This document discusses prevention and disease control in public health. It begins by defining determinants of health and outlining factors like genetics, lifestyle, environment, and social conditions that influence health. It then defines different levels of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention. Finally, it discusses concepts of disease control, including strategies like control, elimination, eradication, and extinction, and the role of surveillance in disease control efforts.
The document discusses the importance of public health for individuals and communities. It provides several definitions of public health highlighting that public health aims to ensure the conditions where people can be healthy through organized community efforts. Some key points made about the importance of public health include that it helps prolong lives through preventive measures, creates programs to prevent diseases rather than just treat them, aims to provide equal health opportunities for all, and brings awareness to communities about benefits of healthy living.
Organization of public health services & medical careEneutron
This document discusses the organization of public health services and medical care in Ukraine. It outlines several key principles: state character with public and private ownership; decentralization of management; socially focused availability; economic efficiency; preventive orientation; free choice of doctor; and international cooperation. It describes the rights and duties of citizens regarding public health services, as well as the rights and duties of medical professionals. The document also provides historical context on the development of family medicine in Ukraine and discusses organizational forms like district-based care, city hospitals, and polyclinics.
World Health Organization 2008 - Primary Health Care: Now More Than EverNick Jacobs
Why a renewal of primary health care (PHC), and why now, more than ever? Globalization is putting the social cohesion of many countries under stress, and health systems are clearly not performing as well as they could and should. People are increasingly impatient with the inability of health services to deliver. Few would disagree that health systems need to respond better – and faster – to the challenges of a rapidly changing world.
The document discusses health promotion and primary health care. It defines health promotion as enabling people to increase control over their health. The goals of health promotion are to create environments that allow access to services and equip people with skills to determine their own health needs. Primary health care involves accessible and affordable care, including health education, environmental modifications, nutrition, immunization, treatment of common diseases, and more. The key principles of primary health care are equitable distribution of services, community participation, intersectoral coordination, and use of appropriate technology. Levels of prevention include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through various interventions.
Primary health care (PHC) aims to make essential health services universally accessible and affordable. It was introduced in 1978 with the goal of "Health for All" by 2000. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential care accessible to communities through their participation and affordable at every development stage. The key concepts are being accessible, acceptable, affordable, available, and accountable. PHC's strategies focus on strengthening infrastructure and training more health workers to expand rural services. Its objectives include reducing communicable diseases and mortality rates among infants and children.
Concepts of Community med & Public health DrKHReddy
This document provides an overview of concepts in community medicine, public health, positive health and well-being. It discusses how community medicine evolved from preventive and social medicine to address social determinants of health. Public health is defined as organized community efforts to prevent disease and promote health. Positive health refers to optimal physical, mental and social well-being, while well-being has objective and subjective components related to standard of living and quality of life. The human development index is introduced as a composite measure of health, education and income standards.
Public Health and Changing Concept of Public Health Lecture Dr.Farhana Yasmin
This document discusses the history and changing concepts of public health. It begins by defining public health and noting its origins in protecting communities from communicable diseases in the 1840s. It then outlines four phases in the concept of public health: (1) a disease control phase from 1880-1920 focused on sanitation and environment, (2) a health promotion phase from 1920-1960 that added individual health services, (3) a social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases, and (4) a "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aiming to provide universal healthcare. The document also discusses community diagnosis, treatment, and responsibilities at the individual, community, state and international levels. It defines various public health concepts and
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
The document discusses the importance of public health for individuals and communities. It provides several definitions of public health highlighting that public health aims to ensure the conditions where people can be healthy through organized community efforts. Some key points made about the importance of public health include that it helps prolong lives through preventive measures, creates programs to prevent diseases rather than just treat them, aims to provide equal health opportunities for all, and brings awareness to communities about benefits of healthy living.
Organization of public health services & medical careEneutron
This document discusses the organization of public health services and medical care in Ukraine. It outlines several key principles: state character with public and private ownership; decentralization of management; socially focused availability; economic efficiency; preventive orientation; free choice of doctor; and international cooperation. It describes the rights and duties of citizens regarding public health services, as well as the rights and duties of medical professionals. The document also provides historical context on the development of family medicine in Ukraine and discusses organizational forms like district-based care, city hospitals, and polyclinics.
World Health Organization 2008 - Primary Health Care: Now More Than EverNick Jacobs
Why a renewal of primary health care (PHC), and why now, more than ever? Globalization is putting the social cohesion of many countries under stress, and health systems are clearly not performing as well as they could and should. People are increasingly impatient with the inability of health services to deliver. Few would disagree that health systems need to respond better – and faster – to the challenges of a rapidly changing world.
The document discusses health promotion and primary health care. It defines health promotion as enabling people to increase control over their health. The goals of health promotion are to create environments that allow access to services and equip people with skills to determine their own health needs. Primary health care involves accessible and affordable care, including health education, environmental modifications, nutrition, immunization, treatment of common diseases, and more. The key principles of primary health care are equitable distribution of services, community participation, intersectoral coordination, and use of appropriate technology. Levels of prevention include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through various interventions.
Primary health care (PHC) aims to make essential health services universally accessible and affordable. It was introduced in 1978 with the goal of "Health for All" by 2000. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential care accessible to communities through their participation and affordable at every development stage. The key concepts are being accessible, acceptable, affordable, available, and accountable. PHC's strategies focus on strengthening infrastructure and training more health workers to expand rural services. Its objectives include reducing communicable diseases and mortality rates among infants and children.
Concepts of Community med & Public health DrKHReddy
This document provides an overview of concepts in community medicine, public health, positive health and well-being. It discusses how community medicine evolved from preventive and social medicine to address social determinants of health. Public health is defined as organized community efforts to prevent disease and promote health. Positive health refers to optimal physical, mental and social well-being, while well-being has objective and subjective components related to standard of living and quality of life. The human development index is introduced as a composite measure of health, education and income standards.
Public Health and Changing Concept of Public Health Lecture Dr.Farhana Yasmin
This document discusses the history and changing concepts of public health. It begins by defining public health and noting its origins in protecting communities from communicable diseases in the 1840s. It then outlines four phases in the concept of public health: (1) a disease control phase from 1880-1920 focused on sanitation and environment, (2) a health promotion phase from 1920-1960 that added individual health services, (3) a social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases, and (4) a "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aiming to provide universal healthcare. The document also discusses community diagnosis, treatment, and responsibilities at the individual, community, state and international levels. It defines various public health concepts and
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
Health education aims to inform communities about healthy practices, lifestyle choices, and disease prevention. It does this through various approaches, including legal requirements, increasing access to healthcare, and educational programs. Effective health education motivates participation, ensures comprehension, incorporates learning by doing, and uses repetition. It also employs various aids like audio, visual, and audiovisual tools to communicate messages simply and clearly. The overall goal is to help people adopt healthier behaviors and facilitate acceptance of disease prevention measures.
Community health nursing combines nursing skills with public health to promote health and prevent illness at the community level. It focuses on populations rather than individuals. The goals are to empower communities to address their own health issues, strengthen community resources, and provide services like health education, immunizations, and clinics. Community health nurses conduct home visits, run clinics, collect local health data, and link people to services. Their roles include direct caregiving, education, advocacy, and coordinating care for populations.
This document provides an introduction to community health nursing. It defines key terms like community, community health, public health, and the differences between urban and rural communities. It discusses the historical development of community health nursing from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It outlines the objectives, roles, and functions of community health nurses, which include providing care, educating communities, managing resources, conducting research, and advocating for community needs. The nursing process is applied to the role of community nurses in home visits to assess needs, plan interventions, implement plans, and evaluate outcomes.
This document outlines learning objectives and concepts related to primary health care (PHC) including definitions of key terms. The objectives are to understand PHC situations, define health and disease, describe dimensions of health, health indicators, and analyze levels of health care. Health is defined by the WHO as complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. Disease refers to a defect or malfunction, while illness refers to feeling unwell. Health care has three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary - referring to different levels of specialty and care provided.
The document summarizes the organization of health services in India from the central, state, district, and block levels.
At the central level, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare oversees departments that address health, family welfare, and Ayush systems. State health departments implement national programs and oversee district organizations. Districts are headed by Chief Medical Officers of Health and oversee block primary health centers, community health centers, and subcenters that provide local health services. Nursing services are integrated within these structures at each level of administration.
This document provides an introduction to community health nursing. It defines key terms like community, community health, public health, and community health nursing. It discusses the objectives of community health nursing which are to define related concepts and discuss the historical background, essential functions, and roles of community health nurses. The roles discussed include clinician, educator, manager, leader, researcher, and advocate. The document also covers applying the nursing process in home visits as part of the community health nurse's role.
The document summarizes Pakistan's healthcare system. It consists of both private and public sectors, with the private sector serving 70% of the population. Healthcare is organized into three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary care is the first level and focuses on preventive services through facilities like basic health units and rural health centers. Secondary care is provided at district hospitals and focuses on referral services and specialist care. Tertiary care in specialized hospitals handles referrals from primary and secondary levels. The document also outlines the key principles of primary healthcare as defined by the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978.
Human resources section_1-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicinePrabir Chatterjee
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health including definitions of health, medicine, preventive medicine, public health, and community medicine. It discusses that public health has been responsible for saving billions of lives through approaches like sanitation, vaccination, and disease prevention. While preventive medicine focuses on promoting health and preventing disease, public health utilizes organized community efforts to protect and promote population health. Community medicine also addresses health issues but operates from an institutional community base.
Public health originated in 1840 with the first public health act passed in the UK in 1848. Professor Winslow later defined public health as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organizing community efforts for sanitation, health education, disease prevention and treatment."
The key functions of public health include preventing and controlling disease, protecting and promoting a healthy environment, promoting healthy behaviors, identifying community health needs, developing new methodologies and research, and ensuring health for all through policies, plans and health services.
The principles of public health emphasize collective responsibility for health, the major role of government in formulating and implementing health policies and rules, and a focus on whole populations through primary and secondary prevention
The document discusses the primary healthcare (PHC) movement which began in 1977 with the goal of universal health coverage. The key principles of PHC established at the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 include accessibility, community participation, and multisectoral involvement. There are 8 essential components of PHC including health education, nutrition, water/sanitation, maternal/child care, immunization, disease control, treatment, and essential drugs. India's health system is based on a three-tier structure with PHC provided through village health units, subcenters, and primary health centers.
The document discusses the history and principles of primary health care (PHC) in India. Key points include that PHC began in India in 1946 and aims to provide universal and equitable access to basic health services. PHC is focused on health promotion, prevention, and treatment of common illnesses and injuries. It also emphasizes community participation and multisectoral coordination. The document outlines the services provided by PHC in India and challenges faced in implementing the PHC strategy.
This document discusses different levels of disease prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention. It defines each level and provides examples of interventions used. Primordial prevention aims to establish conditions that minimize health hazards through measures to inhibit risk factors. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through health promotion, immunizations, and reducing environmental risks. Secondary prevention uses early diagnosis and treatment to halt disease progression and complications. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments and disabilities through rehabilitation when disease has advanced.
Public health ethics can make important contributions to debates around responses to COVID-19 by examining the values and principles underlying policy decisions. It considers how to balance population health with individual rights and equitable distribution of health across society. Public health ethics explores health-health and health-nonhealth trade-offs of measures, and disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups. While decisions are guided by science, public health ethics openly discusses value judgments and uncertainties. It also analyzes responsibilities of institutions at all levels to find fair ways through the crisis.
This document provides an overview of international health and the history of international health organizations. It discusses how diseases know no borders and early international efforts focused on quarantine practices to control disease spread. The first international health conferences in the 1850s aimed to standardize quarantine measures but had little success. Over time, organizations like the Pan American Health Bureau in 1902 and the Office International d'Hygiene Publique in 1907 were formed to promote cooperation on international health issues. Major milestones included the founding of the World Health Organization in 1948 to coordinate global health initiatives and address both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses key concepts in public health including the 5 Ps of public health (prevention, promotion, protection, population-based, and preparedness) and the history and essential services of public health. It covers the early history of public health from 1100-1453 AD, important figures from 1400-1700s, and phases of public health. The concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary health care are defined as well as the 8 elements and 5 principles of primary health care. Common shortcomings of health care delivery are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts in public health including definitions of health, the spectrum of health, concepts of causation, changing concepts in public health, millennium development goals, primary health care, public health in India, and concepts of prevention. It provides definitions and explanations of different models and approaches in public health such as the levels of health, determinants of health, epidemiological triad, risk factors, natural history of disease, and concepts of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses the history and evolution of public health in India. It describes how public health efforts began during colonial times focused on British civilians and the military, with little organized efforts for the Indian masses. After independence, the Bhore Committee recommended a comprehensive public health system with primary health centers, but its recommendations were only partially implemented. Over time, the public health system became hospital-based and medicalized, neglecting public health services and legislation. As a result, planning has not been well-tailored to population needs due to a lack of epidemiological data.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
This document discusses concepts related to health, including the definition of health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being according to the WHO. It outlines dimensions of health including physical, mental, and social health. It also discusses determinants of health including internal factors like genetics as well as external environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. The document introduces the concepts of "Health for All" and primary health care, including principles and components of primary health care. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of individuals, communities, governments, and international organizations in health. Finally, it provides an overview of reforms needed to refocus health systems on primary health care and achieving health for all.
This document discusses concepts of disease prevention and control. It defines different levels of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention. It explains how each level corresponds to different stages of disease development and provides examples. It also discusses approaches to disease control, including surveillance, detection, treatment and control measures. The key aspects of disease control, elimination, eradication and extinction are defined.
Health education aims to inform communities about healthy practices, lifestyle choices, and disease prevention. It does this through various approaches, including legal requirements, increasing access to healthcare, and educational programs. Effective health education motivates participation, ensures comprehension, incorporates learning by doing, and uses repetition. It also employs various aids like audio, visual, and audiovisual tools to communicate messages simply and clearly. The overall goal is to help people adopt healthier behaviors and facilitate acceptance of disease prevention measures.
Community health nursing combines nursing skills with public health to promote health and prevent illness at the community level. It focuses on populations rather than individuals. The goals are to empower communities to address their own health issues, strengthen community resources, and provide services like health education, immunizations, and clinics. Community health nurses conduct home visits, run clinics, collect local health data, and link people to services. Their roles include direct caregiving, education, advocacy, and coordinating care for populations.
This document provides an introduction to community health nursing. It defines key terms like community, community health, public health, and the differences between urban and rural communities. It discusses the historical development of community health nursing from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It outlines the objectives, roles, and functions of community health nurses, which include providing care, educating communities, managing resources, conducting research, and advocating for community needs. The nursing process is applied to the role of community nurses in home visits to assess needs, plan interventions, implement plans, and evaluate outcomes.
This document outlines learning objectives and concepts related to primary health care (PHC) including definitions of key terms. The objectives are to understand PHC situations, define health and disease, describe dimensions of health, health indicators, and analyze levels of health care. Health is defined by the WHO as complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. Disease refers to a defect or malfunction, while illness refers to feeling unwell. Health care has three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary - referring to different levels of specialty and care provided.
The document summarizes the organization of health services in India from the central, state, district, and block levels.
At the central level, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare oversees departments that address health, family welfare, and Ayush systems. State health departments implement national programs and oversee district organizations. Districts are headed by Chief Medical Officers of Health and oversee block primary health centers, community health centers, and subcenters that provide local health services. Nursing services are integrated within these structures at each level of administration.
This document provides an introduction to community health nursing. It defines key terms like community, community health, public health, and community health nursing. It discusses the objectives of community health nursing which are to define related concepts and discuss the historical background, essential functions, and roles of community health nurses. The roles discussed include clinician, educator, manager, leader, researcher, and advocate. The document also covers applying the nursing process in home visits as part of the community health nurse's role.
The document summarizes Pakistan's healthcare system. It consists of both private and public sectors, with the private sector serving 70% of the population. Healthcare is organized into three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary care is the first level and focuses on preventive services through facilities like basic health units and rural health centers. Secondary care is provided at district hospitals and focuses on referral services and specialist care. Tertiary care in specialized hospitals handles referrals from primary and secondary levels. The document also outlines the key principles of primary healthcare as defined by the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978.
Human resources section_1-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicinePrabir Chatterjee
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health including definitions of health, medicine, preventive medicine, public health, and community medicine. It discusses that public health has been responsible for saving billions of lives through approaches like sanitation, vaccination, and disease prevention. While preventive medicine focuses on promoting health and preventing disease, public health utilizes organized community efforts to protect and promote population health. Community medicine also addresses health issues but operates from an institutional community base.
Public health originated in 1840 with the first public health act passed in the UK in 1848. Professor Winslow later defined public health as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organizing community efforts for sanitation, health education, disease prevention and treatment."
The key functions of public health include preventing and controlling disease, protecting and promoting a healthy environment, promoting healthy behaviors, identifying community health needs, developing new methodologies and research, and ensuring health for all through policies, plans and health services.
The principles of public health emphasize collective responsibility for health, the major role of government in formulating and implementing health policies and rules, and a focus on whole populations through primary and secondary prevention
The document discusses the primary healthcare (PHC) movement which began in 1977 with the goal of universal health coverage. The key principles of PHC established at the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 include accessibility, community participation, and multisectoral involvement. There are 8 essential components of PHC including health education, nutrition, water/sanitation, maternal/child care, immunization, disease control, treatment, and essential drugs. India's health system is based on a three-tier structure with PHC provided through village health units, subcenters, and primary health centers.
The document discusses the history and principles of primary health care (PHC) in India. Key points include that PHC began in India in 1946 and aims to provide universal and equitable access to basic health services. PHC is focused on health promotion, prevention, and treatment of common illnesses and injuries. It also emphasizes community participation and multisectoral coordination. The document outlines the services provided by PHC in India and challenges faced in implementing the PHC strategy.
This document discusses different levels of disease prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention. It defines each level and provides examples of interventions used. Primordial prevention aims to establish conditions that minimize health hazards through measures to inhibit risk factors. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through health promotion, immunizations, and reducing environmental risks. Secondary prevention uses early diagnosis and treatment to halt disease progression and complications. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments and disabilities through rehabilitation when disease has advanced.
Public health ethics can make important contributions to debates around responses to COVID-19 by examining the values and principles underlying policy decisions. It considers how to balance population health with individual rights and equitable distribution of health across society. Public health ethics explores health-health and health-nonhealth trade-offs of measures, and disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups. While decisions are guided by science, public health ethics openly discusses value judgments and uncertainties. It also analyzes responsibilities of institutions at all levels to find fair ways through the crisis.
This document provides an overview of international health and the history of international health organizations. It discusses how diseases know no borders and early international efforts focused on quarantine practices to control disease spread. The first international health conferences in the 1850s aimed to standardize quarantine measures but had little success. Over time, organizations like the Pan American Health Bureau in 1902 and the Office International d'Hygiene Publique in 1907 were formed to promote cooperation on international health issues. Major milestones included the founding of the World Health Organization in 1948 to coordinate global health initiatives and address both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses key concepts in public health including the 5 Ps of public health (prevention, promotion, protection, population-based, and preparedness) and the history and essential services of public health. It covers the early history of public health from 1100-1453 AD, important figures from 1400-1700s, and phases of public health. The concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary health care are defined as well as the 8 elements and 5 principles of primary health care. Common shortcomings of health care delivery are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts in public health including definitions of health, the spectrum of health, concepts of causation, changing concepts in public health, millennium development goals, primary health care, public health in India, and concepts of prevention. It provides definitions and explanations of different models and approaches in public health such as the levels of health, determinants of health, epidemiological triad, risk factors, natural history of disease, and concepts of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses the history and evolution of public health in India. It describes how public health efforts began during colonial times focused on British civilians and the military, with little organized efforts for the Indian masses. After independence, the Bhore Committee recommended a comprehensive public health system with primary health centers, but its recommendations were only partially implemented. Over time, the public health system became hospital-based and medicalized, neglecting public health services and legislation. As a result, planning has not been well-tailored to population needs due to a lack of epidemiological data.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
This document discusses concepts related to health, including the definition of health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being according to the WHO. It outlines dimensions of health including physical, mental, and social health. It also discusses determinants of health including internal factors like genetics as well as external environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. The document introduces the concepts of "Health for All" and primary health care, including principles and components of primary health care. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of individuals, communities, governments, and international organizations in health. Finally, it provides an overview of reforms needed to refocus health systems on primary health care and achieving health for all.
This document discusses concepts of disease prevention and control. It defines different levels of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention. It explains how each level corresponds to different stages of disease development and provides examples. It also discusses approaches to disease control, including surveillance, detection, treatment and control measures. The key aspects of disease control, elimination, eradication and extinction are defined.
Introduction to Public Health PracticePrevention Health Servic.docxvrickens
Introduction to Public Health Practice
Prevention Health Services
Program Name
Faculty Name :
Date:
Subject Code:
Module No. 4 – Public Health & Health Systems
School of Public Health
1
Objective
2
At the end of this module, the students should be able to
Describe the health system as a public health concern
Discuss Natural history of disease
Identify and describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention
Learning Outcome
3
The students will acquire knowledge about the natural history of disease as well as the modes of intervention and will be able to apply this knowledge for the prevention of health problems in the community
Content
Public health system
Natural History of Disease
Levels of prevention
Modes of intervention
Health services pyramid
4
Public health system
Relationship between public health and other health activities has never been clear.
Different views prevail among health professionals
Public health is part of the health system or the health system is part of public health?
Most components serve the same ends
The term health system refers to all aspects of the organization, financing and provision of programs and services for prevention and treatment of illness and injury.
The public health system is a component of this larger health system.
Public commonly perceives the health system to include only medical care and treatment aspects of the overall system.
However, public health activities are part of larger set of activities that focus on health, well-being, disease and illness.
Some questions to brainstorm
Does the countries have a rational strategy for investing its resources to maintain and improve people’s health?
Is the current strategy excessive in ways that inequitably limited access to and benefit from needed services?
Is the health system accountable to its end-users and ultimate payers for the quality and results of its services.
The issues of health,
Excess
access,
Accountability
and quality
Make the health system a public health concern
Prevention and Health service
Health and illness are dynamic state that are influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental, behavioral, social and health services factors acting through an ecological model.
The complex interaction of these factors results in the occurrence or absence of disease or injury.
Which in turn contributes to the health status of individuals and populations.
Prevention and Health services
Before we go to prevention, its necessary to understand the Natural history of disease.
The nineteenth-century revolution in thinking brought about by Koch and Pasteur led to the recognition of distinct stages in the development of a disease.
If left untreated, a disease would evolve through a series of stages that characterize its natural history
But if an intervention is applied, the natural history is modified, producing a typical clinical course for the condit ...
This document discusses principles of disease prevention and control of communicable diseases. It outlines 4 levels of prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary - and describes strategies at each level. The natural history of disease and 5 modes of intervention are also explained. The document then focuses on controlling communicable diseases by targeting the reservoir, interrupting transmission routes, and strengthening susceptible hosts. A variety of prevention and control measures are proposed.
The document discusses concepts of prevention and control in public health. It defines four levels of prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs through health promotion and specific protection measures. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment to prevent disease progression. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments and disabilities through rehabilitation programs when disease is at an advanced stage. Successful prevention depends on understanding disease causation and risk factors to implement appropriate prevention and control strategies.
This document discusses the natural history of disease and levels of prevention. It begins by defining primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging, while primary prevention targets entire populations and high-risk groups to prevent disease onset. Secondary prevention uses early detection and treatment to stop disease progression. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and limiting disability for late-stage disease. The document also discusses screening criteria and evaluating test performance using sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values from a 2x2 table. Understanding disease progression and targeting appropriate prevention levels and screening strategies are essential for promoting health.
health and wellness fundamental of nursing full chapterpinkijat
Concept of health and wellness, dimensions of health,and models of health and wellness,health illness continuum model, factors influencing of health,risk factor of influencing health ,level of disease prevention,illness and illness behaviour ,impact of illness on family and patient ,health care agency , hospital classification of hospital,health care team, national health policy 2017.in fundamental of nursing full chapter
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
1. Prevention is categorized into primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels based on the stage of disease.
2. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from developing through social and environmental changes like education programs. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through health promotion and protection.
3. Secondary prevention detects and treats disease at early, reversible stages through screening and adequate treatment to prevent complications. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and disability limitation for irreversible conditions.
1) Prevention aims to promote health and safety in communities by slowing the onset of disease through measures like health education, vaccinations, and early diagnosis.
2) There are four levels of prevention: primordial focuses on whole populations, primary targets risk factors, secondary detects disease early, and tertiary manages existing conditions.
3) Successful prevention requires understanding disease causation and risk factors, implementing prophylactic measures for at-risk groups, and continuous evaluation of prevention programs. Going "upstream" to address root causes is most effective.
The document discusses concepts of prevention and control in healthcare. It defines four levels of prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs through health promotion and specific protection measures. Secondary prevention detects and treats disease in early stages to prevent complications through screening and early treatment. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and limiting disability for late-stage disease. Control aims to reduce disease incidence, duration, transmission and effects through primary and secondary prevention programs combined with monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of such programs.
Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging by promoting healthy social and environmental conditions. It focuses on education targeted at individuals, communities, and policy changes. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through measures like immunization, health promotion, and reducing environmental hazards. Secondary prevention uses early diagnosis and treatment to halt disease progression and prevent complications. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments and disabilities through rehabilitation for those with advanced disease. Effective prevention strategies incorporate population-wide and high-risk individual approaches.
This document discusses concepts of disease prevention and control. It defines four levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging, while primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through measures like health promotion and immunization. Secondary prevention detects and treats disease early through screening to prevent complications. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing impairments for patients with advanced disease. Successful prevention depends on understanding disease causes and applying appropriate measures to at-risk groups. The goals of control are to reduce disease incidence, duration, transmission and effects on individuals and communities.
Here are the three principles of health promotion from the Ottawa Charter:
1. Enable - This principle aims to enable people to increase control over their own health and its determinants, and thereby improve health.
2. Mediate - This principle acknowledges that health promotion requires coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary organizations, by local authorities, by industry and by the media.
3. Advocate - This principle aims to advocate for health as a positive concept and fundamental human right. It requires the identification of obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways to remove them.
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
This document provides an overview of concepts and approaches related to preventive health. It discusses definitions of preventive health as avoiding diseases and stopping their causes. The key approaches covered include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging, while primary prevention removes the possibility of disease onset by addressing risk factors. Secondary prevention detects diseases early and limits complications, and tertiary prevention aims to reduce impairments and disabilities from existing diseases. The document also discusses levels, modes, and examples of preventive interventions.
Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging by promoting healthy social and environmental conditions. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through measures like health education, immunization, and controlling environmental hazards. Secondary prevention detects disease early through screening and treats it before irreversible damage occurs. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation to reduce impairments and disabilities caused by advanced disease through medical, social, and vocational support. Together, these levels of prevention work to promote health and quality of life at all stages of disease development and progression.
Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging by promoting healthy social and environmental conditions. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through measures like health education, immunization, and controlling environmental hazards. Secondary prevention detects disease early through screening and treats it before irreversible damage occurs. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation to reduce impairments and disabilities from advanced disease through medical, social, and vocational support. Together, these levels of prevention work to promote health and quality of life at all stages of disease development and progression.
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4. Determinants of health
The term ‘determinants of health’ was introduced in the 1970s
and it refers to those factors that have a significant influence,
whether positive or negative, on health.
The term should not imply a cause–effect relationship between a
risk factor and a health status.
Health is the result of multiple factors including those genetic,
biological, and lifestyle factors relating to the individual and those
factors
5. Determinants of health
In 1998, the WHO established the Commission on the Social
Determinants of Health. The commission recommended policies
and interventions according to ten important topics. These
topics are addiction, early life, food, stress, social exclusion,
social gradient, social support
7. 1-Genetic - Factors which determine an individuals predisposition
to disease.
2-Biological – factors in which disease is caused by bacteria or
viruses.
3-Lifestyle – factors in which behaviors contribute to disease. i.e.
smoking, diet, alcohol, tobacco…..
4-Environmental – factors such as geographical, climatic
housing , pollution , noise.
8. Social – factors connected with membership of particular
social groups which may influence other factors. poverty,
income , level of education , cultural environments.
Medical care
10. CHRONIC CONDITION
Chronic disease are the cause of 60% of the deaths in
worldwide . This kills 38 million people
globally every
day. Of the estimated 98.16 lakh deaths in India ( 2014)
TYPE 2DM
CANCERS
HEART DISEASE
ANXIETY
DEPRESSION
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS etc…
chronic diseases are the cause of half of the deaths in the
world.
11.
12. Diseaseprevention:Definition
Activities designed to protect patients and other members of the
public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful
consequences
-Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.2009
13. Diseaseprevention:Definition
Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the
occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest
its progress and reduce its consequences once established.
Reference: adapted from Glossary of Terms used in Health for All
series. WHO, Geneva, 1984
14. 1-Knowledge of causation
2- Dynamics of transmission
3- Identification of risk factors and risk groups
4- Availability of prophylactic or early detection and
treatment measures
6-Facilities for these treatment procedures
7-Evaluation and development of these procedures
Successful Prevention Depends upon:
15. Timeline
1953 – Leavell and Clark
1957 – Commission of chronic illness
1958 – Leavell and Clark
1965 – Leavell and Clark
1983 – Gordon
1985 – Tannahill
2001 – Froom and Benbassat
16. 1953– LeavellandClark
Book: Textbook of preventive medicine
5 levels
of application
Health promotion
Specific protection
Early recognition and prompt treatment
Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
Based on his paper on the disease syphilis
17. 1957– Commisssiononchronicillness
Prevention of chronic illness : Volume 1
First use of the words primary and secondary prevention
Primary prevention: averting the occurrence of disease
Secondary prevention: halting the progression of disease
from its early unrecognized stage to a more severe one and
preventing complications
18. 1958– LeavellandClark
Second edition retitled: Preventive Medicine for the Doctor
and the Community
Defined five levels into three categories
🞑 Primary prevention
Health promotion (serving to further general health and well- being)
Specific protection (measures applicable to a particular disease or group of
diseases in order to intercept the causes before they involve
19. Secondary prevention
🞑 early recognition and prompt treatment (preventing spread to
others if the disease is communicable, complications or sequelae,
and prolonged disability).
Tertiary prevention
🞑 disability limitation (prevention or delaying of the
consequences of clinically advanced disease)
🞑 rehabilitation (aiming at prevention of complete disability
after anatomic and physiologic changes are stabilized).
1958– LeavellandClark
20. 1965– LeavellandClark
Third edition: Preventive Medicine for the Doctor and the
Community
Referred levels of prevention as “phases of prevention” and
Disability limitation was transferred to secondary phase of
prevention
21. 1983- Gordon
Public Health Reports
Limited the use of word prevention to persons who have not
yet suffered and discomfort or disability due to the disease
Classification – target population
🞑 Universal measures : for everyone
🞑 Selective measures : for above-risk demographies
🞑 Indicated measures : for individuals at risk
22. 1985- Tannahill
Reviewed the usages of primary, secondary and tertiary by
different authors, and proposed a new classification
Foci of prevention
Prevention of the first occurrence of an illness or unwanted
phenomenon
Prevention of avoidable consequences of illness or other unwanted state
through early detection when this favorably affects the outcome
Prevention of avoidable complications of established disease or
other unwanted state
Prevention of recurrence.
23. Beyonddiseaseprevention. . .
Breslow proposed in 1999 moving “beyond disease prevention
and aiming for
“the energy and reserves of health that permit a buoyant life,
full of zest the eager ability to meet life’s challenges.”
Thus a supplementary paradigm consisting of four stages of
health promotion/wellness was developed . .
24. Stagesofwellness
🞑 Stage 1: Exposure to positive health influences.
🞑 Stage 2: Adoption of positive health practices (such as healthy
diet, exercise, recreation, adequate sleep, etc.).
🞑 Stage 3: Increase in indicators of health and wellness due to the
healthy practices (such as increased strength and flexibility,
immunity, optimal BMI, etc.).
🞑 Stage 4: Achievement of specific defined health and wellness
goals, both
subjective (e.g., sense of wellbeing and energy, fulfilling social
relationships)
objective measures (e.g., high cognitive function, productivity, capacity
for role fulfillment or achievement)
25. Levelsofprevention
The concepts of prevention can be best defined in the context
of “levels of prevention”.
But how many levels of prevention??
26. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
The concept of prevention is best defined in terms of levels of
prevention. Traditionally,
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Quaternary prevention
29. Primordialprevention...
Responsibility of primordial prevention:
🞑 parents, teachers and peer groups: imparting health
education
🞑 Government: legislating and enacting laws
🞑 Professional and nonprofessional organisations
🞑 Industry
🞑 Hospitals, health practitioners, health care workers
30. PRIMARY PREVENTION
Action taken prior to the onset of disease, which
removes the
possibility that a disease will ever occur
Intervention – prepathogenesis stage of disease
Concept of positive health:
an acceptable level of health that will enable every individual
tolead a socially and economically productive life
31. primaryprevention...
Approaches for primary prevention for chronic diseases
(WHO):
Population (mass) strategy:
Directed at whole population irrespective of individual risk levels
Directed towards socio-economic, behavioral and lifestyle changes
High risk strategy:
To individuals at special risk
32. Populationapproach
Recognises influence of
society
Risk reduction can be
achieved at population
level
Effective in dose-response
relationship of diseases
Less effective in situations
where there is no dose-
response relationship
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
33. Highriskapproach
Cost effective
Motivation level is higher
Easier for health
professionals to promote
change
Individuals would have
been aware and exposed to
the risk
Fails toaddress public
health problems which
arise from small risks
Tends to medicalise
prevention
Does not focus on what
influences behaviour
Little overall impact on
control of disease
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
34. Healthpromotion
Process of enabling people to increase control over and to
improve health
Not directed against any particular disease
Interventions in this area:
🞑 Health education
🞑 Environmental modifications
🞑 Nutritional interventions
🞑 Lifestyle and behavioural changes
35.
Values in health promotion
🞑 Equity and social justice
🞑 A holistic definition of health
🞑 Covers a full range of health determinants
🞑 Recognizes influence of environment on health
🞑 Seeks to enhance people’s social participation
🞑 Involves intersectoral collaboration (ottawa reference)
36. Specificprotection
Efforts directed toward protection against specific diseases
Interventions
🞑 Immunization
🞑 Use of specific nutrients
🞑 Chemoprophylaxis
🞑 Protection against occupational hazards
🞑 Protection against accidents
🞑 Protection from carcinogens
🞑 Avoidance of allergens etc.
37. SECONDARY PREVENTION
Action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient
stage and prevents complications
Intervention – early pathogenesis stage
It is the domain of clinical medicine
Drawback
🞑 Patient already subjected to mental anguish & physical pain
🞑 More expensive than primary prevention
38.
Modes of intervention:
🞑 Early diagnosis (screening tests, case finding programs)
🞑 Adequate/prompt treatment
Effects:
🞑 Seeks out unrecognized disease
🞑 Provides treatment before irreversible changes occur
🞑 Reverses communicability of infectious diseases
🞑 Protects community
secondaryprevention...
40. TERTIARY PREVENTION
All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and
disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures
from good health and to promote the patients adjustment to
irremediable conditions
Intervention – late pathogenesis stage
Modes of intervention:
🞑 Disability limitation
🞑 Rehabilitation
41. Disabilitylimitation
To prevent or halt the transition of disease process from
impairment to handicap
Disease impairment disability handicap
Impairment: any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomic structure or function
Disability: any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity
in the manner considered normal for a human being
Handicap: disadvantage for
a given individual, resulting from
impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role
that is normal for that individual
42. ACCIDENT Impairment: Loss of an
anatomical structure
Disability: Lack of ability to
perform an activity
Handicap: Prevents
fulfillment of normal role
43. Rehabilitation
The combined and coordinated use of medical, educational,
social and vocational measures for training and retraining the
individual to the highest possible level of functional ability
Types of rehabilitation
🞑 Medical: restoration of function
🞑 Vocational: restoration of capacity to earn a livelihood
🞑 Social: restoration of family and social relationships
🞑 Psychological: restoration of personal dignity and confidence
44. Examples of rehabilitation
🞑 Establishing schools for blind
🞑 Provision of aids for crippled
🞑 Exercises in neurological disorders
🞑 Prosthetic restoration of lost tooth
Requires cooperation from different sections of
society
46. QUATERNARY PREVENTION
The action taken to identify patient at risk of over-medicalisation, to
protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest to him
interventions, which are ethically acceptable.
Quaternary prevention is the setof health activities tomitigate or avoid the
consequences of unnecessary or excessive intervention of the health
system.
47. Healthcare professionals must beaware of the consequences of their
decisions, and include quaternary prevention interventions in their
daily clinical practice with each patient
Do not mistake risk factor with disease.
To avoid check ups or unnecessary exams.
To avoid technical interventionism in healthcare.
To avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics (very often unnecessary,
with the subsequent unjustified increase of bacterial resistances)
Intervention types:
48. LEVELS
OF
PREVENTION
Primordial
Individual and mass
education
Primary
Health promotion
Health education
Environmental modification
Nutritional interventions
Lifestyle changes
Specific protection
Immunization
Chemoprophylaxis
Avoidance of risk factors
Secondary
Early diagnosis and
prompt treatment
Tertiary
Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
Medical
Vocational
Social
Psychological
Quaternary
50. DISEASE CONTROL
Describes (ongoing) operations aimed at reducing:
🞑 The incidence of disease
🞑 Duration of disease (risk of transmission)
🞑 Effects of infection (both physical and psychosocial)
🞑 Financial burden to the community
Mainly focused on primary and secondary prevention
52. Diseasecontrolincludes. ..
Control
Elimination
Eradication
Extinction
public policy intervention that restricts the circulation of an
infectious agent beyond the level that would result from
spontaneous, individual behaviors to protect against infection
Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a
defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts
Termination of all transmission of infections
by extermination of infectious agents
The specific infectious
agent no longer exists in
nature or in the laboratory
54. Surveillance
Surveillance: continuous scrutiny of the factors that
determine the occurrence and distribution of disease
and other conditions of ill-health
Objectives of surveillance:
🞑 To provide information about new and changing trends in
health status of a population
🞑 To provide feed back which may beexpected tomodify
policy and system
🞑 Provide timely warning of public health disasters so that
interventions can be mobilized
56. CONCLUSION
Understanding disease pathology is the first step
towards formulating preventive measures
Prevention can be achieved in any stage of disease
Primordial or primary prevention is most effective
and economical
Disease control is also a part of prevention which is
achieved by means of continuous monitoring and
surveillance of disease