This document discusses dental public health. It begins by defining dental public health as the science and art of preventing oral diseases, promoting oral health, and improving quality of life through organized community efforts. It then discusses some of the key tools in dental public health, including epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, principles of administration, and preventive dentistry. It also outlines the typical procedural steps in dental public health projects, including surveys, analysis, program planning, implementation, financing, and evaluation. Finally, it notes that criteria are important for defining what constitutes a public health problem to allow for proper management.
In this presentation, we answer two questions about the mouth-body connection. Why can the health of your mouth affect your whole body. And why are simple habits like daily brushing and flossing more important than you might think.
In this presentation, we answer two questions about the mouth-body connection. Why can the health of your mouth affect your whole body. And why are simple habits like daily brushing and flossing more important than you might think.
Law and Dentistry tells us about certain basic and foremost important laws in dentistry and also enlist DO's and Dont's for a dentist practitioner.
Text taken from standard book Essentials Of Preventive Community Dentistry- by Dr. Soben Peter
So what is public health dentistry, why is it important to be included in the dental curriculum. Its here in this presentation. Go through it to get a small tour into public health dentistry.
Implant Loading Protocols Journal Club-Comparative evaluation of the influenc...Partha Sarathi Adhya
This journal club deals with different loading protocols and comparative analysis among them. this basically deals with immediate and delayed loading protocols.
Risk Factors
Levels of Prevention
Upstream and Downstream Approach
Oral Health and General Health
Common Risk Factors
Rationale for Promoting Oral Health
CRFA application in Indian scenario
This presentation gives a brief introduction to dental insurance. It covers various elements such as insurance coverage categories, benefits, precautions and facts. It also taps into dental insurance in India and it’s current status in the country.
Additionally it introduces DENTASHAKTHI dental insurance policy, its unique features, its cost affective schemes, the technology used and the dentists behind the treatments of this insurance policy.
Law and Dentistry tells us about certain basic and foremost important laws in dentistry and also enlist DO's and Dont's for a dentist practitioner.
Text taken from standard book Essentials Of Preventive Community Dentistry- by Dr. Soben Peter
So what is public health dentistry, why is it important to be included in the dental curriculum. Its here in this presentation. Go through it to get a small tour into public health dentistry.
Implant Loading Protocols Journal Club-Comparative evaluation of the influenc...Partha Sarathi Adhya
This journal club deals with different loading protocols and comparative analysis among them. this basically deals with immediate and delayed loading protocols.
Risk Factors
Levels of Prevention
Upstream and Downstream Approach
Oral Health and General Health
Common Risk Factors
Rationale for Promoting Oral Health
CRFA application in Indian scenario
This presentation gives a brief introduction to dental insurance. It covers various elements such as insurance coverage categories, benefits, precautions and facts. It also taps into dental insurance in India and it’s current status in the country.
Additionally it introduces DENTASHAKTHI dental insurance policy, its unique features, its cost affective schemes, the technology used and the dentists behind the treatments of this insurance policy.
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Concept of health and wellness, dimensions of health,and models of health and wellness,health illness continuum model, factors influencing of health,risk factor of influencing health ,level of disease prevention,illness and illness behaviour ,impact of illness on family and patient ,health care agency , hospital classification of hospital,health care team, national health policy 2017.in fundamental of nursing full chapter
The procedure followed in drawing conclusion from the sample values are known as statistic inference or inferential statistics.
Consist of 2 aspects;
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data.
EBD is sequential, systematic process of addressing a clinical or community relevant problems.
EBD components are;
Clinical expertise
Patient’s preferences & values
Highest level of evidence
learning objectives
Introduction
History Of Water Fluoridation
How Does Fluoride Act In Dental Caries Prevention?
Goals Of F Administration
Fluoride Administration
Appropriate Levels Of Fluoride in Drinking Water
Methods of water fluoridation
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficacy Of topical fluorides
Range Of therapeutic fluoride concentrations used to prevent caries
Recommended doses
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Follow the ethics of classroom
Personal reflection
Note down lecture notes during lecture
Follow-up reading (reading lists)
Always feel free to contact me for questions/support
Self-belief
Involvement in group discussions/ out reach activities
Punctuality
What I expect from you?
3. Dental Public Health /
Community Dentistry /
Public Health Dentistry /
Preventive Dentistry
Leading Specialty of the Developed World, Still
in nascent stage in Developing Countries
A Major Subject In BDS Curriculum
Dental Public Health –
Subject
4. BLOCK 4
Module 7, Dental Public Health
Module 8, Oral indices & health care systems
BLOCK 5
Module 9, Oral Epidemiology
Module 10, Introduction to Bio-Statistics
BLOCK 6
Module 11, Preventive dentistry
Module 12, Behavioral Sciences
Theory/OSPE Topics
Community Dentistry
(LGIS/SGDs)
5. Logbooks
Practical Demonstrations
School Visits ( annual target of 14 school/
class)
Oral Hygiene Instructions
Community Programs ( Hazrat Bari-imam
Sarkar)
Community Dentistry -
Practical
7. A textbook of Public Health Dentistry by CM
Marya
Textbook of Preventive & Community Dentistry
by Hiremath
Essential Dental Public Health by Daly, Watt,
Batchelor & Treasure. 2nd Edition
Dentistry, Dental Practice & The Community by
Burt & Eklund. 6th Edition
Textbook of Preventive & Community Dentistry
by Joseph John
Community Dentistry - Books
8. {
Introduction to
Dental Public Health
- 1
Def: Health & Oral health
Dimensions of health
Concepts of health
Determinants of health
12. “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease & infirmity”
This definition makes the ultimate aim of achieving
perfect healthy status, impossible
(WHO, 1948)
Health
13. “standard of health of oral & related tissues which enables
an individual to eat, speak & socialise without active
disease, discomfort or embarrassment and which
contributes to general well-being”
Oral Health is essential to general health and should not
be considered in isolation
(Department of Health UK, 1994)
Oral Health
14. Oral Health is essential to general health and should not
be considered in isolation
(Department of Health UK, 1994)
16. Ewles & Simnett outlined the 6 dimensions of health
Physical Health
Mental Health
Emotional Health
Social Health
Spiritual Health
Societal Health / Environmental Health
Dimensions of Health
17. Health is not perceived the same way by all the members
of a community including various professional groups
i-e,
biomedical /social scientists, ecologists, administrators
etc and giving rise to confusion about the concept of health.
Concepts of Health
18. Health has evolved over the centuries from the concept
of individual concepts of health as follows:
Biomedical concept
Ecological concept
Psychosocial concept
Holistic concept
Concepts of Health
19. 1. Biomedical Concept
Health means “absence of disease”. Later developments
proved this concept to be inadequate
2. Ecological Concept
Health is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium between man &
his environment and disease is a maladjustment of the
human organism to environment
Concepts of Health
20. 3. Psychosocial Concept
Scientific advances showed that health is not only a
biomedical phenomenon but one which is influenced by social,
psychosocial, cultural, economic & political factors of the
people concerned
Concepts of Health
21. 3. Holistic Concept
Holistic concept is synthesis of all above concepts
Recognizes the strength of social, economic, political &
environmental influences on health.
Emphasizes that health is influenced by all the sectors
like;
Agriculture,
Animal husbandry,
food industry ,
Education,
Housing,
Public works and other sectors.
Concepts of Health
22.
23. The factors which have been found to have the
most significant influences – beneficial or
harmful – are known as Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health
25. To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the
state of our environment, genetics, our income and
education level, and our relationships with friends
and family all have considerable impacts on health
The more commonly considered factors such as access
and use of health care services frequently have less
of an influence
Determinants of Health
26. The context of people’s lives control their health,
and so blaming individuals for having poor
health or crediting them for good health is
inappropriate
High to low Socioeconomical class within our
society can get different diseases
Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly
control many of the determinants of health
Determinants of Health
27. These factors include, but are not limited to:
1. Income & social status
2. Education
3. Employment
4. Social environments
5. Physical environments
6. Healthy child development
Determinants of Health
28. 7. Personal health practices & coping skills
8. Health services
9. Social support networks
10. Biology & genetic endowment
11. Gender
12. Culture
(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH)
Determinants of Health
31. Disease is described as named pathological entities
diagnosed by means of clinical signs & symptoms.
Determined by professionals
Illness refers to the subjective response of the
individual to being unwell. Refers to show how the
person feels & what effects this has on their normal
everyday life. Sickness is a state of social dysfunction
Ill Health an umbrella term used to refer the
experience of disease plus illness
Disease, Illness & Sickness
32. 1. Germ theory
• Disease caused by transmissible agents
• One-to-one relationship; mono-causal in essence
Agent ---- Host == Disease
Theories of Disease
Causation
33. 2. Epidemiological triad
• Exposure to an agent does not necessarily lead to
disease
• Disease is the result of an interaction between
agent, host & environment
Theories of Disease
Causation
34. 2. Epidemiological triad (contd.)
Agent; An organism, a substance or a force whose
presence or absence is essential for a particular
disease or condition to occur.
Theories of Disease
Causation
Agent
Non-living/
inanimate
nutritive
chemical
physical
Living/
biological
35. 2. Epidemiological triad (contd.)
Host; The characteristics of a human being that determine how
he reacts to the agent in the environment
Behavior factors
Demographics
Socio-economic factors
Theories of Disease
Causation
36. 2. Epidemiological triad (contd.)
Environment; Refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the
opportunity for exposure.
Environmental factors include physical factors such as geology and
climate, biologic factors such as insects that transmit the agent, and
socioeconomic factors such as crowding, sanitation, and the
availability of health services
Theories of Disease
Causation
37. 3. Web of causation
Disease results from a complex interaction of various risk factors
Controlling even one factor may stall the disease process
Ideally suited to explain chronic diseases
Theories of Disease
Causation
39. 4. Theory of general susceptibility
• Regardless of the cause, some social groups have higher
mortality & morbidity rates
• Social class linked to health status is an example
5. Socio-environmental approach
• More explicit form of theory of general susceptibility
• Health influenced by social as well as physical factors
• Forms the basis for health promotion
Theories of Disease
Causation
41. {
• Def: DPH
• Tools /Procedural steps in DPH
• DPH problems/ criteria for DPH &
• 5-step comparison
• Differences between clinical and Community
Dental Public Health
42. “science & art of preventing oral diseases,
promoting oral health and improving the
quality of life through the organised efforts
of society”
Dental Public Health
43. Tools are the sciences, approaches
& principles essential for the
practice of dental public health
Tools of Dental Public
Health
44. These include:
1. Epidemiology
Concerned with the study of disease patterns and causation
Tools of Dental Public
Health
45. 2- Biostatistics
Science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, tabulating
and interpreting data relating to living
organisms/human beings
Tools of Dental Public
Health
46. 3. Social sciences
Includes sociology, cultural anthropology & psychology
4. Principles of Administration
Appropriate administration & management is essential
for the success of any public health project
5. Preventive Dentistry
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing
the impact of diseases & disability
Tools of Dental Public
Health
47. Survey (examination)
1st step in public health practice
Assessment of the community
Analysis (diagnosis)
Information collected in the survey is statistically
analyzed
This provides meaning to the obtained data
Procedural Steps in
Dental Public Health
48. Program planning (treatment planning)
Specialist plans but ultimate decision lies with the
community
Ethics & planning approval (informed consent)
Ethical clearance & approval from concerned authorities is
necessary before commencing the program
Program operation (treatment)
Program is implemented by an appropriate team
Procedural Steps in
Dental Public Health
49. Finance (payment)
Funds are pre-allocated & generated from autonomous
bodies
Required meticulous planning in formulating the budget
Program appraisal (evaluation)
Effectiveness of the program is assessed and
adjustments are made if deemed necessary
Procedural Steps in
Dental Public Health
50. To allow a health problem to be properly managed, it is
important that there is a set of rules or criteria to follow
which determines what is defined as a public health
problem and
what is the best way to manage health problems in
communities.
Criteria to determine a public
health problem
51. Criteria for a dental public health problem is:
1. Condition should be highly prevalent (if not, it should be
perceived as a threat by the public-life threatening)
2. Impact on individual
3. Impact on wider society
4. Condition is preventable & effective treatments are
available
Dental Public Health
Problem
52. 1 - WHAT IS THE PREVALENCE OF THE CONDITION?
What is the prevalence of the health problem?
Is the disease widespread?
Who has the disease?
What is the distribution of the disease within the community?
Is the prevalence increasing or decreasing?
Criteria for a dental public health
problem is:
53. 2- WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE CONDITION ON AN
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL?
How severe are the effects of the disease on the patient?
Do people die because of it?
Do they suffer pain, discomfort or loss of function?
Can they perform their normal social roles?
Are they prevented from going to school or becoming
employed because of their problem?
54. 3- WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON THE WIDER SOCIETY?
What are the costs to the health service of treating
the condition?
How much time do people take off work to get
treatment and care?
What effects does the condition have on economic
performance and productivity of the country?
55. 4- WHAT CONDITIONS ARE PREVENTABLE AND EFFECTIVE
TREATMENTS AVAILABLE?
Is the natural history of the disease fully understood?
Can the early stages of the conditions be recognised?
If so, are there interventions that can be implemented to
stop the disease progressing?
If it does progress, are there effective treatments available?
56. 5-step comparison
CLINICAL DENTISTRY
1. Initial assessment of
patient medical and oral
health status
2. Diagnosis of oral health
pathology
3. Treatment plan based on
patient needs and
priorities
4. Payment method
determined
5. Evaluation of treatment at
specific intervals
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY
1. Survey of community oral
health status and
demographics
2. Analysis of survey data to
determine health needs
3. Program plan based on
resources available and
priorities
4. Financing obtained
5. Monitoring and evaluation
of program progress
57. CHARACTERISTIC CLINICAL DENTISTRY PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
Target Individual patient Community/group of
people
Collection of Info History taking/examination Public morbidity records
Investigations X-rays, biopsy, Epidemiological survey
Conclusion Diagnosis Situational analysis
Remedial
measures
Treatment plan based on
patient’s
consent/affordability
Program plan based on
needs, resources, priorities
Emphasis Curative and restorative Preventive and promotive
Success Patient cooperation Community participation
Service provider Dentist and assistant Public health professional,
para-team and community
volunteers
Intervention Appropriate dental
procedure
Program activities
Differences between clinical and
Community
58. CHARACTERISTIC CLINICAL DENTISTRY PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
Supporting discipline Psychology Sociology, social psychology,
education, epidemiology and
biostatistics
Organization/
management
Not relevant Very relevant
Perspective Immediate Long-term
Evaluation & results Relief of symptom
and restoration of
function
Formal evaluation
Aftercare Recall and follow up Self sustaining community
Funding By patient/insurance Funding agency
(govt/agencies)
Cont’
61. Proposed by Geoffrey Rose in 1992
Preventive Strategies/Preventive
approaches/Approaches of Rose
Mainly divided into two distinct groups
i. Whole-population Approach
ii. Risk Approach
a) Targeted/ Directed Approach
b) High-risk Approach
Preventive Strategy
Approaches
62. Aimed at the whole population without any
discrimination
If a disease is normally distributed in the
population then everyone has some disease. Risk
factors affect all who live in the society and it is
therefore more effective to work with the whole
population
Severity of the disease & cost of treatment
The Whole Population
Approach
64. Radical: seeks to remove the underlying impediments
by addressing the social & political factors confronts the
root causes
Powerful: small shift in population distribution of risk
factors may have a large effect on the number of
people affected
Appropriate: changes the normal behaviour of
population to accepted behaviour for good health
The whole population
approach - Benefits
65. Acceptability: population may not be willing to
accept the changes/interventions
Feasibility: other social pressures within the society
may make the changes very hard to bring about
Costs & safety: immediate costs might be high but
benefits are long-term. Reducing access to risk
factors may adversely affect some people
The whole population
approach - Limitations
66. Aimed at certain sections of the population
which are identified, either as a group or as
individuals
Where population subgroups are identified its
called “directed or targeted approach”
Where individuals are identified it is known as
“high-risk approach’
Risk Approach
67. Based on the principle that some groups of
the population are at greater risk than the
whole population
Important to understand that not all the
people who are at risk of the disease will be
included in the target group
Differs from High-risk approach in that not
every person within the targeted group is at
a higher risk but as a whole the group is
1-Targeted-population
Approach
68. It is used when treatment of only those at the
greatest risk is considered most appropriate
Only of benefit if it can identify those in the
population who are at most risk of developing a
condition
2-High-risk Approach
69. Intervention is appropriate to the individual
Avoids interference with those not at special risk
Readily inculcated within health care delivery
system
Cost-effective use of resources
Improved benefit-to-risk ratio
High-risk Approach -
Benefits
70. Prevention becomes medicalized
Success can be palliative and temporary
Poor overall control of a disease
Might be behaviorally inadequate
Limited by an inability to predict the future of
individuals
High-risk Approach -
Limitations
71. 1. Upstream – downstream
phenomenon
2. The Iceberg Phenomenon
3. The Top 10 Public Health
Achievements in the 20th Century
72. Upstream – downstream
phenomenon
In public health, we try to catch people upstream
before they get sick and fall down the stream where
the hospital has to then care for them
73. The Iceberg Phenomenon
Part above water:
Presented at the
healthcare facilities
Part below water:
Hidden part of disease –
pre-symptomatic, latent,
undiagnosed, carriers
Water level:
demarcation between
apparent and hidden
disease
DISEASE IN A COMMUNITY CAN BE COMPARED TO AN ICEBERG
74. Split in 4-5 groups and think about any
disease and put it as example in
iceberg phenomena and then give
your own recommendation that what
u can do to prevent that disease
Every group will present their points
one by one
Discussion task 10 min
75. Iceberg Phenomena
For Example
Part above water:
Presented at the
healthcare facilities
Part below water:
Hidden part of
disease – pre-
symptomatic, latent,
undiagnosed, carriers
Preventive strategies
• Oral cancer in late
stages - Late report
in hospital
• ?
• Undiagnosed oral
cancer cases-
because
population didn’t
have knowledge
about disease
• ?
• Educate people by
mass media
• Community level
screenings
program
• ?
76. The Iceberg Phenomenon
Part above water:
Presented at the healthcare
facilities
Part below water:
Hidden part of disease – pre-
symptomatic, latent,
undiagnosed, carriers
Water level:
demarcation between
apparent and hidden disease
e.g. hypertension, diabetes,
periodontitis far exceed
known morbidity
Disease in a community can be compared to an iceberg
78. 1. Immunizations.
2. Motor vehicle safety.
3. Workplace safety.
4. Control of infectious
diseases (which includes
immunizations)
5. Declines in deaths from
heart disease and stroke.
6. Safer and healthier foods.
7. Healthier mothers and
babies.
8. Family planning.
9. Fluoridation of drinking
water to prevent dental
caries (cavities
10. Reduction of tobacco use
CDC: The Top 10 Public Health
Achievements in the 20th Century
80. TOPIC:
1. Criteria for a public health
problem
2. Top 10 achievements of
public health in 20th
century
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