt to modify human behaviors by increasing the ability to resist disease or injury- including factors, thereby reducing or neutralizing risks to health. Examples of health promotion activities include interventions such as nutrition counseling, genetic counseling, family counseling, and the myriad activities that constitute health education Health promotion and Specific Protection Health promotion also properly includes Provision of adequate housing Employment Recreational conditions
Community development activities It is somewhat ironic that activities that focus on the state of health and that seek to maintain and promote health are not commonly perceived to be “health services. Specific protection activities provide individuals with resistance to factors (such as microorganisms like viruses and bacteria) or modify environments to decrease potentially harmful interactions of health-influencing factors (such as toxic exposures in the workplace). Examples of specific protection Use of protective equipment for asbestos removal) Immunizations Occupational Environmental engineering, Regulatory controls Activities to protect individuals from environmental carcinogens Exposure to second-hand or side-stream smoke Toxins
Early Case Finding and Prompt Treatment, Disability Limitation, and Rehabilitation Early detection and prompt treatment reduce individual pain and suffering and are less costly to both the individual and society Interventions to achieve early detection and prompt treatment include Screening tests Case-finding efforts Periodic physical exams Screening tests, Case-finding efforts and Periodic physical exams Screening tests are increasingly available to detect illnesses before they become symptomatic. Case-finding efforts for both infectious and noninfectious conditions are directed at populations at greater risk for the condition on the basis of criteria appropriate for that condition. Periodic physical exams
Strategy targeting disease is disability limitation through effective and complete treatment. Efforts largely aim to arrest or eradicate disease or to limit disability and prevent death. The final intervention strategy focusing on disease— rehabilitation—is designed to return individuals who have experienced a condition to the maximum level of function consistent with their capacities Link with Prevention Prevention in relation to the stage of the disease or condition. Preventive intervention strategies are considered Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary prevention Here the goal is to protect healthy people from developing a
disease or experiencing an injury in the first place through reducing risk factor levels. For example: education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs education and legislation about proper seatbelt and helmet use regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness immunization against infectious disease controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace Secondary Prevention These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing re-injury. For example: telling people to take daily, low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or stroke recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness providing suitably modified work for injured workers
Tertiary prevention This focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. For example: cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs chronic pain management programs patient support groups Prevention strategies in relation to population disease status and effect on disease incidence and prevalence. Primary prevention aims to reduce the incidence of conditions, Secondary and tertiary prevention seek to reduce prevalence by shortening duration and minimizing the effects of disease or injury
Relationship of health promotion and specific protection to levels of prevention Primary, secondary and tertiary Relationship with Health promotion and specific protection are primary prevention strategies seeking to prevent the development of disease. Early case finding and prompt treatment represent secondary
prevention, because they seek to interrupt the disease process before it becomes symptomatic Disability limitation and rehabilitation are considered tertiary- level prevention in that they seek to prevent or reduce disability associated with disease or injury. Links with Public Health and Medical Practice Its allocation of responsibilities for carrying out the various interventions. Three practice domains can be roughly delineated: Public health practice Medical practice Long-term care practice
Public health practice Primary goal: health promotion, specific protection and early case finding. The concept of public health practice here is a broad one that accommodates the activities carried out by many different types of health professionals and workers, not only those working in public health agencies Public health practice occurs in voluntary health agencies, as well as in settings such as schools, social service agencies, industry, and even traditional medical care settings. Health Care Pyramid Levels Primary, Secondary and Tertiary medical care Primary medical care
Focuses on the basic health needs of individual and families First contact health care in the view of the patient Provides 80% of necessary care, includes comprehensive array of services, Onsite referral, health promotion and disease prevention Curative services Secondary care Specialized care serving the major share of remain 20% of need beyond scope of primary care. Physicians or hospitals provide secondary care , generally on referal from primacy care Tertiary medical care Highly specialized and technologically sophisticated medical and surgical care For complex conditions Provided in large medical centers or academic health centers. Long-term care practices Long-term care is appropriately classified separately because of the special needs of the population requiring such services and the specialized settings where many of these services are offered. This, too, is changing as specialized long-term care services increasingly move out of long-term care facilities and into home settings. Everyone should be served by population-wide public health services, and nearly everyone should be served by primary
medical care. However, increasingly smaller proportions of the total population require secondary - and tertiary-level medical care services Health services pyramid Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Tertiary health care Secondary health care Primary health care
Population-based public health services Public Health and Medical Practice Interfaces Public health and medical practice are presented as separate domains of practice, there are many interfaces that provide a template for either collaboration or conflict. Public health practitioners have traditionally deferred to medical practitioners for providing the broad spectrum of services for disease and injuries in individuals Medical practitioners have generally acknowledged the need for public health practice for health promotion and specific protection strategies Summary Generally, primary preventive services are community-based and are targeted toward populations or groups rather than individuals.
Early case-finding activities can be directed toward groups or toward individuals Long-term care involves elements of both community-based service and individually oriented service. 33 References Principles of Public Health Practice, 3rd Edition, F. Douglas Developing Practice for Public Health and Health Promotion E- Book, 3rd Edition, Naidoo & Wills Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 20th Edition, K. Park Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3rd Edition, AH Suryakantha http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763745251/45251_CH03_0 49_072.pdf www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Bookstore/P1725-Chapter9.aspx 34
Next Topic>> Thanks 35 35 The Correlation between Water and Energy Freshwater management and supply in cities and towns is a difficult issue for suppliers to ensure. This issue is how to supply freshwater to every point needed in a timely manner with the right quality and quantity. Water is the basic need of society. Therefore, it is necessary to
come up with strategies to ensure that communities have adequate and quality water in a timely manner after interventions are taken. Energy also faces the same problem, that is, society cannot make full use of energy when it is needed. The relationship between water and energy makes it necessary for management to propose strategies to intervene in natural systems, because both energy and water come from natural resources, which means that proper management of natural therapies can help solve the current shortage of hydropower. The correlation between water and energy makes it necessary to conduct research on both at the same time, as electricity can be used to generate water, and water is useful to society in different ways, such as irrigation purposes, industrial use, mining, domestic use supplied in homesteads, livestock use, and commercial use (Marcus, 1991). Energy also depends on water to some extent, for example, water can be used to facilitate the movement of the electrical machine responsible
for generating electricity. Water is also used by different agencies responsible for energy generation, as water is used as a coolant to help maintain the temperature of such machines. Hypothesis Increased use of water leads to increased demand for energy. Research question What is the linkage between water and energy resources? Discussions There is a high correlation between water and energy use. When increasing water use, this means that energy use should also be improved to meet the growing demand for water, which is essential to ensure pumping and supply to the general public. Pumping water from machines and pumps requires energy. Therefore, when there is pressure for increased demand of water from the society, this means that the amount of energy needs to be increased. Because it is responsible for water pumping, this means that the more
power, the more water is pumped and supplied, and vice versa. So it's clear that when society's demand for water increases, it will put pressure on the demand for energy because it will then need more electricity to help pump more water to meet society's needs. When water is pumped from the source, for example, rivers or other sources, it contains impurities that are not healthy for human consumption. It is, therefore, essential for the management team of water supply to the society to come up with a proper water treatment process that will ensure that water is purified and safe for human consumption. The purification process also requires energy for the process to run faster. Therefore, when the demand for water increases, it means that the purification need will also increase, meaning that a lot of water will require to be purified, which will lead to increased energy requirement. When the demand for water increases, naturally there will be increased demand for water equipment from the companies responsible for water pumping and supplying to the
society. When the demand for water equipment rises, companies accountable for the manufacturing such equipment need to use more energy to manufacture the increased amount of machines demanded. This example clearly explains the close relationship exists between water and energy resources where they complement each other, and there is no way one can work without another. Monitoring water systems requires energy. Water supply is a process, and failure of one stage in the process will ultimately affect the amount of water supplied. Therefore, the water supply management team will usually use the monitoring and evaluation team to ensure that all processes are running properly for the benefit of the company and society. Because when the process is running normally, waste is minimized and the company will be in position to reduce its cost of production which enables it to maximize its profit. For the case of the society, when the quality of water being supplied is appropriate, it is safe for
the health of the members using the pool. But for the monitoring team to effectively perform the monitoring exercise successfully, it will require a lot of effort while using inspection machines and other tests. Heating and cooling of water is a mandatory process in any water treatment process as it helps to soften the water to remove impurities, which are unnecessary minerals that come from the soil and rivers and are not suitable for human use. Another reason why heating is essential is that it helps in killing the germs that are usually found in natural water because such water is not protected. In order to heat and cool water, energy is a mandatory requirement. The demand for electricity means that as the demand for water increases, more water will be needed, which will result in the heating and cooling of large amounts of water, which justifies the claim that increased water consumption leads to increased energy demand. Water is also useful, it depends on the energy that pumps it and provides it to society. Thermal power plants used to generate electricity also require
water, which means that electricity is also required for power generation to function properly. When energy demand increases, this means that more electricity will be needed and the machines used to generate electricity will work for a long time. Long hours of work will require more water to cool to ensure that the equipment operates properly. Hydropower is a type of energy generation that requires fast flowing water to generate electricity. As the demand for energy increases, this means that the use of water will increase as well, as hydropower depends on moving water to make electricity successful. The more energy required, the more flowing water at high speed is necessary. Fossil fuels are the energy used by different companies in the manufacturing process, and thermal energy is required to make the process successful. When electricity demand increases, it means that the company needs to generate more power, so the demand for fossil fuels will also increase. Fossil extraction requires water, so as
to demand fossil fuels increases, this means that the process will require more water to facilitate increased extraction work hours. When water and energy systems are linked, it means that the reduction in usage of one also leads to a decline in the usage of another. For example, pumping less water from the ground, it will automatically reduce the energy used for the pumping. Demanding less electricity, which is one form of energy, it will mean that less water will be required for cooling purposes. When the water supply management team invests in water efficiency devices, it means that less energy will be required for purification and other processes. A data system that can help in ensuring that water and energy is supplied effectively For an adequate and successful supply of water, the management needs to come up with a monitoring team that will be mandated to inspect the pipes to detect any leakages continuously. Leakages are the main challenge to the water supply because pumps can be
pumping enough water, but what reaches the market is little. It, therefore, essential for the management to have leakage detection gadgets that will help them detect immediately in case there is a leakage by the use of technology. Conservation monitoring is also another essential measure of ensuring a steady supply of water and energy because they both depend on natural resources. When natural resources are monitored and conserved as required, for example, flowing rivers, then the supply of hydropower will be high. When forests are saved, then it will be one way of protecting the river ban. As a result, no river will dry up, ensuring a continuous supply of water to society. Fire risk and response is another mechanism of ensuring a smooth and continuous supply of energy to society. Power is dangerous if not appropriately managed, and it can lead to loss of life and damage of property. It is therefore essential for the company responsible for the supply of energy to have a response team that will be used in case of any crisis to rectify the
issue and ensure that the society enjoys the benefit of the power. Water monitoring quality is another way of ensuring that the water that is being supplied to society is of high quality. Water is sensitive to human life. Therefore, it is essential for the team responsible for the supply of water to the community to ensure that it is free from germs and other harmful impurities. To achieve monitoring exercise, laboratory tests should be used and not just physical examination (Sahin et al., 2016). Using the Santa Cruz water supply as a case study Santa Cruz uses different technologies to ensure that city people get enough and high-quality water. The methods they use in supplying water include the use of pumps that pumps water from underground then it is directed to storage tanks by use of pipes. The system is constructed in a manner that is flood protected where there is an overflow opening, and this minimizes the chances of a spillover effect to the city members. It has a proper water treatment
process where germs and other harmful impurities are removed from the water to ensure that it is safe for human consumption. In conclusion, there is a high correlation between energy and water and increases in the usage of one; it automatically leads to increased demand for the other. It is, therefore, essential to coming up with practices that will ensure that natural resources are conserved for a continuous and steady supply of water and energy to society. Work Cited Marcus, Y. (1991). Linear solvation energy relationships. Correlation and prediction of the distribution of organic solutes between water and immiscible organic solvents. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 95(22), 8886-8891. Sahin, O., Siems, R. S., Stewart, R. A., & Porter, M. G. (2016).
The paradigm shift to enhanced water supply planning through augmented grids, scarcity pricing, and adaptive factory water: a system dynamics approach. Environmental Modelling & Software, 75, 348-361. CSE170 Term Paper B Instructions for Term Paper B, and for completing the required coursework (due on canvas, on Thursday, 03/12/20). Course website: https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/30042 A. General feedback for the class based on reading Term Paper A • The quality of work on Term paper A ranged, for the most part, from good (A-) to excellent (A+). • If I made suggestions for improvement, then you can use these
suggestions to revise and re-submit your paper. Keep these comments and suggestions firmly in mind as you work on Term Paper B (the new topic). • On composition: Make the paragraph the unit of your composition, which means the following. Start each paragraph with a sentence expressing a single idea or theme. Then use the paragraph to develop this single idea (only). Do not jump to other ideas in the same paragraph, unless the purpose of the paragraph is to compare or contrast two or more ideas. Use real examples from the speaker’s presentation to illustrate your ideas. End the paragraph with a conclusion/bridge to the next paragraph. Finally, make sure that your paragraphs tell a continuous story. B. Instructions for Term Paper B (Topic 2) and for the final submission of the work required for this course (due in-canvas, on Thursday, 03/12/20): 1. Term Paper A. First complete Term Paper A: This may require you to refine and expand your Term Paper A based on my feedback and suggestions. 2. Choose a Topic for Term Paper B. For Term Paper B, choose, as the topic, one of the eight speakers (including today’s speaker) presentations . The speaker presentation that for you choose for Part B must be different from the one you selected for Term Paper A. 3. Term Paper B. Write Term Paper B using the guidelines that were given for writing Term Paper A. First create a structured outline for Term Paper B. (Please remember to submit your outline within the same document.) Then expand this outline into a short 1500-
2000 word paper (approximately 6-8 double-spaced pages) term paper clearly structured into sections (and subsections if appropriate) with appropriate headings for each section. 4. Integration. After completing Term Paper B, add a short creative 300-word section showing possible links (connections) between Term Paper A and Term Paper B, within the context of the development, management, and commercialization of technology. Call this section “Integration.” 5. Attach all outlines at the end. It is also recommended that you have a table of contents. Submit the final version of your completed work (Term Paper A, Term Paper B; Integration; Outline of Term Paper A, Outline of Term Paper B in 1 single document) on Canvas on Thursday, 12 March, 2020. (No extensions). https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/30042 * | Styx Review | January 23, 2013 | Confidential – Internal Only FROM THE PS/2 TO THE SMARTPHONE, A PERSPECTIVE OF THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION FROM THE TRENCHES Sam Huynh Principal Member of Technical Staff October 24, 2019
AgendaWho am I? Introduction to AMDMy role inside AMDFrom the PS/2 to the smartphone, a perspective of the computing revolution from the trenchesQ and A * * Who am I?Born in Saigon (now known as Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.Family immigrated to Seattle, Washington after the Vietnam WarGrew up in Seattle and eventually attended the University of WashingtonBSEE ’94, MSEE ‘96 and Ph.D. EE ’99Relocated to Mountain View, CA in ‘98 and now live in Santa Cruz, CAThree patents (ATI/AMD)Dynamic impedance compensation circuit and methodBit deskewing IO method and systemMethods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data signals * * Career Journey * * Cascade Design Automation Introduction to AMDAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc was founded on May 1, 1969 and is based in Santa Clara, CA. The company designs, develops, and sells microprocessor products, such as central processing units (CPU), accelerated processing
units (APU), and graphics processing units (GPU) for servers, desktop PCs, and mobile devices. Its microprocessors for server platforms include AMD Epyc series processors (previous generations include Opteron); CPUs for desktop and mobile PC platforms comprise the AMD Ryzen 3, 5, 7, M and ThreadripperAPU processors are a combination of Ryzen + VegaDiscreet graphics solutions include Radeon and Radeon HD series (Vega)AMD controller hub-based chipsets for its APUs; and graphics, video, and multimedia products for use in desktop and notebook computers * * World wide locations * * Sunnyvale, CA Austin, TX Orlando, FL Toronto, Ontario Boston, MA Beijing, China Shanghai, China Bangalore, India Hydrabad, India 9 major design
centers world wide Approximately 8,000 employees World wide About AMDThe AMD mission: To be the leading designer and integrator of innovative, tailored technology solutions that empower people to push the boundaries of what is possibleOperations in 31 countries with more than 50 locations, including more than a dozen R&D facilities, nearly two dozen international sales offices, and assembly/test manufacturing facilities in Malaysia and ChinaFortune 500 company2019 revenues of $6.73 billionMain competitors: * * AMD and YOUGreat brands join with AMD to bring their products to lifeTechnology providers you know and trust, such as Acer, Apple, Asus, Cisco, Dell, GE, HP, Lenovo, Microsoft, Nintendo, Samsung, Sapphire, Sony, Toshiba, Vizio, and XFX. These leading brands count on AMD to find innovative ways to power the solutions they create for the different ways you work and play with technology in your every day life.Named Top 100 best corporate citizens of 2013 by the Corporate Responsibility (CR) MagazineInnovation and technology are what we do, but responsibility is who we are. AMD was founded on the belief that if you put people first, products and profits will follow. Today we call this culture The AMD Way. It means doing business in a responsible way, caring for the environment and contributing to our communities. *
* AMD Time line (1969 – 2010) * * AMD Founded 5/1/1969 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ATI acquires ArtX in 2000 AMD acquires ATI in 2006 AMD signs on as second source for x86 in 1982 AMD introduced K5; split with Intel in 1996 Athlon 64 Introduced in 2003 ATI Founded In 1985 ATI introduced Radeon in 2000 GameCube In 2001 Wii in 2006 Xbox 360
in 2005 AMD was founded in 1969 by a group of former executives from Fairchild Semiconductors. AMD became a fabless semiconductor company in 2009 with the spin off of foundry operations to become Global Foundries. Dual core 2005 AMD Time line (2010 – 2019) * * 2010 2015 AMD introduce APUs in 2011 Wii U in 2012 AMD Seattle 64 bit ARM sever in 2014 Xbox one/PS4 in 2013 Carrizo introduced in 2015 Radeon HD8000 In 2013 Radeon Fury X In 2015 2016 2017 Polaris line June, 2016
Launched in early 2017 Epyc launched in mid 2017 Vega GPU Q3 2017 2018 Ryzen gen 2 Apr 2018 AMD Time line (2019 – Present) * * 2019 2020 Ryzen Gen 3 2H 2019 2021 2022 Radeon VII Febv 2023 Radeon RX 5700 XT Navi My role inside AMDResponsible for developing methodologies using next generation technologies (3nm)Our main mission:Convert source code into an actual silicon chipThis process is known as RTL-to-GDSRegister Transfer Level (RTL) is a form of verilog used to describe the chip’s functionalityGraphic Database System (GDS) is the geometrical information released to foundries for silicon manufacturingWork with teams in Austin, Boston, Toronto, and IndiaCreate synergies for cross functional teams and inter disciplines Work with flex timeCycles (CES, E3, back to school, and Christmas) * *
RTL-to-GDS * * Input: RTL Synthesis DRC/LVS Floorplanning Place and Route Timing closure Output: GDS to the foundry Converts high level description language into physical gates Organizes blocks based on timing and connectivity Makes the physical connections Design Rule Check (DRC) Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) Meets frequency specs FROM THE PS/2 TO THE SMARTPHONE, A PERSPECTIVE OF THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION FROM THE TRENCHES * *
How did we get from… * * $3000 ($6926.95 in 2019 dollars) in 1987 with university student discount ~$600 with 2 year commitment (in 2019) This is how…Demand: Performance, Power, and Price GlobalizationFoundry/circuit technologyElectronic Design Automation (EDA) tools * * Performance, Power and PricePerformanceClock frequencyIPC (Instructions Per Cycle)PowerMaintain a certain level of performance but reduce power consumptionBattery lifePriceLower and keeps getting lower More features * * GlobalizationHow do we improve performance, reduce power, lower cost/price and still make money? Performance and power wide specifically China, India, Brazil, etc…Intellectual competition especially Taiwan, China and IndiaTSMC is the
world’s largest independent semiconductor foundry (founded in 1987)Effective “24 hour” operation * * Foundry/Circuit technologyFoundry technologyBipolar junction 1000x reduction in approximately 40 yearsCircuit and SATAMain Memory * * BJT versus CMOSAdvantages of CMOS over BJTCMOS is a better switchEffective zero static power consumptionHigh packing densitiesRelative easy design, integration and manufacturing process * * Radeon from 2000 - 2019 * * 8086 - APUs * *YearTechnologyVoltageBus widthFreq.808619763000nm>
5V16 bits5MHz – 10MHz28619841500nm5V16 bits8MHz – 20MHz36819911500nm - 800nm5V32 bits20MHz – 40MHz4861993500nm3.3V – 5V32 bits25MHz – 100MHz5x861995350nm3.3V – 3.45V32 bits133MHz – 150MHzK61997350nm2.9V – 3.3V32 bits166MHz – 300MHzAthlon1999250nm – 130nm1.6V – 1.8V32 bits500MHz – 2.33GHzAthlon64 (first dual core)2003130nm – 65nm1.3V – 1.5V64 bits1GHz – 3.2GHzPhenom (2 – 6 cores)200765nm – 45nm1.2V64 bits2GHz – 3.8GHzAPU (2 – 8 cores with GPU)201132nm1.2V64 bits3GHz – 5GHzRyzen (4 – 16 cores)201714nm1.1V64 bits3GHz – 5GHzRyzen 3rd gen (4 – 32 cores)20197nm1.1V64 bits3.6GHz – 5HGz
APUs Raven Ridge 2017: ZenPicasso 2019: Zen+Renoir 2020: Zen-2 * * Age of Parallel ComputingSISD = Single Instruction Single Data8086 – 486SIMD = Single Instruction Multiple DataGraphics Processing Units (GPU) – RadeonMISD = Multiple Instruction Single DataNo personal experience with this architectureMIMD = Multiple Instruction Multiple DataMulti-core CPU (Athlon, Phemon, Ryzen, etc…)APU = Accelerated Processing UnitMulit-core CPU + GPU (MIMD + SIMD) * * Parallel versus Serial linksParallel link transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels (wires, etc…)Pros: Easier to designCons: More pins (more area), limited data rate Serial link transmits a single stream of dataPros: Fewer pins (less area), higher data rateCons: Design complexity * * BUS interfaces (1981 – now) * *StyleBus WidthBit rateISAParallel8 or 168/16/32 Mbytes/sIndustry Standard ArchitectureEISAParallel3233 Mbytes/sExtended ISAVLBParallel32100/133/166/200
Mbytes/sVideo Electronics Standards Association local busPCIParallel32 or 64133/266/533 Mbytes/sPeripheral Component Interconnect AGPParallel322133 Mbytes/sAccelerated Graphics PortATAParallel1616/33/66/100/133 Mbytes/sPC/AT AttachmentUSBSerial11.5/12/480/5000/10000 Mbits/sUniversal Serial BusPCIeSerial1250/500/985/1969 Mbytes/sPCI expressSATASerial11.5/3.0/6.0 Gbits/sSerial ATA DRAMs (Dynamic random access memory) * * HBM 2016 Peak bandwidth = 128GBps HBM2 2019 Peak bandwidth = 460GBps
DRAM density * * * * High Bandwidth Memory * * AMD Polaris with HBM * * Today’s tools to build tomorrow’s technologiesElectronic Design Automation (EDA) toolsCadence (Virtuoso), Synopsys (PrimeTime), Mentor Graphics (Calibre), etc… Linux (approximately 2003 to present)Enabled cheap PCs (~$2K) to replace specialized expensive servers (~$20K)Get a lot more compute for the same priceMulti-threading (approximately 2007 to present)Took advantage of multiple cores * *
All that leads to this… * * CPU Northbridge Southbridge AGP 48GB DDR4 DRAM 3000MHz Single core ATA 300MB My build in 1994 $2000 ($3512.44 in 2019 dollars) My son’s build in 2020 (< $2249) SB Graphics NB Ryzen 9 12 cores 4MB SDR DRAM 133MHz KB M USB SATA – 4TB
752GB SSD PCIe PCI VLB Network Dual GFX cards KB M other * * 1994 2000 2006 2013 2013 2012 2006 2001 1996 1991 1985
2005 2001 ConclusionThe Revolution continuesCompanies that can adapt and evolve continues to survive (AMD)Because you demand more performance, less power, lower pricesThe electronics industry responds with innovations in technologyAnd AMD puts it all together and brings those products to you. * * Q & AOpen forum – questions and answers * * Modernizing the Workforce Kailey Oppenheim 2/27/2020 1 Q&A
Solving for Efficiency Introduction About Accenture DEMO: ServiceNow Project Methodology 02 01 03 05 04 06 agenda 2 Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. 3 Introduction ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Certifications ITIL Foundations v3 Project Management Professional (PMP) ServiceNow Administrator ServiceNow Implementation Specialist for IT Service Management, Human Resources, Customer Service, Project and Portfolio Management
ServiceNow Trainer ServiceNow Application Developer Kailey Oppenheim [email protected] ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 4 Graduated from UCSC with a BS in Information Systems Management (now TIM) ISMA Co-President (2008-2009) 2010 Started a new job as a ServiceNow Business Analyst Consultant at Navigis 2014+ 2009 Internship with Plantronics, transitioned to a Full Time role 2012
Started a new role working for Macys.com Current role: Senior Manager at Accenture 2013 Navigis acquired by Cloud Sherpas Cloud Sherpas acquired by Accenture My Career Journey
‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 5 Service Desk Intern Business Analyst Manager Senior Business Analyst Senior Manager
My Role at Accenture Senior Manager Work with clients in various industries to identify opportunities for efficiency Propose projects to the client, write the Statement of Work (SOW), staff the delivery team, and manage the delivery and implementation Team Lead Lead a team of 7 people Advise and support career growth Assign team members to projects ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved A Typical Work Day… ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Working from home On the road Travel about 80% Visit the client’s office and work with stakeholders
Schedule and facilitate meetings to ensure we are meeting their vision Design a roadmap for future work Meetings using VoIP (screen share, web cam, digital whiteboards) Start the day when the client starts 8 About Accenture ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture is a leading global professional services company We provide a broad range of services and solutions in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations. Leveraging our deep expertise across industries and business functions, we help organizations shape their vision for the future We drive innovation to develop and implement differentiated solutions that accelerate growth and increase efficiency – and
we may run parts of clients’ businesses on their behalf Ultimately, we enable clients to maximize their performance and create sustainable value for their stakeholders ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture is a leading professional services company, with capabilities in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations. Leveraging our deep expertise across industries and business functions, we help organizations shape their vision for the future We drive innovation to develop and implement differentiated solutions that accelerate growth and increase efficiency – and we may run parts of clients’ businesses on their behalf Ultimately, we enable clients to maximize their performance and create sustainable value for their stakeholders 9 How Does Accenture Collaborate? TRANSFORMS Management Consulting Technology Consulting
SHAPES Business Strategy Technology Strategy DIGITIZES Interactive Mobility Analytics POWERS Application Services Labs Ecosystem Alliances OPERATES As a Service Business Process Cloud Security
A global consulting firm providing professional services to clients. This can include subject matter expertise, staff augmentation, or helping clients with innovative ideas to operate at the next level. There are 400,000+ Accenture employees world wide! ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture Strategy is where we shape our clients’ future… combining deep business insight with the understanding of how technology will impact industry and business models. In Accenture Consulting, we transform, bringing together the very best of Accenture to help our clients transform their businesses to compete in today’s digital world. In Accenture Digital, we digitize, enabling our clients to unleash the power of digital… by providing analytics, interactive marketing and mobility services to create new value. Accenture Technology is where we power our clients’ businesses with “best in class” established and emerging technologies. And Accenture Operations is where we operate business processes and infrastructure as a service on behalf of our clients. We are the only company with the ability to combine and integrate these end-to-end capabilities—strategy, consulting,
digital, technology and operations—in an industry context. 10 OUR GLOBAL DELIVERY NETWORK DELIVERS AT SPEED AND AT SCALE The largest and most diversified group of strategy, digital, technology and operations professionals in the world More than 50 delivery centers across five continents, offering services in 39 languages ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 11 12 The Business Problem ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Enterprise Organization There are many departments within an organization ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved
Common business problems Departmental silos Manual Processes Redundancy Offline tools Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Common business problems Departmental silos Manual
processes Redundancy Offline tools Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Departmental Silos ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Departments are often using different technologies or tools
Processes aren’t defined to work seamlessly across the enterprise Transferring work between departments is slow and inefficient Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Manual processes ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 18 Manual processes Entering data Creating reports Approving requests Fulfilling requests Lack of enterprise knowledge No standards No central repository
No FAQs or How to guides Who owns the knowledge? Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Redundancy Entering the same data into two different systems AKA “Swivel Chair” From an offline form into an online form Two systems without an integration between them Lack of documentation of communication between customer and service provider leads to repeated conversations ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Tools hindering business productivity
‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Email Paper forms Offline or non-shared documents Multiple enterprise applications Poor customer/ user experience ‹#›
Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Dissatisfied employees reduce productivity Manual processes slow down the business Evolution of “Shadow IT” Dissatisfied end users 24 Solving for Efficiency ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved One enterprise platform
‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved SaaS, or Software as a Service, is a cloud solution that can provide businesses with an easy product to develop, maintain, and secure. Having one platform across the enterprise allows transparency, efficiency, and standardization. Accenture’s ServiceNoW Practice …by the numbers 5,000+ ServiceNow Projects 175+ Global 200 Customers ServiceNow Global 2000 Customers Supported 9.7 YTD CSAT Calendar Year 2020 7,000+ Students Trained on ServiceNow 250 Classes delivered in 2020 6,380+ Share Downloads Average 5-star rating 1,850+
ServiceNow & ITSM Certifications 2,250+ ServiceNow Skilled Resources Globally 1,200+ ServiceNow Initial Implementations 1 Forrester ITSM Leader Only Dedicated ServiceNow Services Partner in the Leader Wave 1 HfS Winners Circle, Blueprint for ServiceNow Service Assessment 3x ServiceNow Federal Partner of the Year 2 ServiceNow Store Apps Legal & Security
We Are ServiceNow’s Largest Professional Services Partner Global Strategic Partner Gold Sales Partner Gold Services Partner Authorized Training Partner ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved As a partner in the ecosystem for more than 10 years, we have continued to invest in growing our capabilities and partnership with ServiceNow. Accenture’s ServiceNow Practice Continuously Investing in Growth Accenture acquires Cloud Sherpas ServiceNow Federal Partner of the Year (3x) K15 Partner Award - Highest Partner CSAT Cloud Sherpas named Leader by Forrester for ITSM Implementation Services Accenture and ServiceNow sign strategic alliance agreement Accenture achieves ServiceNow global systems integrator status Cloud Sherpas one of the first Master Services Partner Accenture builds formal ServiceNow offering Accenture launches ServiceNow practice Cloud Sherpas first ServiceNow Preferred Services Partner
Accenture co-authors ITIL Service Strategy book Cloud Sherpas (Navigis) begins offering clients ServiceNow capabilities Accenture largest global ServiceNow Strategic Partner Named Gold Partner – Sales, Services and Technology Largest ACV Revenue Contributing Partner Awarded Trainer of the Year Awarded Most Partner Certifications Acquired Nashco 2007 2013 - 2014 2011-2012 2015 2018 2020 Named Global Strategic Partner by ServiceNow Top Sponsor of ServiceNow’s SKO & K19 Awarded Highest CSAT (EMEA) Awarded ServiceNow Top Influencer Acquisitions
‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved About ServiceNow NYSE: NOW 4,000+ Enterprise Customers 10,000+ Global Employees
Major Sites San Diego, Silicon Valley, Seattle, Amsterdam, London, Sydney, Israel, India ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Global enterprises from all industries rely on ServiceNow ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Advanced High Availability Architecture Global Data Center Pairs ServiceNow’s data centers are arranged in pairs. ServiceNow has 8 data center pairs (for a total of 16 data centers) across four geographic regions including Asia Pacific Japan (APJ); Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA); North America; and South America. Within several of these regions, there are specific country pairs for Canadian, U.S., Australian, and Swiss customers. ServiceNow’s data centers and cloud-based infrastructure have been designed to be highly available. All servers and network devices have redundant components and multiple network paths to avoid single points of failure. Through ServiceNow’s unique, multi-instance architecture, Advanced High Availability meets and exceeds stringent requirements surrounding data sovereignty, availability and
performance. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved What ServiceNow can do Photo by: ServiceNow ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 31 32 ServiceNow Demo ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 33 Project Methodology ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved
Benefits of Agile – in the Context of Training 34 Copyright © 2020 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 34 Waterfall Methodology vs. Agile Methodology 35 Copyright © 2020 Accenture All Rights Reserved. Q&A 36 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2019 Ira Pohl TIM Feb 21, 2019 TalkWhat is AI?A brief historyUse in IndustryIs AI an existential ThreatFutureUCSC work
What is AI?AI – a science/engineering of intelligenceIn analogy to aeronautical engineering/flyingAI – model of “human/cognitive” systemIs done as a theory of human intelligence Acting humanly: Turing TestTuring (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutesAnticipated most major arguments against AI Loebner Prize SIRI(Apple) Cortana(Microsoft) OK GOOGL(Alphabet)Alexa(Amazon) Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing psychology Newell and Simon GPS Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain -- How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top- down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
-Leibnitz,BooleKleene, Church, Turing – McCarthy, Robinson AI prehistoryPhilosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationalityMathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability,bayesEconomics/OR utility, decision theory Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activityPsychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniquesComputer Science building fast computers, algorithmsLinguistics knowledge representation, grammarStatistics bayes, big data Abridged history of AI1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted1980 AI industry –Symbolics & Knowledge Based Systems1983 Learning theory - resurgence (after Minsky-Papert Perceptron)1995 The emergence of
intelligent agents 1997 Kasparov loses to Deep Blue2003 iRobot – Roomba, Pacbot5102011 Google Car –self driving 300,000 miles2011 MOOCs – autograded classes, edX software2014 Hawking “spell the end of the Human race” –BBC2015 Google AlphaGo beats European champion-using learning2016 IBM Watson does oncology (having won Jeopardy)2017 Okay GOOGLE, Nest, Alexa – AI runs the home2018 ALPHA-GO learns chess in two hours and beats STOCKFISH2018 Protein Folding-Deepmind alpha-fold Dec 2018 Riba DescriptionRIBA — short for “Robot for Interactive Body Assistance” — was developed by researchers at Japan’s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd. (TRI). Designed primarily to assist nurses by lifting patients in and out of their beds and wheelchairs (as well as on and off the toilet), the 180-kilogram (400-lb) robot can safely pick up and carry people weighing as much as 61 kilograms (135 lbs). RIBA -2008 Nurse Robot Skilled Work without the Worker NYT_ Aug 18, 2012 by John MarkoffTake the cavernous solar- panel factory run by Flextronics in Milpitas, south of San Francisco. A large banner proudly proclaims “Bringing Jobs & Manufacturing Back to California!” Yet in the state-of-the-art plant, where the assembly line runs 24 hours a day, seven days a
week, there are robots everywhere and few human workers. All of the heavy lifting and almost all of the precise work is done by robots that string together solar cells and seal them under glass. The human workers do things like trimming excess material, threading wires and screwing a handful of fasteners into a simple frame for each panel. GO- Learning/MCGo Program is now (Google Go program European Champ) about to surpass human abilityHow: learning, big data, MC computation;Distinctly not “human” cognitionImplication: Machine Intelligence is surpassing human ability in ways that humans cannot “understand” State of the artDeep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 -current best 3100+ vs 2800 for humansProved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades 1996 by EQPNo hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) in 1995 -2005 132mile unknown terrain-completely autonomousDuring the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people Roomba 2002 > Now pet hair version, mopping, eaves, windowsRIBA 2007IBM WATSON- 2011 – wins Jeopardy against all time champsGoogle robot Car 2012 300,000 miles Now >> 1,000,000 AchievementsLISP, Time SharingGames – early space war gamesIntellectual Games – mastery in Chess, checkers, Hex, othello, backgammon, scrabble- and now GO and
PokerMACSYMA –Mathematica, MATLABDENDRAL(chemistry, medicine … experts)WATSON-IBM RoboticsSpeech and Handwriting recognition (SIRI) Large trendsBig data and learning- google can translate effectively between natural languages;Big Computation- monte carlo simulations with simple metrics can outperform humans with deep knowledge Yet to comeWill humans need to work?GO store in Seattle – Amazon no cashiersTESLA –autopilot for Semis3.5 million cashier jobs, 5million driving jobsWill their be a “singularity”Is there an existential threat? If work and intelligence do not define us; what does? Baxter - $3.00 per hourRodney Brooks : general purpose trainable indutrial robot: cost $22,000. AI reads minds??‘MIND-READING’ ALGORITHM DECODES THE PICTURES IN YOUR HEADResearchers from ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories and Kyoto University in Japan developed a deep learning-based algorithm that can generate images from brain activity. CYBORGSAI HELPS AMPUTEE PLAY PIANO FOR FIRST
TIME SINCE 2012Georgia Institute of Technology researchers developed an ultrasonic sensor that allows amputees to control individual fingers on a prosthetic hand. UCSC AI-and relatedPohl- Heuristic Search, Should Robots have Nuclear ARMsGetoor- Big Data InferenceMateas-Games Intelligent dialog for characters,Façade Interactive dramaHelmbold, Warmuth, Haussler- effective learning algorithmsElkaim- Autonomous Sailboat > now a degree programLots of new people since I retired – check web pages CSE 170 Winter 2020 02/27/2020 Modernizing the Workforce Abstract: How do we bring enterprises from antiquated technologies into the modern world? Imagine how much time and money is spent using slow systems and manual processes. Each department within an organization works in their own tools, creating siloes and a lack of communication across the business. Many companies struggle with not only selecting the right technology to solve this underlying issue, but also having the processes and people in place to support it. Using a platform like ServiceNow allows each department
within an enterprise to work collaboratively together. As a cross-functional tool, ServiceNow can increase visibility to business issues and transform them into opportunities for improvement. By having an efficient governance model for application development, project management, and process improvement, companies will see a spike in productivity and maturation in the workforce. About the speaker: Kailey Oppenheim graduated with a B.S. in Information Systems Management (TIM) from UCSC in 2009. During her years at UCSC, she was heavily involved with ISMA and became co- president of the club from 2008-2009. After graduating from UCSC, she worked both as an Intern and Full time for Plantronics, which helped jump start her career. Kailey is currently working as a Senior Manager for Accenture. Her knowledge of business aspects such as IT, Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing allow her to design and implement process optimization to over 100 companies worldwide ranging in industries such as retail, healthcare, media, and banking. She has a Project Management Professional (PMP), certified in ITIL Foundations v3, and a certified ServiceNow Administrator, Implementation Specialist, Application Developer, and Trainer. Next Week - 03/05/20: Ming Chao, Director, Netflix, on “Supply Chain Management at Netflix”;
CSE 170 Winter 2020 02/20/20 Artificial Intelligence and its Applications Ira Pohl, Professor Emeritus UCSC, Fellow of the ACM Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is considered one of the three major trends bringing us the technological “Singularity”. We will discuss its origins, key ideas, important results, and the current state of the art. We will also talk about the societal impacts: such as the consequences of a robotically driven economy, and AI tools making significant decisions such as when to shoot at the “enemy” on a chaotic battlefield. About the speaker: Professor Pohl is well known for AI theory connected to heuristic search and more recently for programming in C++ MOOCs for Coursera. Week 8 - 02/27/20: Kailey Oppenheim, Senior Manager, Accenture, on “Journey
of an IT Consultant.” CSE 170 Winter 2020 02-13-2020 From the IBM PS/2 Computer to the Smartphone: A Perspective of the Computing Revolution from the Trenches Sam Huynh, Principal Member of Technical Staff, Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, CA Abstract: This talk will cover the technological and economic changes that enabled the computing revolution for the past 35 years focusing on the last 25. In particular, I will discuss how AMD's innovations and products impacted those changes from the K5 to Ryzen and Radeon to the APU. AMD is a publically held company (NYSE: AMD) headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA with 10 major design centers in countries including Canada, China, and India. AMD is a Fortune 500 company with approximately 10,000 employees worldwide and approximately $5 billion in revenues for 2017. AMD products are sold at Target, Costco, Best Buy and other major retailers. About the Speaker:
Sam is a Principal at AMD and is responsible for developing methodologies using next generation technologies for System on a Chip (SOC) Physical Design (PD) teams. For a particular chip, he has the responsibility of implementing the chip from RTL (register transfer level) to GDS and subsequent release to a foundry for manufacturing. Before joining AMD, Sam held technical and management positions at Montalvo Systems, ATI, ArtX and SGI. He has a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington. Next week: 02/20/20: Professor Ira Pohl, Computer Science, UCSC, on “Artificial Intelligence and its Applications”. School of Public Health Epidemiology Module 6 Levels of prevention School of Public Health *
Objectives At the end of this sub-module, each student should be able to: Describe the Concept of prevention Describe the levels of prevention Give examples of each level of prevention Concept of Health& PreventionState of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of diseases or infirmity.Goal to promote health, to preserve health, to restore health when impaired, and to minimize suffering and distressThese goals are embodied in the world “prevention” PreventionIt requires Knowledge of causation Dynamics of transmission Identification of risk factors & risk groups Availability of prophylactic or early detection a& treatment measures PreventionPrevention- derived from Latin “Prae Venire”= to come BeforePreventive actions can be taken at any stage of
spectrum of HealthMostly on “Healthy People” Goal –to achieve health for all- to lead a productive and socially useful lifeBut it can be applied to unhealthy or sick –to restore their health at the earliest and prevent deaths/disability Scope of preventionReduction in death ratesReduction in deaths from infectious diseasesGeneral improvements in standard of living, nutrition, and sanitationMajor causes of diseases are preventable Levels of PreventionPhase of DiseaseTargetPrimordialUnderlying conditions- causationTotal/selected populationPrimary Specific causal factorsTotal/selected population/Healthy SecondaryEarly stage of diseasepatientsTertiary Late stage (treatment, Rehabilitation) patients Levels of PreventionPrimordial healthy people
PrimarySecondaryTertiary sick people Primordial PreventionTo prevent emergence of unhealthy life styles in population (Social, economic, cultural patterns of living) To prevent the emergence of risk factors in the communityRisk prevention strategies right from the childhood to develop healthy lifestyle Examples -lifestyle modification – smoking cessation, obesity reductionPhysical exercise Air Pollution control by legislationIndividual and mass education Primary PreventionAction taken to prevent development of a disease in a person who is well and does not have the disease in questionTo limit the incidence of disease by controlling causes and risk factors S.Cholesterol and risk of CHDPopulation & High risk strategy Strategies :Health promotion-healthy practicesAdequate nutritionSafe water and sanitationPeriodic health checkupsSpecific prevention/protection against disease/trauma/accidents Specific protectionImmunization Mega doses of Vit A , IFA tabletsSalt iodizationChemoprophylaxisEnvironmental protectionContraceptionCondom useAccidents prevention-safety belts & Helmets
Approaches-Population based Intention to cover whole populationHigh impact on reduction of incidence of disease Do not require any screening to identify high risk group High risk ApproachIdentify high risk groupIdentify specific factors/characteristics that put them in high risk groupTry to modify these risk factorsPreventive – Screening for early case detection-interventionsExamples: Smokers, Commercial sex workers, STD clinic attendeesFamily H/o DM, HT,CHD Population Vs. High risk strategy AdvantagesRadicalLarge potential for whole populationBehaviorally appropriate AdvantagesAppropriate to individuals Subject motivationPhysician motivationFavorable benefit- to -risk ratio Population vs. High risk strategy Disadvantages Small benefit to individuals Poor motivation of subject & Physician Benefit –to- risk ratio may be low Disadvantages Difficulties in identifying high risk individuals Temporary & Limited effect
Behaviorally in appropriate Secondary PreventionTo cure patients & reduce more serious consequences To reduce prevalence of disease in the communityEarly detection at early stage & prompt Treatment (EDPT)Ex. Sputum examination-DOTS,BS for Malaria, Leprosy, Blindness, Cancer prevention (Both primary and secondary ) Early detectionScreening programme – for diseases-Natural history easily identified and treated so that progression to more serious stage can be stopped preclinical stage and Effective methods of intervention Vision-refractory errors, cataractCa Cx,Blood pressure measurementMass treatment –trachoma, malaria, yaws, pinta, etc. Tertiary Prevention(disability limitation and rehabilitation)To reduce the progress & development of complications of established diseaseTo reduce impairment and disabilityTo provide rehabilitative measuresTo prolong life & to prevent deathsExamples: Poliomylitis,strokes,injuries,blindness Concept of disabilityDisease- impairment-disability- handicapImpairment- any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functionDisability- any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
Handicap- as a result of disability, the person experiences certain disadvantages in life and is not able to discharge the obligations required of him and play the role expected from him in society.Example-Accident- disease/disorderLoss of foot- impairmentCannot walk- disabilityUnemployed- handicap RehabilitationThe combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational, vocational measures for training, and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional abilityExamples - paraplegics, amputees, blinds, deaf and deaf & dumb,Mentally retardedLeprosy cases RehabilitationMedical- restoration of functionVocational- restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihoodSocial- restoration of family and social relationshipsPsychological- restoration of personal dignity and confidence Module 7.1 Sampling SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Learning Objectives At the end of this module, the students will be able to describe : List of Topics WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SAMPLING? portion of the population and sample to the population at large. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION AND SAMPLE
PLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYS PLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYS CONT... ollect data SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
-frame, feasibility) NEED FOR ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE - May fail to detect important effects - May estimate effects imprecisely - Waste of resources - May lead to a loss in accuracy ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE the scope of the study - Single positive result is important - Sample size may be irrelevant ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE CONT … - Several known preventive measures of
varying effectiveness - Vaccine should be tested on adequate number of subjects TYPES OF OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion, Mean • Proportion of subjects who develop malaria after entering high risk area. • Mean Cholesterol level among the diabetic individuals HOW LARGE A SAMPLE DO I NEED? SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZE
1) If we take the small samples < 30 % our study is not valid 2) If we take large samples > 75 % it is laborious to do 3) We need optimum size which gives reliable results minimum sample size advised is 30 % 80% 20% 25% 70% 30% 75% HOW TO FIND SUITABLE SAMPLE SIZE 151 June 2016 DataQualitative Quantitative Find Permissible or Allowable error L Error Not Exceed 10% Or 20 %
Error Not Exceed 1 % Or 2 % Find 30 % Incidence or Prevalence 10 % L = 30 / 100 * 10 = 3 20 % L = 30 / 100 * 20 = 6 1 % L = 30 / 100 * 1 = 0.3 2 % L = 30 / 100 * 2 = 0.6 n = 4 * p * q / L 2 n = 4 σ 2 / L 2 10 % n = 4 * 30 * 70 / 3 * 3 = 933 20 % n = 4 * 30 * 70 / 6 * 6 = 233 1 % n = 4 * 8 * 8 / 0.3 * 0.3 = 2844 2 % n = 4 * 8 * 8 / 0.6 * 0.6 = 711 References
research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 179–183. qualitative research: A realist approach. London: Sage. References - Handbook of Statistical Methods. -471-48900- X Epidemiology workshop series Community Medicine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMATECH� http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc242.ht m� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kish� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num ber� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48900- X�Module 7.1��SamplingLearning ObjectivesList of TopicsWHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SAMPLING?RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION AND SAMPLEPLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYSPLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEYS CONT...SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION�NEED FOR ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE�ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE�ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE �CONT …�TYPES OF OUTCOME MEASURES�HOW LARGE A SAMPLE DO I NEED?�SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZEHOW TO FIND SUITABLE SAMPLE SIZEReferencesReferences Introduction to Public Health Practice Concept of Health & Disease Bachelor of Public Health Faculty Name : Dr . Haresh Date:9th November Subject Code: BMPH01 Module No. 2 – Health from an ecological perspective School of Public Health 1
Objective 2 At the end of this module, the students should be able to Discuss the concept of health, illness and disease Define Health Describe how to measure health status Learning Outcome 3 The students will gain the knowledge and understanding about the concept of health, disease and illness and will be able to apply this knowledge in solving the health problems of the community at large Content Concept of Health Dimensions of Health
Spectrum of Health Measurement of Health 4 Concept of Health Biomedical concept Ecological concept Psychosocial concept Holistic concept 5 Biomedical concept Health is “absence of disease” ie if one is free from disease than he is considered healthy. Based on germ theory of disease. Question – malnutrition, chronic disease, accidents, drug abuse, mental illness , environmental pollution etc which lead to ecological concept
Ecological concept Ecologists – health is dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and disease is maladjustment of the human organism to his environment. “Health implies the relative absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous adaptation and adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal function” Ecological concept Raised two questions Imperfect man Imperfect environment History shows that improvement in human adaptation to natural environment can lead to longer and better quality of life- even with the absence of modern health delivery services.
Psychosocial concept Development in social science – Health is not only a biomedical phenomenon, but it is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors of the people concerned, “Health is both a biological and social phenomenon” Holistic concept It recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on health Then came a many definitions of health http://www.evolvehealth.nl/wp/wp- content/uploads/2012/07/IPS-Model.bmp Synthesis of all the above concepts,
Definitions of Health “the condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit, especially freedom from physical disease or pain” (webster) “soundness of body or mind; that condition in which its functions are duly and efficiently discharged” ( oxford) “ a condition or quality of the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the organism in given conditions, genetic and environmental” ( operational def by WHO) Health Definition WHO define health “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity” The WHO definition of health emphasizes that there are different, complexly related forms of wellness and illness, and suggests that wide range of factors can influence the health of individuals and groups. Health is not an absolute. Health and disease are not necessarily opposites
Dimension of Health Health is Multidimensional. WHO definition envisages Physical dimension Mental Dimension Social Dimension Physical dimension The state of physical health implies the notion of “perfect functioning” of the body. It conceptualizes health biologically as a state in which every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body. http://images01.trafficz.com/cache/h3w4/500_1189535325_runn ing.jpg
Mental Dimension Mental health is not mere absence of mental illness. Good mental health is ability to respond to the many varied experience of life with flexibility and sense of purpose. “A state of balance between the individual and the surrounding world, a state of harmony between oneself and others, a coexistence between the realities of the self and that of other people and that of the environment” http://cms.mumbaimirror.com/portalfiles/7/3/200710/Image/Me ntal%20Health.jpg Social dimension Social well-being implies harmony and integration within the individual, between each individual and other members of society and between individuals and the world in which they live. “quantity and quality of an individual’s interpersonal ties and the extent of involvement with the community.”
Concept of Illness Subjective sense of feeling unwell that often motivates a patient to consult a physician. Illness includes physical, psychological and social dimensions Difficult to confirm by diagnostics tests Concept of Disease Disease and injury are viewed as phenomena that leads to significant loss or disability in social functioning, making one unable to carry out one’s main personal or social functions in life. health is equivalent to the absence of disability; individuals able to carry out their basic functions in life are healthy. Spectrum of Health Health and disease lie along a continuum, and there is no single
cut-off point. Positive health Better Health Freedom from sickness Unrecognized sickness Mild sickness Severe sickness Death The Health sickness spectrum Spectrum concept of health Emphasizes that the health of an individual is not static. It is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change. Measuring Health Available information on health outcomes suggests that measuring health status of population is simple task. But, commonly used measures of health status fail to paint a
complete picture of health. The commonly used measures reflect the disease and mortality, rather than health. Mortality is used as proxy for health despite the problems It is widely used to describe the health status of population. Mortality data indirectly describe health status of living population. Sources of morbidity data Sources of information on morbidities and disabilities include medical records, managed care organizations, and other providers. Information derived from surveys, businesses, schools and other sources. Eg: Health, United States, published by CDC Mortality –based measures Crude mortality rates Age-specific Age adjusted mortality
Life expectancy Years of potential life lost(YPLL) Crude Mortality Rate Counts deaths within the entire population Not sensitive to differences in the age distribution of different populations. Limitation of Crude mortality rate: Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/finaldeaths03/finaldeaths0 3_figure-1.png From the figure above, we might conclude that mortality rates in United States had declined since 1960. However because there was a greater proportion of late 20th century population in the higher age categories. Therefore these are not truly comparable populations.
Age-Specific Mortality rates Relates the number of deaths to the number of persons in a specific age group. Eg: Infant mortality rate (IMR) IMR- is the number of deaths of live-born infants occurring in the first year of life per 1000 live births. Age-adjusted mortality rates Public health studies use age-adjusted mortality rates to compensate for different mixes of age groups within a population. Age-adjusted rates are calculated by applying age specific rates to a standard population. This adjustment permits more meaningful comparisons of mortality experience between populations with different age distribution
Life Expectancy Based on the mortality experience of a population, is a computation of the number of years between any given age (e.g., birth or age of 65 years) and the average age of death for that population. Often used as comparison of health status among nations along with IMR. Years of Potential Life Lost Mortality based indicator that places greater weight on deaths that occur at younger age. Arbitrary age( 65 to 75 years) are computed and used to measure the relative impact on society of different cause of death. Example: If 65 years used as the threshold or calculating YPLL, an infant death would contribute 65 YPLL. And homicide at age 25 would contribute 40 YPLL Morbidity, Disability and Quality Measures These indicators are meaningful measure of health status in
population as they consider morbidity and disabilty from conditions that impart on functioning not only cause death. ( eg: cerebral palsy, schizophrenia.) Commonly used are Disability adjusted life years, span of healthy life indicator. Summary Contemporary philosophy of health has been quite focused on the problem of determining the nature of the concepts of health, illness and disease from a scientific point of view. Some theorists claim and argue that these concepts are value- free and descriptive in the same sense as the concepts of atom, metal and rain are value-free and descriptive. To say that a person has a certain disease or that he or she is unhealthy is thus to objectively describe this person. On the other hand it certainly does not preclude an additional evaluation of the state of affairs as undesirable or bad. The basic scientific description and the evaluation are, however, two independent matters, according to this kind of theory 31
References Principles of Public Health Practice, 3rd Edition, F. Douglas Developing Practice for Public Health and Health Promotion E- Book, 3rd Edition, Naidoo & Wills Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 20th Edition, K. Park Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3rd Edition, AH Suryakantha phprimer.afmc.ca/...TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter1Conc eptsOfH. www.fil.lu.se/hommageawlodek/site/papper/NordenfeltLennart. pdf https://pglibrary- publichealth.wikispaces.com/.../Concept+of+health+and... 32 Next Topic>> Thanks 33
33 Module 7.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Learning objectives At the end of this session, students will be able to List of Topics
Definition of sampling selected as representatives of the entire population Study population The study population is the population to which the results of the study will be inferred The study population depends upon the research question -sticks to health care workers experience each year in India? s of India -stick prevention policy in India? SAMPLE – Representative of time SAMPLE – Representative of place SAMPLE – Representative of persons
TERMINOLOGY sampling units in the population frame WHY TO SAMPLE Population
parameters Sample • Finite size • Characterized by measurable parameters (e.g., mean, standard dev.) A sample is a part of the population, selected by the investigator to gather information (measures) on certain characteristics of the original population SAMPLING – probability Non-probability samples samples
Probability samples selected about population Probability samples chosen Methods used in probability samples 1. Simple, random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Cluster sampling 5. Multistage sampling Simple, random sampling
measured METHODS OF SRS EXAMPLE OF SRS 1 Albert D. 2 Richard D. 3 Belle H. 4 Raymond L. 5 Stéphane B. 6 Albert T. 7 Jean William V. 8 André D. 9 Denis C. 10 Anthony Q. 11 James B. 12 Denis G. 13 Amanda L. 14 Jennifer L. 15 Philippe K. 16 Eve F. 17 Priscilla O. 18 Frank V.L. 19 Brian F.
20 Hellène H. 21 Isabelle R. 22 Jean T. 23 Samanta D. 24 Berthe L. 25 Monique Q. 26 Régine D. 27 Lucille L. 28 Jérémy W. 29 Gilles D. 30 Renaud S. 31 Pierre K. 32 Mike R. 33 Marie M. 34 Gaétan Z. 35 Fidèle D. 36 Maria P. 37 Anne-Marie G. 38 Michel K. 39 Gaston C. 40 Alain M. 41 Olivier P. 42 Geneviève M. 43 Berthe D. 44 Jean Pierre P. 45 Jacques B. 46 François P. 47 Dominique M. 48 Antoine C. Systematic sampling
or starting Example of systematic random Stratified sampling n into homogeneous subgroups (strata) about each of them ges strata
Cluster sampling units clusters Advantages design effect) Cluster sampling t a group (cluster) of subjects. general population
The two stages of a cluster sample 1. First stage: Probability proportional to size • Select the number of clusters to be included • Compute a cumulative list of the populations in each unit with a grand total • Divide the grand total by the number of clusters and obtain the sampling interval • Choose a random number and identify the first cluster • Add the sampling interval and identify the second cluster • By repeating the same procedure, identify all the clusters The two stages of a cluster sample 2. Second stage • In each cluster select a random sample using a sampling frame of subjects (e.g. residents) or households Self-weighting in cluster samples selected in the first round the chance of being selected likely to be selected in the second round
selected within the unit h person in the population has the same probability of being sampled WHO - 30 x 7 cluster sampling 15 515 4,715 Find a random number with three digits (= Sampling interval) e.g. 123 Choose from the cumulative distribution the clusters by adding 157 (sampling interval) 3 124 124 * 1st cluster 4 76 200
5 315 515 ** 2nd 123+157=280 Example of cluster sampling Village 4 Village 5 Village 3 Village 2Village 1 Multistage sampling to measure
Non-probability samples Sampling errors results obtained from one sample differ from the results of another sample. Sampling error differences… t
References • Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 179–183. • Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research:A realist approach. London: Sage. • NIST/SEMATECH, "7.2.4.2. Sample sizes required", e- Handbook of Statistical Methods. • Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling.Wiley. ISBN 0-471-48900- X. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMATECH� http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc242.ht m� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kish� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num ber� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48900- X�Module 7.2��SAMPLING TECHNIQUELearning objectivesList of TopicsDefinition of samplingThe study population depends upon the research questionSlide Number 6TERMINOLOGYWHY TO SAMPLEPopulationSAMPLINGNon-probability samplesProbability samplesProbability samplesMethods used in
probability samplesSimple, random samplingMETHODS OF SRSEXAMPLE OF SRSSystematic samplingExample of systematic randomStratified samplingCluster samplingCluster samplingThe two stages of a cluster sampleThe two stages of a cluster sampleSelf-weighting in cluster samplesWHO - 30 x 7 cluster sampling Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Multistage samplingNon-probability samplesSampling errorsSampling errorSlide Number 33Slide Number 34

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Introduction to Public Health PracticePrevention Health Servic.docx

  • 1. Introduction to Public Health Practice Prevention Health Services Program Name Faculty Name : Date: Subject Code: Module No. 4 – Public Health & Health Systems School of Public Health 1 Objective 2 At the end of this module, the students should be able to Describe the health system as a public health concern
  • 2. Discuss Natural history of disease Identify and describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention Learning Outcome 3 The students will acquire knowledge about the natural history of disease as well as the modes of intervention and will be able to apply this knowledge for the prevention of health problems in the community Content Public health system Natural History of Disease Levels of prevention Modes of intervention Health services pyramid 4
  • 3. Public health system Relationship between public health and other health activities has never been clear. Different views prevail among health professionals Public health is part of the health system or the health system is part of public health? Most components serve the same ends The term health system refers to all aspects of the organization, financing and provision of programs and services for prevention and treatment of illness and injury. The public health system is a component of this larger health system. Public commonly perceives the health system to include only medical care and treatment aspects of the overall system. However, public health activities are part of larger set of activities that focus on health, well-being, disease and illness. Some questions to brainstorm
  • 4. Does the countries have a rational strategy for investing its resources to maintain and improve people’s health? Is the current strategy excessive in ways that inequitably limited access to and benefit from needed services? Is the health system accountable to its end-users and ultimate payers for the quality and results of its services. The issues of health, Excess access, Accountability and quality Make the health system a public health concern Prevention and Health service Health and illness are dynamic state that are influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental, behavioral, social and health services factors acting through an ecological model. The complex interaction of these factors results in the occurrence or absence of disease or injury. Which in turn contributes to the health status of individuals and populations.
  • 5. Prevention and Health services Before we go to prevention, its necessary to understand the Natural history of disease. The nineteenth-century revolution in thinking brought about by Koch and Pasteur led to the recognition of distinct stages in the development of a disease. If left untreated, a disease would evolve through a series of stages that characterize its natural history But if an intervention is applied, the natural history is modified, producing a typical clinical course for the condition Natural history of disease General strategies to maintain health before developing health Two general strategies that seek to maintain health by intervening prior to the development of disease or injury. Health promotion Specific protection
  • 6. Both involve activities that alter the interaction of the various health-influencing factors in ways that contribute to either averting or altering the likelihood of occurrence of disease or injury. Health promotion and Specific Protection Health promotion activities attempt to modify human behaviors by increasing the ability to resist disease or injury- including factors, thereby reducing or neutralizing risks to health. Examples of health promotion activities include interventions such as nutrition counseling, genetic counseling, family counseling, and the myriad activities that constitute health education Health promotion and Specific Protection Health promotion also properly includes Provision of adequate housing Employment Recreational conditions
  • 7. Community development activities It is somewhat ironic that activities that focus on the state of health and that seek to maintain and promote health are not commonly perceived to be “health services. Specific protection activities provide individuals with resistance to factors (such as microorganisms like viruses and bacteria) or modify environments to decrease potentially harmful interactions of health-influencing factors (such as toxic exposures in the workplace). Examples of specific protection Use of protective equipment for asbestos removal) Immunizations Occupational Environmental engineering, Regulatory controls Activities to protect individuals from environmental carcinogens Exposure to second-hand or side-stream smoke Toxins
  • 8. Early Case Finding and Prompt Treatment, Disability Limitation, and Rehabilitation Early detection and prompt treatment reduce individual pain and suffering and are less costly to both the individual and society Interventions to achieve early detection and prompt treatment include Screening tests Case-finding efforts Periodic physical exams Screening tests, Case-finding efforts and Periodic physical exams Screening tests are increasingly available to detect illnesses before they become symptomatic. Case-finding efforts for both infectious and noninfectious conditions are directed at populations at greater risk for the condition on the basis of criteria appropriate for that condition. Periodic physical exams
  • 9. Strategy targeting disease is disability limitation through effective and complete treatment. Efforts largely aim to arrest or eradicate disease or to limit disability and prevent death. The final intervention strategy focusing on disease— rehabilitation—is designed to return individuals who have experienced a condition to the maximum level of function consistent with their capacities Link with Prevention Prevention in relation to the stage of the disease or condition. Preventive intervention strategies are considered Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary prevention Here the goal is to protect healthy people from developing a
  • 10. disease or experiencing an injury in the first place through reducing risk factor levels. For example: education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs education and legislation about proper seatbelt and helmet use regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness immunization against infectious disease controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace Secondary Prevention These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing re-injury. For example: telling people to take daily, low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or stroke recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness providing suitably modified work for injured workers
  • 11. Tertiary prevention This focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. For example: cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs chronic pain management programs patient support groups Prevention strategies in relation to population disease status and effect on disease incidence and prevalence. Primary prevention aims to reduce the incidence of conditions, Secondary and tertiary prevention seek to reduce prevalence by shortening duration and minimizing the effects of disease or injury
  • 12. Relationship of health promotion and specific protection to levels of prevention Primary, secondary and tertiary Relationship with Health promotion and specific protection are primary prevention strategies seeking to prevent the development of disease. Early case finding and prompt treatment represent secondary
  • 13. prevention, because they seek to interrupt the disease process before it becomes symptomatic Disability limitation and rehabilitation are considered tertiary- level prevention in that they seek to prevent or reduce disability associated with disease or injury. Links with Public Health and Medical Practice Its allocation of responsibilities for carrying out the various interventions. Three practice domains can be roughly delineated: Public health practice Medical practice Long-term care practice
  • 14. Public health practice Primary goal: health promotion, specific protection and early case finding. The concept of public health practice here is a broad one that accommodates the activities carried out by many different types of health professionals and workers, not only those working in public health agencies Public health practice occurs in voluntary health agencies, as well as in settings such as schools, social service agencies, industry, and even traditional medical care settings. Health Care Pyramid Levels Primary, Secondary and Tertiary medical care Primary medical care
  • 15. Focuses on the basic health needs of individual and families First contact health care in the view of the patient Provides 80% of necessary care, includes comprehensive array of services, Onsite referral, health promotion and disease prevention Curative services Secondary care Specialized care serving the major share of remain 20% of need beyond scope of primary care. Physicians or hospitals provide secondary care , generally on referal from primacy care Tertiary medical care Highly specialized and technologically sophisticated medical and surgical care For complex conditions Provided in large medical centers or academic health centers. Long-term care practices Long-term care is appropriately classified separately because of the special needs of the population requiring such services and the specialized settings where many of these services are offered. This, too, is changing as specialized long-term care services increasingly move out of long-term care facilities and into home settings. Everyone should be served by population-wide public health services, and nearly everyone should be served by primary
  • 16. medical care. However, increasingly smaller proportions of the total population require secondary - and tertiary-level medical care services Health services pyramid Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Tertiary health care Secondary health care Primary health care
  • 17. Population-based public health services Public Health and Medical Practice Interfaces Public health and medical practice are presented as separate domains of practice, there are many interfaces that provide a template for either collaboration or conflict. Public health practitioners have traditionally deferred to medical practitioners for providing the broad spectrum of services for disease and injuries in individuals Medical practitioners have generally acknowledged the need for public health practice for health promotion and specific protection strategies Summary Generally, primary preventive services are community-based and are targeted toward populations or groups rather than individuals.
  • 18. Early case-finding activities can be directed toward groups or toward individuals Long-term care involves elements of both community-based service and individually oriented service. 33 References Principles of Public Health Practice, 3rd Edition, F. Douglas Developing Practice for Public Health and Health Promotion E- Book, 3rd Edition, Naidoo & Wills Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 20th Edition, K. Park Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3rd Edition, AH Suryakantha http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763745251/45251_CH03_0 49_072.pdf www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Bookstore/P1725-Chapter9.aspx 34
  • 19. Next Topic>> Thanks 35 35 The Correlation between Water and Energy Freshwater management and supply in cities and towns is a difficult issue for suppliers to ensure. This issue is how to supply freshwater to every point needed in a timely manner with the right quality and quantity. Water is the basic need of society. Therefore, it is necessary to
  • 20. come up with strategies to ensure that communities have adequate and quality water in a timely manner after interventions are taken. Energy also faces the same problem, that is, society cannot make full use of energy when it is needed. The relationship between water and energy makes it necessary for management to propose strategies to intervene in natural systems, because both energy and water come from natural resources, which means that proper management of natural therapies can help solve the current shortage of hydropower. The correlation between water and energy makes it necessary to conduct research on both at the same time, as electricity can be used to generate water, and water is useful to society in different ways, such as irrigation purposes, industrial use, mining, domestic use supplied in homesteads, livestock use, and commercial use (Marcus, 1991). Energy also depends on water to some extent, for example, water can be used to facilitate the movement of the electrical machine responsible
  • 21. for generating electricity. Water is also used by different agencies responsible for energy generation, as water is used as a coolant to help maintain the temperature of such machines. Hypothesis Increased use of water leads to increased demand for energy. Research question What is the linkage between water and energy resources? Discussions There is a high correlation between water and energy use. When increasing water use, this means that energy use should also be improved to meet the growing demand for water, which is essential to ensure pumping and supply to the general public. Pumping water from machines and pumps requires energy. Therefore, when there is pressure for increased demand of water from the society, this means that the amount of energy needs to be increased. Because it is responsible for water pumping, this means that the more
  • 22. power, the more water is pumped and supplied, and vice versa. So it's clear that when society's demand for water increases, it will put pressure on the demand for energy because it will then need more electricity to help pump more water to meet society's needs. When water is pumped from the source, for example, rivers or other sources, it contains impurities that are not healthy for human consumption. It is, therefore, essential for the management team of water supply to the society to come up with a proper water treatment process that will ensure that water is purified and safe for human consumption. The purification process also requires energy for the process to run faster. Therefore, when the demand for water increases, it means that the purification need will also increase, meaning that a lot of water will require to be purified, which will lead to increased energy requirement. When the demand for water increases, naturally there will be increased demand for water equipment from the companies responsible for water pumping and supplying to the
  • 23. society. When the demand for water equipment rises, companies accountable for the manufacturing such equipment need to use more energy to manufacture the increased amount of machines demanded. This example clearly explains the close relationship exists between water and energy resources where they complement each other, and there is no way one can work without another. Monitoring water systems requires energy. Water supply is a process, and failure of one stage in the process will ultimately affect the amount of water supplied. Therefore, the water supply management team will usually use the monitoring and evaluation team to ensure that all processes are running properly for the benefit of the company and society. Because when the process is running normally, waste is minimized and the company will be in position to reduce its cost of production which enables it to maximize its profit. For the case of the society, when the quality of water being supplied is appropriate, it is safe for
  • 24. the health of the members using the pool. But for the monitoring team to effectively perform the monitoring exercise successfully, it will require a lot of effort while using inspection machines and other tests. Heating and cooling of water is a mandatory process in any water treatment process as it helps to soften the water to remove impurities, which are unnecessary minerals that come from the soil and rivers and are not suitable for human use. Another reason why heating is essential is that it helps in killing the germs that are usually found in natural water because such water is not protected. In order to heat and cool water, energy is a mandatory requirement. The demand for electricity means that as the demand for water increases, more water will be needed, which will result in the heating and cooling of large amounts of water, which justifies the claim that increased water consumption leads to increased energy demand. Water is also useful, it depends on the energy that pumps it and provides it to society. Thermal power plants used to generate electricity also require
  • 25. water, which means that electricity is also required for power generation to function properly. When energy demand increases, this means that more electricity will be needed and the machines used to generate electricity will work for a long time. Long hours of work will require more water to cool to ensure that the equipment operates properly. Hydropower is a type of energy generation that requires fast flowing water to generate electricity. As the demand for energy increases, this means that the use of water will increase as well, as hydropower depends on moving water to make electricity successful. The more energy required, the more flowing water at high speed is necessary. Fossil fuels are the energy used by different companies in the manufacturing process, and thermal energy is required to make the process successful. When electricity demand increases, it means that the company needs to generate more power, so the demand for fossil fuels will also increase. Fossil extraction requires water, so as
  • 26. to demand fossil fuels increases, this means that the process will require more water to facilitate increased extraction work hours. When water and energy systems are linked, it means that the reduction in usage of one also leads to a decline in the usage of another. For example, pumping less water from the ground, it will automatically reduce the energy used for the pumping. Demanding less electricity, which is one form of energy, it will mean that less water will be required for cooling purposes. When the water supply management team invests in water efficiency devices, it means that less energy will be required for purification and other processes. A data system that can help in ensuring that water and energy is supplied effectively For an adequate and successful supply of water, the management needs to come up with a monitoring team that will be mandated to inspect the pipes to detect any leakages continuously. Leakages are the main challenge to the water supply because pumps can be
  • 27. pumping enough water, but what reaches the market is little. It, therefore, essential for the management to have leakage detection gadgets that will help them detect immediately in case there is a leakage by the use of technology. Conservation monitoring is also another essential measure of ensuring a steady supply of water and energy because they both depend on natural resources. When natural resources are monitored and conserved as required, for example, flowing rivers, then the supply of hydropower will be high. When forests are saved, then it will be one way of protecting the river ban. As a result, no river will dry up, ensuring a continuous supply of water to society. Fire risk and response is another mechanism of ensuring a smooth and continuous supply of energy to society. Power is dangerous if not appropriately managed, and it can lead to loss of life and damage of property. It is therefore essential for the company responsible for the supply of energy to have a response team that will be used in case of any crisis to rectify the
  • 28. issue and ensure that the society enjoys the benefit of the power. Water monitoring quality is another way of ensuring that the water that is being supplied to society is of high quality. Water is sensitive to human life. Therefore, it is essential for the team responsible for the supply of water to the community to ensure that it is free from germs and other harmful impurities. To achieve monitoring exercise, laboratory tests should be used and not just physical examination (Sahin et al., 2016). Using the Santa Cruz water supply as a case study Santa Cruz uses different technologies to ensure that city people get enough and high-quality water. The methods they use in supplying water include the use of pumps that pumps water from underground then it is directed to storage tanks by use of pipes. The system is constructed in a manner that is flood protected where there is an overflow opening, and this minimizes the chances of a spillover effect to the city members. It has a proper water treatment
  • 29. process where germs and other harmful impurities are removed from the water to ensure that it is safe for human consumption. In conclusion, there is a high correlation between energy and water and increases in the usage of one; it automatically leads to increased demand for the other. It is, therefore, essential to coming up with practices that will ensure that natural resources are conserved for a continuous and steady supply of water and energy to society. Work Cited Marcus, Y. (1991). Linear solvation energy relationships. Correlation and prediction of the distribution of organic solutes between water and immiscible organic solvents. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 95(22), 8886-8891. Sahin, O., Siems, R. S., Stewart, R. A., & Porter, M. G. (2016).
  • 30. The paradigm shift to enhanced water supply planning through augmented grids, scarcity pricing, and adaptive factory water: a system dynamics approach. Environmental Modelling & Software, 75, 348-361. CSE170 Term Paper B Instructions for Term Paper B, and for completing the required coursework (due on canvas, on Thursday, 03/12/20). Course website: https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/30042 A. General feedback for the class based on reading Term Paper A • The quality of work on Term paper A ranged, for the most part, from good (A-) to excellent (A+). • If I made suggestions for improvement, then you can use these
  • 31. suggestions to revise and re-submit your paper. Keep these comments and suggestions firmly in mind as you work on Term Paper B (the new topic). • On composition: Make the paragraph the unit of your composition, which means the following. Start each paragraph with a sentence expressing a single idea or theme. Then use the paragraph to develop this single idea (only). Do not jump to other ideas in the same paragraph, unless the purpose of the paragraph is to compare or contrast two or more ideas. Use real examples from the speaker’s presentation to illustrate your ideas. End the paragraph with a conclusion/bridge to the next paragraph. Finally, make sure that your paragraphs tell a continuous story. B. Instructions for Term Paper B (Topic 2) and for the final submission of the work required for this course (due in-canvas, on Thursday, 03/12/20): 1. Term Paper A. First complete Term Paper A: This may require you to refine and expand your Term Paper A based on my feedback and suggestions. 2. Choose a Topic for Term Paper B. For Term Paper B, choose, as the topic, one of the eight speakers (including today’s speaker) presentations . The speaker presentation that for you choose for Part B must be different from the one you selected for Term Paper A. 3. Term Paper B. Write Term Paper B using the guidelines that were given for writing Term Paper A. First create a structured outline for Term Paper B. (Please remember to submit your outline within the same document.) Then expand this outline into a short 1500-
  • 32. 2000 word paper (approximately 6-8 double-spaced pages) term paper clearly structured into sections (and subsections if appropriate) with appropriate headings for each section. 4. Integration. After completing Term Paper B, add a short creative 300-word section showing possible links (connections) between Term Paper A and Term Paper B, within the context of the development, management, and commercialization of technology. Call this section “Integration.” 5. Attach all outlines at the end. It is also recommended that you have a table of contents. Submit the final version of your completed work (Term Paper A, Term Paper B; Integration; Outline of Term Paper A, Outline of Term Paper B in 1 single document) on Canvas on Thursday, 12 March, 2020. (No extensions). https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/30042 * | Styx Review | January 23, 2013 | Confidential – Internal Only FROM THE PS/2 TO THE SMARTPHONE, A PERSPECTIVE OF THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION FROM THE TRENCHES Sam Huynh Principal Member of Technical Staff October 24, 2019
  • 33. AgendaWho am I? Introduction to AMDMy role inside AMDFrom the PS/2 to the smartphone, a perspective of the computing revolution from the trenchesQ and A * * Who am I?Born in Saigon (now known as Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.Family immigrated to Seattle, Washington after the Vietnam WarGrew up in Seattle and eventually attended the University of WashingtonBSEE ’94, MSEE ‘96 and Ph.D. EE ’99Relocated to Mountain View, CA in ‘98 and now live in Santa Cruz, CAThree patents (ATI/AMD)Dynamic impedance compensation circuit and methodBit deskewing IO method and systemMethods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data signals * * Career Journey * * Cascade Design Automation Introduction to AMDAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc was founded on May 1, 1969 and is based in Santa Clara, CA. The company designs, develops, and sells microprocessor products, such as central processing units (CPU), accelerated processing
  • 34. units (APU), and graphics processing units (GPU) for servers, desktop PCs, and mobile devices. Its microprocessors for server platforms include AMD Epyc series processors (previous generations include Opteron); CPUs for desktop and mobile PC platforms comprise the AMD Ryzen 3, 5, 7, M and ThreadripperAPU processors are a combination of Ryzen + VegaDiscreet graphics solutions include Radeon and Radeon HD series (Vega)AMD controller hub-based chipsets for its APUs; and graphics, video, and multimedia products for use in desktop and notebook computers * * World wide locations * * Sunnyvale, CA Austin, TX Orlando, FL Toronto, Ontario Boston, MA Beijing, China Shanghai, China Bangalore, India Hydrabad, India 9 major design
  • 35. centers world wide Approximately 8,000 employees World wide About AMDThe AMD mission: To be the leading designer and integrator of innovative, tailored technology solutions that empower people to push the boundaries of what is possibleOperations in 31 countries with more than 50 locations, including more than a dozen R&D facilities, nearly two dozen international sales offices, and assembly/test manufacturing facilities in Malaysia and ChinaFortune 500 company2019 revenues of $6.73 billionMain competitors: * * AMD and YOUGreat brands join with AMD to bring their products to lifeTechnology providers you know and trust, such as Acer, Apple, Asus, Cisco, Dell, GE, HP, Lenovo, Microsoft, Nintendo, Samsung, Sapphire, Sony, Toshiba, Vizio, and XFX. These leading brands count on AMD to find innovative ways to power the solutions they create for the different ways you work and play with technology in your every day life.Named Top 100 best corporate citizens of 2013 by the Corporate Responsibility (CR) MagazineInnovation and technology are what we do, but responsibility is who we are. AMD was founded on the belief that if you put people first, products and profits will follow. Today we call this culture The AMD Way. It means doing business in a responsible way, caring for the environment and contributing to our communities. *
  • 36. * AMD Time line (1969 – 2010) * * AMD Founded 5/1/1969 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ATI acquires ArtX in 2000 AMD acquires ATI in 2006 AMD signs on as second source for x86 in 1982 AMD introduced K5; split with Intel in 1996 Athlon 64 Introduced in 2003 ATI Founded In 1985 ATI introduced Radeon in 2000 GameCube In 2001 Wii in 2006 Xbox 360
  • 37. in 2005 AMD was founded in 1969 by a group of former executives from Fairchild Semiconductors. AMD became a fabless semiconductor company in 2009 with the spin off of foundry operations to become Global Foundries. Dual core 2005 AMD Time line (2010 – 2019) * * 2010 2015 AMD introduce APUs in 2011 Wii U in 2012 AMD Seattle 64 bit ARM sever in 2014 Xbox one/PS4 in 2013 Carrizo introduced in 2015 Radeon HD8000 In 2013 Radeon Fury X In 2015 2016 2017 Polaris line June, 2016
  • 38. Launched in early 2017 Epyc launched in mid 2017 Vega GPU Q3 2017 2018 Ryzen gen 2 Apr 2018 AMD Time line (2019 – Present) * * 2019 2020 Ryzen Gen 3 2H 2019 2021 2022 Radeon VII Febv 2023 Radeon RX 5700 XT Navi My role inside AMDResponsible for developing methodologies using next generation technologies (3nm)Our main mission:Convert source code into an actual silicon chipThis process is known as RTL-to-GDSRegister Transfer Level (RTL) is a form of verilog used to describe the chip’s functionalityGraphic Database System (GDS) is the geometrical information released to foundries for silicon manufacturingWork with teams in Austin, Boston, Toronto, and IndiaCreate synergies for cross functional teams and inter disciplines Work with flex timeCycles (CES, E3, back to school, and Christmas) * *
  • 39. RTL-to-GDS * * Input: RTL Synthesis DRC/LVS Floorplanning Place and Route Timing closure Output: GDS to the foundry Converts high level description language into physical gates Organizes blocks based on timing and connectivity Makes the physical connections Design Rule Check (DRC) Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) Meets frequency specs FROM THE PS/2 TO THE SMARTPHONE, A PERSPECTIVE OF THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION FROM THE TRENCHES * *
  • 40. How did we get from… * * $3000 ($6926.95 in 2019 dollars) in 1987 with university student discount ~$600 with 2 year commitment (in 2019) This is how…Demand: Performance, Power, and Price GlobalizationFoundry/circuit technologyElectronic Design Automation (EDA) tools * * Performance, Power and PricePerformanceClock frequencyIPC (Instructions Per Cycle)PowerMaintain a certain level of performance but reduce power consumptionBattery lifePriceLower and keeps getting lower More features * * GlobalizationHow do we improve performance, reduce power, lower cost/price and still make money? Performance and power wide specifically China, India, Brazil, etc…Intellectual competition especially Taiwan, China and IndiaTSMC is the
  • 41. world’s largest independent semiconductor foundry (founded in 1987)Effective “24 hour” operation * * Foundry/Circuit technologyFoundry technologyBipolar junction 1000x reduction in approximately 40 yearsCircuit and SATAMain Memory * * BJT versus CMOSAdvantages of CMOS over BJTCMOS is a better switchEffective zero static power consumptionHigh packing densitiesRelative easy design, integration and manufacturing process * * Radeon from 2000 - 2019 * * 8086 - APUs * *YearTechnologyVoltageBus widthFreq.808619763000nm>
  • 42. 5V16 bits5MHz – 10MHz28619841500nm5V16 bits8MHz – 20MHz36819911500nm - 800nm5V32 bits20MHz – 40MHz4861993500nm3.3V – 5V32 bits25MHz – 100MHz5x861995350nm3.3V – 3.45V32 bits133MHz – 150MHzK61997350nm2.9V – 3.3V32 bits166MHz – 300MHzAthlon1999250nm – 130nm1.6V – 1.8V32 bits500MHz – 2.33GHzAthlon64 (first dual core)2003130nm – 65nm1.3V – 1.5V64 bits1GHz – 3.2GHzPhenom (2 – 6 cores)200765nm – 45nm1.2V64 bits2GHz – 3.8GHzAPU (2 – 8 cores with GPU)201132nm1.2V64 bits3GHz – 5GHzRyzen (4 – 16 cores)201714nm1.1V64 bits3GHz – 5GHzRyzen 3rd gen (4 – 32 cores)20197nm1.1V64 bits3.6GHz – 5HGz
  • 43. APUs Raven Ridge 2017: ZenPicasso 2019: Zen+Renoir 2020: Zen-2 * * Age of Parallel ComputingSISD = Single Instruction Single Data8086 – 486SIMD = Single Instruction Multiple DataGraphics Processing Units (GPU) – RadeonMISD = Multiple Instruction Single DataNo personal experience with this architectureMIMD = Multiple Instruction Multiple DataMulti-core CPU (Athlon, Phemon, Ryzen, etc…)APU = Accelerated Processing UnitMulit-core CPU + GPU (MIMD + SIMD) * * Parallel versus Serial linksParallel link transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels (wires, etc…)Pros: Easier to designCons: More pins (more area), limited data rate Serial link transmits a single stream of dataPros: Fewer pins (less area), higher data rateCons: Design complexity * * BUS interfaces (1981 – now) * *StyleBus WidthBit rateISAParallel8 or 168/16/32 Mbytes/sIndustry Standard ArchitectureEISAParallel3233 Mbytes/sExtended ISAVLBParallel32100/133/166/200
  • 44. Mbytes/sVideo Electronics Standards Association local busPCIParallel32 or 64133/266/533 Mbytes/sPeripheral Component Interconnect AGPParallel322133 Mbytes/sAccelerated Graphics PortATAParallel1616/33/66/100/133 Mbytes/sPC/AT AttachmentUSBSerial11.5/12/480/5000/10000 Mbits/sUniversal Serial BusPCIeSerial1250/500/985/1969 Mbytes/sPCI expressSATASerial11.5/3.0/6.0 Gbits/sSerial ATA DRAMs (Dynamic random access memory) * * HBM 2016 Peak bandwidth = 128GBps HBM2 2019 Peak bandwidth = 460GBps
  • 45. DRAM density * * * * High Bandwidth Memory * * AMD Polaris with HBM * * Today’s tools to build tomorrow’s technologiesElectronic Design Automation (EDA) toolsCadence (Virtuoso), Synopsys (PrimeTime), Mentor Graphics (Calibre), etc… Linux (approximately 2003 to present)Enabled cheap PCs (~$2K) to replace specialized expensive servers (~$20K)Get a lot more compute for the same priceMulti-threading (approximately 2007 to present)Took advantage of multiple cores * *
  • 46. All that leads to this… * * CPU Northbridge Southbridge AGP 48GB DDR4 DRAM 3000MHz Single core ATA 300MB My build in 1994 $2000 ($3512.44 in 2019 dollars) My son’s build in 2020 (< $2249) SB Graphics NB Ryzen 9 12 cores 4MB SDR DRAM 133MHz KB M USB SATA – 4TB
  • 48. 2005 2001 ConclusionThe Revolution continuesCompanies that can adapt and evolve continues to survive (AMD)Because you demand more performance, less power, lower pricesThe electronics industry responds with innovations in technologyAnd AMD puts it all together and brings those products to you. * * Q & AOpen forum – questions and answers * * Modernizing the Workforce Kailey Oppenheim 2/27/2020 1 Q&A
  • 49. Solving for Efficiency Introduction About Accenture DEMO: ServiceNow Project Methodology 02 01 03 05 04 06 agenda 2 Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. 3 Introduction ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Certifications ITIL Foundations v3 Project Management Professional (PMP) ServiceNow Administrator ServiceNow Implementation Specialist for IT Service Management, Human Resources, Customer Service, Project and Portfolio Management
  • 50. ServiceNow Trainer ServiceNow Application Developer Kailey Oppenheim [email protected] ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 4 Graduated from UCSC with a BS in Information Systems Management (now TIM) ISMA Co-President (2008-2009) 2010 Started a new job as a ServiceNow Business Analyst Consultant at Navigis 2014+ 2009 Internship with Plantronics, transitioned to a Full Time role 2012
  • 51. Started a new role working for Macys.com Current role: Senior Manager at Accenture 2013 Navigis acquired by Cloud Sherpas Cloud Sherpas acquired by Accenture My Career Journey
  • 52. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 5 Service Desk Intern Business Analyst Manager Senior Business Analyst Senior Manager
  • 53. My Role at Accenture Senior Manager Work with clients in various industries to identify opportunities for efficiency Propose projects to the client, write the Statement of Work (SOW), staff the delivery team, and manage the delivery and implementation Team Lead Lead a team of 7 people Advise and support career growth Assign team members to projects ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved A Typical Work Day… ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Working from home On the road Travel about 80% Visit the client’s office and work with stakeholders
  • 54. Schedule and facilitate meetings to ensure we are meeting their vision Design a roadmap for future work Meetings using VoIP (screen share, web cam, digital whiteboards) Start the day when the client starts 8 About Accenture ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture is a leading global professional services company We provide a broad range of services and solutions in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations. Leveraging our deep expertise across industries and business functions, we help organizations shape their vision for the future We drive innovation to develop and implement differentiated solutions that accelerate growth and increase efficiency – and
  • 55. we may run parts of clients’ businesses on their behalf Ultimately, we enable clients to maximize their performance and create sustainable value for their stakeholders ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture is a leading professional services company, with capabilities in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations. Leveraging our deep expertise across industries and business functions, we help organizations shape their vision for the future We drive innovation to develop and implement differentiated solutions that accelerate growth and increase efficiency – and we may run parts of clients’ businesses on their behalf Ultimately, we enable clients to maximize their performance and create sustainable value for their stakeholders 9 How Does Accenture Collaborate? TRANSFORMS Management Consulting Technology Consulting
  • 57. A global consulting firm providing professional services to clients. This can include subject matter expertise, staff augmentation, or helping clients with innovative ideas to operate at the next level. There are 400,000+ Accenture employees world wide! ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Accenture Strategy is where we shape our clients’ future… combining deep business insight with the understanding of how technology will impact industry and business models. In Accenture Consulting, we transform, bringing together the very best of Accenture to help our clients transform their businesses to compete in today’s digital world. In Accenture Digital, we digitize, enabling our clients to unleash the power of digital… by providing analytics, interactive marketing and mobility services to create new value. Accenture Technology is where we power our clients’ businesses with “best in class” established and emerging technologies. And Accenture Operations is where we operate business processes and infrastructure as a service on behalf of our clients. We are the only company with the ability to combine and integrate these end-to-end capabilities—strategy, consulting,
  • 58. digital, technology and operations—in an industry context. 10 OUR GLOBAL DELIVERY NETWORK DELIVERS AT SPEED AND AT SCALE The largest and most diversified group of strategy, digital, technology and operations professionals in the world More than 50 delivery centers across five continents, offering services in 39 languages ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 11 12 The Business Problem ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Enterprise Organization There are many departments within an organization ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved
  • 59. Common business problems Departmental silos Manual Processes Redundancy Offline tools Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Common business problems Departmental silos Manual
  • 60. processes Redundancy Offline tools Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Departmental Silos ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Departments are often using different technologies or tools
  • 61. Processes aren’t defined to work seamlessly across the enterprise Transferring work between departments is slow and inefficient Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
  • 62. Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Manual processes ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 18 Manual processes Entering data Creating reports Approving requests Fulfilling requests Lack of enterprise knowledge No standards No central repository
  • 63. No FAQs or How to guides Who owns the knowledge? Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
  • 64. Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Redundancy Entering the same data into two different systems AKA “Swivel Chair” From an offline form into an online form Two systems without an integration between them Lack of documentation of communication between customer and service provider leads to repeated conversations ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Common business problems Departmental silos Manual processes Redundancy Offline tools
  • 65. Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved. ‹#› Tools hindering business productivity
  • 66. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Email Paper forms Offline or non-shared documents Multiple enterprise applications Poor customer/ user experience ‹#›
  • 67. Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Dissatisfied employees reduce productivity Manual processes slow down the business Evolution of “Shadow IT” Dissatisfied end users 24 Solving for Efficiency ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved One enterprise platform
  • 68. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved SaaS, or Software as a Service, is a cloud solution that can provide businesses with an easy product to develop, maintain, and secure. Having one platform across the enterprise allows transparency, efficiency, and standardization. Accenture’s ServiceNoW Practice …by the numbers 5,000+ ServiceNow Projects 175+ Global 200 Customers ServiceNow Global 2000 Customers Supported 9.7 YTD CSAT Calendar Year 2020 7,000+ Students Trained on ServiceNow 250 Classes delivered in 2020 6,380+ Share Downloads Average 5-star rating 1,850+
  • 69. ServiceNow & ITSM Certifications 2,250+ ServiceNow Skilled Resources Globally 1,200+ ServiceNow Initial Implementations 1 Forrester ITSM Leader Only Dedicated ServiceNow Services Partner in the Leader Wave 1 HfS Winners Circle, Blueprint for ServiceNow Service Assessment 3x ServiceNow Federal Partner of the Year 2 ServiceNow Store Apps Legal & Security
  • 70.
  • 71. We Are ServiceNow’s Largest Professional Services Partner Global Strategic Partner Gold Sales Partner Gold Services Partner Authorized Training Partner ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved As a partner in the ecosystem for more than 10 years, we have continued to invest in growing our capabilities and partnership with ServiceNow. Accenture’s ServiceNow Practice Continuously Investing in Growth Accenture acquires Cloud Sherpas ServiceNow Federal Partner of the Year (3x) K15 Partner Award - Highest Partner CSAT Cloud Sherpas named Leader by Forrester for ITSM Implementation Services Accenture and ServiceNow sign strategic alliance agreement Accenture achieves ServiceNow global systems integrator status Cloud Sherpas one of the first Master Services Partner Accenture builds formal ServiceNow offering Accenture launches ServiceNow practice Cloud Sherpas first ServiceNow Preferred Services Partner
  • 72. Accenture co-authors ITIL Service Strategy book Cloud Sherpas (Navigis) begins offering clients ServiceNow capabilities Accenture largest global ServiceNow Strategic Partner Named Gold Partner – Sales, Services and Technology Largest ACV Revenue Contributing Partner Awarded Trainer of the Year Awarded Most Partner Certifications Acquired Nashco 2007 2013 - 2014 2011-2012 2015 2018 2020 Named Global Strategic Partner by ServiceNow Top Sponsor of ServiceNow’s SKO & K19 Awarded Highest CSAT (EMEA) Awarded ServiceNow Top Influencer Acquisitions
  • 73. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved About ServiceNow NYSE: NOW 4,000+ Enterprise Customers 10,000+ Global Employees
  • 74. Major Sites San Diego, Silicon Valley, Seattle, Amsterdam, London, Sydney, Israel, India ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Global enterprises from all industries rely on ServiceNow ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved Advanced High Availability Architecture Global Data Center Pairs ServiceNow’s data centers are arranged in pairs. ServiceNow has 8 data center pairs (for a total of 16 data centers) across four geographic regions including Asia Pacific Japan (APJ); Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA); North America; and South America. Within several of these regions, there are specific country pairs for Canadian, U.S., Australian, and Swiss customers. ServiceNow’s data centers and cloud-based infrastructure have been designed to be highly available. All servers and network devices have redundant components and multiple network paths to avoid single points of failure. Through ServiceNow’s unique, multi-instance architecture, Advanced High Availability meets and exceeds stringent requirements surrounding data sovereignty, availability and
  • 75. performance. ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved What ServiceNow can do Photo by: ServiceNow ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 31 32 ServiceNow Demo ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved 33 Project Methodology ‹#› Copyright © 2020 Accenture. All rights reserved
  • 76. Benefits of Agile – in the Context of Training 34 Copyright © 2020 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 34 Waterfall Methodology vs. Agile Methodology 35 Copyright © 2020 Accenture All Rights Reserved. Q&A 36 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2019 Ira Pohl TIM Feb 21, 2019 TalkWhat is AI?A brief historyUse in IndustryIs AI an existential ThreatFutureUCSC work
  • 77. What is AI?AI – a science/engineering of intelligenceIn analogy to aeronautical engineering/flyingAI – model of “human/cognitive” systemIs done as a theory of human intelligence Acting humanly: Turing TestTuring (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutesAnticipated most major arguments against AI Loebner Prize SIRI(Apple) Cortana(Microsoft) OK GOOGL(Alphabet)Alexa(Amazon) Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing psychology Newell and Simon GPS Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain -- How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top- down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
  • 78. -Leibnitz,BooleKleene, Church, Turing – McCarthy, Robinson AI prehistoryPhilosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationalityMathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability,bayesEconomics/OR utility, decision theory Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activityPsychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniquesComputer Science building fast computers, algorithmsLinguistics knowledge representation, grammarStatistics bayes, big data Abridged history of AI1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted1980 AI industry –Symbolics & Knowledge Based Systems1983 Learning theory - resurgence (after Minsky-Papert Perceptron)1995 The emergence of
  • 79. intelligent agents 1997 Kasparov loses to Deep Blue2003 iRobot – Roomba, Pacbot5102011 Google Car –self driving 300,000 miles2011 MOOCs – autograded classes, edX software2014 Hawking “spell the end of the Human race” –BBC2015 Google AlphaGo beats European champion-using learning2016 IBM Watson does oncology (having won Jeopardy)2017 Okay GOOGLE, Nest, Alexa – AI runs the home2018 ALPHA-GO learns chess in two hours and beats STOCKFISH2018 Protein Folding-Deepmind alpha-fold Dec 2018 Riba DescriptionRIBA — short for “Robot for Interactive Body Assistance” — was developed by researchers at Japan’s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd. (TRI). Designed primarily to assist nurses by lifting patients in and out of their beds and wheelchairs (as well as on and off the toilet), the 180-kilogram (400-lb) robot can safely pick up and carry people weighing as much as 61 kilograms (135 lbs). RIBA -2008 Nurse Robot Skilled Work without the Worker NYT_ Aug 18, 2012 by John MarkoffTake the cavernous solar- panel factory run by Flextronics in Milpitas, south of San Francisco. A large banner proudly proclaims “Bringing Jobs & Manufacturing Back to California!” Yet in the state-of-the-art plant, where the assembly line runs 24 hours a day, seven days a
  • 80. week, there are robots everywhere and few human workers. All of the heavy lifting and almost all of the precise work is done by robots that string together solar cells and seal them under glass. The human workers do things like trimming excess material, threading wires and screwing a handful of fasteners into a simple frame for each panel. GO- Learning/MCGo Program is now (Google Go program European Champ) about to surpass human abilityHow: learning, big data, MC computation;Distinctly not “human” cognitionImplication: Machine Intelligence is surpassing human ability in ways that humans cannot “understand” State of the artDeep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 -current best 3100+ vs 2800 for humansProved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades 1996 by EQPNo hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) in 1995 -2005 132mile unknown terrain-completely autonomousDuring the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people Roomba 2002 > Now pet hair version, mopping, eaves, windowsRIBA 2007IBM WATSON- 2011 – wins Jeopardy against all time champsGoogle robot Car 2012 300,000 miles Now >> 1,000,000 AchievementsLISP, Time SharingGames – early space war gamesIntellectual Games – mastery in Chess, checkers, Hex, othello, backgammon, scrabble- and now GO and
  • 81. PokerMACSYMA –Mathematica, MATLABDENDRAL(chemistry, medicine … experts)WATSON-IBM RoboticsSpeech and Handwriting recognition (SIRI) Large trendsBig data and learning- google can translate effectively between natural languages;Big Computation- monte carlo simulations with simple metrics can outperform humans with deep knowledge Yet to comeWill humans need to work?GO store in Seattle – Amazon no cashiersTESLA –autopilot for Semis3.5 million cashier jobs, 5million driving jobsWill their be a “singularity”Is there an existential threat? If work and intelligence do not define us; what does? Baxter - $3.00 per hourRodney Brooks : general purpose trainable indutrial robot: cost $22,000. AI reads minds??‘MIND-READING’ ALGORITHM DECODES THE PICTURES IN YOUR HEADResearchers from ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories and Kyoto University in Japan developed a deep learning-based algorithm that can generate images from brain activity. CYBORGSAI HELPS AMPUTEE PLAY PIANO FOR FIRST
  • 82. TIME SINCE 2012Georgia Institute of Technology researchers developed an ultrasonic sensor that allows amputees to control individual fingers on a prosthetic hand. UCSC AI-and relatedPohl- Heuristic Search, Should Robots have Nuclear ARMsGetoor- Big Data InferenceMateas-Games Intelligent dialog for characters,Façade Interactive dramaHelmbold, Warmuth, Haussler- effective learning algorithmsElkaim- Autonomous Sailboat > now a degree programLots of new people since I retired – check web pages CSE 170 Winter 2020 02/27/2020 Modernizing the Workforce Abstract: How do we bring enterprises from antiquated technologies into the modern world? Imagine how much time and money is spent using slow systems and manual processes. Each department within an organization works in their own tools, creating siloes and a lack of communication across the business. Many companies struggle with not only selecting the right technology to solve this underlying issue, but also having the processes and people in place to support it. Using a platform like ServiceNow allows each department
  • 83. within an enterprise to work collaboratively together. As a cross-functional tool, ServiceNow can increase visibility to business issues and transform them into opportunities for improvement. By having an efficient governance model for application development, project management, and process improvement, companies will see a spike in productivity and maturation in the workforce. About the speaker: Kailey Oppenheim graduated with a B.S. in Information Systems Management (TIM) from UCSC in 2009. During her years at UCSC, she was heavily involved with ISMA and became co- president of the club from 2008-2009. After graduating from UCSC, she worked both as an Intern and Full time for Plantronics, which helped jump start her career. Kailey is currently working as a Senior Manager for Accenture. Her knowledge of business aspects such as IT, Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing allow her to design and implement process optimization to over 100 companies worldwide ranging in industries such as retail, healthcare, media, and banking. She has a Project Management Professional (PMP), certified in ITIL Foundations v3, and a certified ServiceNow Administrator, Implementation Specialist, Application Developer, and Trainer. Next Week - 03/05/20: Ming Chao, Director, Netflix, on “Supply Chain Management at Netflix”;
  • 84. CSE 170 Winter 2020 02/20/20 Artificial Intelligence and its Applications Ira Pohl, Professor Emeritus UCSC, Fellow of the ACM Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is considered one of the three major trends bringing us the technological “Singularity”. We will discuss its origins, key ideas, important results, and the current state of the art. We will also talk about the societal impacts: such as the consequences of a robotically driven economy, and AI tools making significant decisions such as when to shoot at the “enemy” on a chaotic battlefield. About the speaker: Professor Pohl is well known for AI theory connected to heuristic search and more recently for programming in C++ MOOCs for Coursera. Week 8 - 02/27/20: Kailey Oppenheim, Senior Manager, Accenture, on “Journey
  • 85. of an IT Consultant.” CSE 170 Winter 2020 02-13-2020 From the IBM PS/2 Computer to the Smartphone: A Perspective of the Computing Revolution from the Trenches Sam Huynh, Principal Member of Technical Staff, Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, CA Abstract: This talk will cover the technological and economic changes that enabled the computing revolution for the past 35 years focusing on the last 25. In particular, I will discuss how AMD's innovations and products impacted those changes from the K5 to Ryzen and Radeon to the APU. AMD is a publically held company (NYSE: AMD) headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA with 10 major design centers in countries including Canada, China, and India. AMD is a Fortune 500 company with approximately 10,000 employees worldwide and approximately $5 billion in revenues for 2017. AMD products are sold at Target, Costco, Best Buy and other major retailers. About the Speaker:
  • 86. Sam is a Principal at AMD and is responsible for developing methodologies using next generation technologies for System on a Chip (SOC) Physical Design (PD) teams. For a particular chip, he has the responsibility of implementing the chip from RTL (register transfer level) to GDS and subsequent release to a foundry for manufacturing. Before joining AMD, Sam held technical and management positions at Montalvo Systems, ATI, ArtX and SGI. He has a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington. Next week: 02/20/20: Professor Ira Pohl, Computer Science, UCSC, on “Artificial Intelligence and its Applications”. School of Public Health Epidemiology Module 6 Levels of prevention School of Public Health *
  • 87. Objectives At the end of this sub-module, each student should be able to: Describe the Concept of prevention Describe the levels of prevention Give examples of each level of prevention Concept of Health& PreventionState of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of diseases or infirmity.Goal to promote health, to preserve health, to restore health when impaired, and to minimize suffering and distressThese goals are embodied in the world “prevention” PreventionIt requires Knowledge of causation Dynamics of transmission Identification of risk factors & risk groups Availability of prophylactic or early detection a& treatment measures PreventionPrevention- derived from Latin “Prae Venire”= to come BeforePreventive actions can be taken at any stage of
  • 88. spectrum of HealthMostly on “Healthy People” Goal –to achieve health for all- to lead a productive and socially useful lifeBut it can be applied to unhealthy or sick –to restore their health at the earliest and prevent deaths/disability Scope of preventionReduction in death ratesReduction in deaths from infectious diseasesGeneral improvements in standard of living, nutrition, and sanitationMajor causes of diseases are preventable Levels of PreventionPhase of DiseaseTargetPrimordialUnderlying conditions- causationTotal/selected populationPrimary Specific causal factorsTotal/selected population/Healthy SecondaryEarly stage of diseasepatientsTertiary Late stage (treatment, Rehabilitation) patients Levels of PreventionPrimordial healthy people
  • 89. PrimarySecondaryTertiary sick people Primordial PreventionTo prevent emergence of unhealthy life styles in population (Social, economic, cultural patterns of living) To prevent the emergence of risk factors in the communityRisk prevention strategies right from the childhood to develop healthy lifestyle Examples -lifestyle modification – smoking cessation, obesity reductionPhysical exercise Air Pollution control by legislationIndividual and mass education Primary PreventionAction taken to prevent development of a disease in a person who is well and does not have the disease in questionTo limit the incidence of disease by controlling causes and risk factors S.Cholesterol and risk of CHDPopulation & High risk strategy Strategies :Health promotion-healthy practicesAdequate nutritionSafe water and sanitationPeriodic health checkupsSpecific prevention/protection against disease/trauma/accidents Specific protectionImmunization Mega doses of Vit A , IFA tabletsSalt iodizationChemoprophylaxisEnvironmental protectionContraceptionCondom useAccidents prevention-safety belts & Helmets
  • 90. Approaches-Population based Intention to cover whole populationHigh impact on reduction of incidence of disease Do not require any screening to identify high risk group High risk ApproachIdentify high risk groupIdentify specific factors/characteristics that put them in high risk groupTry to modify these risk factorsPreventive – Screening for early case detection-interventionsExamples: Smokers, Commercial sex workers, STD clinic attendeesFamily H/o DM, HT,CHD Population Vs. High risk strategy AdvantagesRadicalLarge potential for whole populationBehaviorally appropriate AdvantagesAppropriate to individuals Subject motivationPhysician motivationFavorable benefit- to -risk ratio Population vs. High risk strategy Disadvantages Small benefit to individuals Poor motivation of subject & Physician Benefit –to- risk ratio may be low Disadvantages Difficulties in identifying high risk individuals Temporary & Limited effect
  • 91. Behaviorally in appropriate Secondary PreventionTo cure patients & reduce more serious consequences To reduce prevalence of disease in the communityEarly detection at early stage & prompt Treatment (EDPT)Ex. Sputum examination-DOTS,BS for Malaria, Leprosy, Blindness, Cancer prevention (Both primary and secondary ) Early detectionScreening programme – for diseases-Natural history easily identified and treated so that progression to more serious stage can be stopped preclinical stage and Effective methods of intervention Vision-refractory errors, cataractCa Cx,Blood pressure measurementMass treatment –trachoma, malaria, yaws, pinta, etc. Tertiary Prevention(disability limitation and rehabilitation)To reduce the progress & development of complications of established diseaseTo reduce impairment and disabilityTo provide rehabilitative measuresTo prolong life & to prevent deathsExamples: Poliomylitis,strokes,injuries,blindness Concept of disabilityDisease- impairment-disability- handicapImpairment- any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functionDisability- any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
  • 92. Handicap- as a result of disability, the person experiences certain disadvantages in life and is not able to discharge the obligations required of him and play the role expected from him in society.Example-Accident- disease/disorderLoss of foot- impairmentCannot walk- disabilityUnemployed- handicap RehabilitationThe combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational, vocational measures for training, and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional abilityExamples - paraplegics, amputees, blinds, deaf and deaf & dumb,Mentally retardedLeprosy cases RehabilitationMedical- restoration of functionVocational- restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihoodSocial- restoration of family and social relationshipsPsychological- restoration of personal dignity and confidence Module 7.1 Sampling SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
  • 93. Learning Objectives At the end of this module, the students will be able to describe : List of Topics WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SAMPLING? portion of the population and sample to the population at large. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION AND SAMPLE
  • 94. PLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYS PLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYS CONT... ollect data SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
  • 95. -frame, feasibility) NEED FOR ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE - May fail to detect important effects - May estimate effects imprecisely - Waste of resources - May lead to a loss in accuracy ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE the scope of the study - Single positive result is important - Sample size may be irrelevant ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE CONT … - Several known preventive measures of
  • 96. varying effectiveness - Vaccine should be tested on adequate number of subjects TYPES OF OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion, Mean • Proportion of subjects who develop malaria after entering high risk area. • Mean Cholesterol level among the diabetic individuals HOW LARGE A SAMPLE DO I NEED? SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZE
  • 97. 1) If we take the small samples < 30 % our study is not valid 2) If we take large samples > 75 % it is laborious to do 3) We need optimum size which gives reliable results minimum sample size advised is 30 % 80% 20% 25% 70% 30% 75% HOW TO FIND SUITABLE SAMPLE SIZE 151 June 2016 DataQualitative Quantitative Find Permissible or Allowable error L Error Not Exceed 10% Or 20 %
  • 98. Error Not Exceed 1 % Or 2 % Find 30 % Incidence or Prevalence 10 % L = 30 / 100 * 10 = 3 20 % L = 30 / 100 * 20 = 6 1 % L = 30 / 100 * 1 = 0.3 2 % L = 30 / 100 * 2 = 0.6 n = 4 * p * q / L 2 n = 4 σ 2 / L 2 10 % n = 4 * 30 * 70 / 3 * 3 = 933 20 % n = 4 * 30 * 70 / 6 * 6 = 233 1 % n = 4 * 8 * 8 / 0.3 * 0.3 = 2844 2 % n = 4 * 8 * 8 / 0.6 * 0.6 = 711 References
  • 99. research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 179–183. qualitative research: A realist approach. London: Sage. References - Handbook of Statistical Methods. -471-48900- X Epidemiology workshop series Community Medicine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMATECH� http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc242.ht m� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kish� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num ber� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48900- X�Module 7.1��SamplingLearning ObjectivesList of TopicsWHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SAMPLING?RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION AND SAMPLEPLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYSPLACE OF SAMPLING IN DESCRIPTIVE
  • 100. SURVEYS CONT...SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION�NEED FOR ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE�ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE�ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE SIZE �CONT …�TYPES OF OUTCOME MEASURES�HOW LARGE A SAMPLE DO I NEED?�SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZEHOW TO FIND SUITABLE SAMPLE SIZEReferencesReferences Introduction to Public Health Practice Concept of Health & Disease Bachelor of Public Health Faculty Name : Dr . Haresh Date:9th November Subject Code: BMPH01 Module No. 2 – Health from an ecological perspective School of Public Health 1
  • 101. Objective 2 At the end of this module, the students should be able to Discuss the concept of health, illness and disease Define Health Describe how to measure health status Learning Outcome 3 The students will gain the knowledge and understanding about the concept of health, disease and illness and will be able to apply this knowledge in solving the health problems of the community at large Content Concept of Health Dimensions of Health
  • 102. Spectrum of Health Measurement of Health 4 Concept of Health Biomedical concept Ecological concept Psychosocial concept Holistic concept 5 Biomedical concept Health is “absence of disease” ie if one is free from disease than he is considered healthy. Based on germ theory of disease. Question – malnutrition, chronic disease, accidents, drug abuse, mental illness , environmental pollution etc which lead to ecological concept
  • 103. Ecological concept Ecologists – health is dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and disease is maladjustment of the human organism to his environment. “Health implies the relative absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous adaptation and adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal function” Ecological concept Raised two questions Imperfect man Imperfect environment History shows that improvement in human adaptation to natural environment can lead to longer and better quality of life- even with the absence of modern health delivery services.
  • 104. Psychosocial concept Development in social science – Health is not only a biomedical phenomenon, but it is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors of the people concerned, “Health is both a biological and social phenomenon” Holistic concept It recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on health Then came a many definitions of health http://www.evolvehealth.nl/wp/wp- content/uploads/2012/07/IPS-Model.bmp Synthesis of all the above concepts,
  • 105. Definitions of Health “the condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit, especially freedom from physical disease or pain” (webster) “soundness of body or mind; that condition in which its functions are duly and efficiently discharged” ( oxford) “ a condition or quality of the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the organism in given conditions, genetic and environmental” ( operational def by WHO) Health Definition WHO define health “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity” The WHO definition of health emphasizes that there are different, complexly related forms of wellness and illness, and suggests that wide range of factors can influence the health of individuals and groups. Health is not an absolute. Health and disease are not necessarily opposites
  • 106. Dimension of Health Health is Multidimensional. WHO definition envisages Physical dimension Mental Dimension Social Dimension Physical dimension The state of physical health implies the notion of “perfect functioning” of the body. It conceptualizes health biologically as a state in which every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body. http://images01.trafficz.com/cache/h3w4/500_1189535325_runn ing.jpg
  • 107. Mental Dimension Mental health is not mere absence of mental illness. Good mental health is ability to respond to the many varied experience of life with flexibility and sense of purpose. “A state of balance between the individual and the surrounding world, a state of harmony between oneself and others, a coexistence between the realities of the self and that of other people and that of the environment” http://cms.mumbaimirror.com/portalfiles/7/3/200710/Image/Me ntal%20Health.jpg Social dimension Social well-being implies harmony and integration within the individual, between each individual and other members of society and between individuals and the world in which they live. “quantity and quality of an individual’s interpersonal ties and the extent of involvement with the community.”
  • 108. Concept of Illness Subjective sense of feeling unwell that often motivates a patient to consult a physician. Illness includes physical, psychological and social dimensions Difficult to confirm by diagnostics tests Concept of Disease Disease and injury are viewed as phenomena that leads to significant loss or disability in social functioning, making one unable to carry out one’s main personal or social functions in life. health is equivalent to the absence of disability; individuals able to carry out their basic functions in life are healthy. Spectrum of Health Health and disease lie along a continuum, and there is no single
  • 109. cut-off point. Positive health Better Health Freedom from sickness Unrecognized sickness Mild sickness Severe sickness Death The Health sickness spectrum Spectrum concept of health Emphasizes that the health of an individual is not static. It is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change. Measuring Health Available information on health outcomes suggests that measuring health status of population is simple task. But, commonly used measures of health status fail to paint a
  • 110. complete picture of health. The commonly used measures reflect the disease and mortality, rather than health. Mortality is used as proxy for health despite the problems It is widely used to describe the health status of population. Mortality data indirectly describe health status of living population. Sources of morbidity data Sources of information on morbidities and disabilities include medical records, managed care organizations, and other providers. Information derived from surveys, businesses, schools and other sources. Eg: Health, United States, published by CDC Mortality –based measures Crude mortality rates Age-specific Age adjusted mortality
  • 111. Life expectancy Years of potential life lost(YPLL) Crude Mortality Rate Counts deaths within the entire population Not sensitive to differences in the age distribution of different populations. Limitation of Crude mortality rate: Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/finaldeaths03/finaldeaths0 3_figure-1.png From the figure above, we might conclude that mortality rates in United States had declined since 1960. However because there was a greater proportion of late 20th century population in the higher age categories. Therefore these are not truly comparable populations.
  • 112. Age-Specific Mortality rates Relates the number of deaths to the number of persons in a specific age group. Eg: Infant mortality rate (IMR) IMR- is the number of deaths of live-born infants occurring in the first year of life per 1000 live births. Age-adjusted mortality rates Public health studies use age-adjusted mortality rates to compensate for different mixes of age groups within a population. Age-adjusted rates are calculated by applying age specific rates to a standard population. This adjustment permits more meaningful comparisons of mortality experience between populations with different age distribution
  • 113. Life Expectancy Based on the mortality experience of a population, is a computation of the number of years between any given age (e.g., birth or age of 65 years) and the average age of death for that population. Often used as comparison of health status among nations along with IMR. Years of Potential Life Lost Mortality based indicator that places greater weight on deaths that occur at younger age. Arbitrary age( 65 to 75 years) are computed and used to measure the relative impact on society of different cause of death. Example: If 65 years used as the threshold or calculating YPLL, an infant death would contribute 65 YPLL. And homicide at age 25 would contribute 40 YPLL Morbidity, Disability and Quality Measures These indicators are meaningful measure of health status in
  • 114. population as they consider morbidity and disabilty from conditions that impart on functioning not only cause death. ( eg: cerebral palsy, schizophrenia.) Commonly used are Disability adjusted life years, span of healthy life indicator. Summary Contemporary philosophy of health has been quite focused on the problem of determining the nature of the concepts of health, illness and disease from a scientific point of view. Some theorists claim and argue that these concepts are value- free and descriptive in the same sense as the concepts of atom, metal and rain are value-free and descriptive. To say that a person has a certain disease or that he or she is unhealthy is thus to objectively describe this person. On the other hand it certainly does not preclude an additional evaluation of the state of affairs as undesirable or bad. The basic scientific description and the evaluation are, however, two independent matters, according to this kind of theory 31
  • 115. References Principles of Public Health Practice, 3rd Edition, F. Douglas Developing Practice for Public Health and Health Promotion E- Book, 3rd Edition, Naidoo & Wills Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 20th Edition, K. Park Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3rd Edition, AH Suryakantha phprimer.afmc.ca/...TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter1Conc eptsOfH. www.fil.lu.se/hommageawlodek/site/papper/NordenfeltLennart. pdf https://pglibrary- publichealth.wikispaces.com/.../Concept+of+health+and... 32 Next Topic>> Thanks 33
  • 116. 33 Module 7.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Learning objectives At the end of this session, students will be able to List of Topics
  • 117. Definition of sampling selected as representatives of the entire population Study population The study population is the population to which the results of the study will be inferred The study population depends upon the research question -sticks to health care workers experience each year in India? s of India -stick prevention policy in India? SAMPLE – Representative of time SAMPLE – Representative of place SAMPLE – Representative of persons
  • 118. TERMINOLOGY sampling units in the population frame WHY TO SAMPLE Population
  • 119. parameters Sample • Finite size • Characterized by measurable parameters (e.g., mean, standard dev.) A sample is a part of the population, selected by the investigator to gather information (measures) on certain characteristics of the original population SAMPLING – probability Non-probability samples samples
  • 120. Probability samples selected about population Probability samples chosen Methods used in probability samples 1. Simple, random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Cluster sampling 5. Multistage sampling Simple, random sampling
  • 121. measured METHODS OF SRS EXAMPLE OF SRS 1 Albert D. 2 Richard D. 3 Belle H. 4 Raymond L. 5 Stéphane B. 6 Albert T. 7 Jean William V. 8 André D. 9 Denis C. 10 Anthony Q. 11 James B. 12 Denis G. 13 Amanda L. 14 Jennifer L. 15 Philippe K. 16 Eve F. 17 Priscilla O. 18 Frank V.L. 19 Brian F.
  • 122. 20 Hellène H. 21 Isabelle R. 22 Jean T. 23 Samanta D. 24 Berthe L. 25 Monique Q. 26 Régine D. 27 Lucille L. 28 Jérémy W. 29 Gilles D. 30 Renaud S. 31 Pierre K. 32 Mike R. 33 Marie M. 34 Gaétan Z. 35 Fidèle D. 36 Maria P. 37 Anne-Marie G. 38 Michel K. 39 Gaston C. 40 Alain M. 41 Olivier P. 42 Geneviève M. 43 Berthe D. 44 Jean Pierre P. 45 Jacques B. 46 François P. 47 Dominique M. 48 Antoine C. Systematic sampling
  • 123. or starting Example of systematic random Stratified sampling n into homogeneous subgroups (strata) about each of them ges strata
  • 124. Cluster sampling units clusters Advantages design effect) Cluster sampling t a group (cluster) of subjects. general population
  • 125. The two stages of a cluster sample 1. First stage: Probability proportional to size • Select the number of clusters to be included • Compute a cumulative list of the populations in each unit with a grand total • Divide the grand total by the number of clusters and obtain the sampling interval • Choose a random number and identify the first cluster • Add the sampling interval and identify the second cluster • By repeating the same procedure, identify all the clusters The two stages of a cluster sample 2. Second stage • In each cluster select a random sample using a sampling frame of subjects (e.g. residents) or households Self-weighting in cluster samples selected in the first round the chance of being selected likely to be selected in the second round
  • 126. selected within the unit h person in the population has the same probability of being sampled WHO - 30 x 7 cluster sampling 15 515 4,715 Find a random number with three digits (= Sampling interval) e.g. 123 Choose from the cumulative distribution the clusters by adding 157 (sampling interval) 3 124 124 * 1st cluster 4 76 200
  • 127. 5 315 515 ** 2nd 123+157=280 Example of cluster sampling Village 4 Village 5 Village 3 Village 2Village 1 Multistage sampling to measure
  • 128. Non-probability samples Sampling errors results obtained from one sample differ from the results of another sample. Sampling error differences… t
  • 129. References • Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 179–183. • Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research:A realist approach. London: Sage. • NIST/SEMATECH, "7.2.4.2. Sample sizes required", e- Handbook of Statistical Methods. • Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling.Wiley. ISBN 0-471-48900- X. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMATECH� http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc242.ht m� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kish� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num ber� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48900- X�Module 7.2��SAMPLING TECHNIQUELearning objectivesList of TopicsDefinition of samplingThe study population depends upon the research questionSlide Number 6TERMINOLOGYWHY TO SAMPLEPopulationSAMPLINGNon-probability samplesProbability samplesProbability samplesMethods used in
  • 130. probability samplesSimple, random samplingMETHODS OF SRSEXAMPLE OF SRSSystematic samplingExample of systematic randomStratified samplingCluster samplingCluster samplingThe two stages of a cluster sampleThe two stages of a cluster sampleSelf-weighting in cluster samplesWHO - 30 x 7 cluster sampling Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Multistage samplingNon-probability samplesSampling errorsSampling errorSlide Number 33Slide Number 34