Water quality standards are defined based on analyzing raw water characteristics including physical, chemical and bacteriological properties. Turbidity, pH, hardness, iron and bacteria such as coliform and E.coli are measured against standards for drinking water. The presence of pathogens is tested by counting coliform forms, which indicate whether water may contain harmful bacteria if coliforms are found. Water treatment processes are used to make water potable by removing contaminants and disinfecting water to destroy pathogens.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
L5 -Water Quality Criteria and Paremeters.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually concerning its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Water Supply and
Quality Management
MD MOUDUD HASAN
LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
DINAJPUR
6. Water Quality and Standards
Water quality and standards are defined on the
basis of analyzing the raw water on their
physical chemical and bacteriological
characteristics.
Physical Characteristics
i) Turbidity
ii) Colour
iii) Taste and odour
iv) Temperature
v) Specific conductance
7. Water Quality and Standards
Turbidity: If a large amount of solids are present in water it
will appear turbid in appearance.
Turbidity depends upon the finesse and concentration of
practices present in water
It is expressed as the amount of suspended matter in mg/L
or ppm
Measurement
(a) For field – Turbidity rod
(b) For Lab –
(i) Jackson’s turbidity meter
(ii) Nphelometer is used for treated water. Nephelometer can measure turbidity
less than 1 ppm
NTU – Nephlometer Turbidity unit
The IS value for drinking water is 10 – 25 NTU
8. Water Quality and Standards
Colour: Dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation or
inorganic materials may import colour to the water.
The standard unit of color is that which is produce by “one mg
of platinum cobalt” dissolved in one liter of distilled water
The IS value for treated water is 5 to 25 cobalt unit.
9. Water Quality and Standards
Taste and Odour:
Mostly organic and inorganic material originating from municipal or
industrial waste contribute taste and odour to the water.
Taste and odour can be expressed in terms of odour intensity and
threshold values.
10. Water Quality and Standards
Temperature:
The increase in temperature decreases palatability (pleasant in taste),
because at high temperature CO2 and some other volatile gases are
expelled.
The ideal temperature of water for drinking purpose is 5 to 120C
Specific conductance:
Presence of salt can be estimated by measuring specific conductivity
(unit: μmho/cm)
11. Water Quality and Standards
Chemical characteristics
i) pH
ii) Acidity
iii) Alkalinity
iv) Hardness
v) Chlorides
vi) Iron solids
vii) Nitrates
12. Water Quality and Standards
pH: pH value denoted about the alkalinity and Baricity of the
water. It is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen
ion concentration pH = log[1/H+]
The values of pH for drinking water must be between 6.5 to
8.5
13. Water Quality and Standards
Acidity: It is caused by the presence of uncombined CO2
mineral acids or salts of strong acids and weak bases. It also
salts of strong acids and weak bases. It also determines the
measures of capacity of water to neutralizes the measures
the base.
It is expressed as mg/L in terms of CaCO3
Desirable 200 mg/L CaCO3
permissible limit 600 mg/L
14. Water Quality and Standards
Hardness
It is the characteristics of water which prevents formation of
lather or foam when mixed with the soap.
It is usually caused by divalent ion of calcium and
magnesium ( Ca+2, Mg+2 )
16. Water Quality and Standards
Chlorides Content
In the form of NaCl
Permissible limit – 250 mg/L
Chloride concentration is detected by titrating water with
standard silver nitrate solution using kMnO4 as indicator
Sulphates: Sulphates occur in water due to leaching from
sulphate mineral and oxidation of sulphides
Sulphates desirable limit = 150 mg/L
Permissible limit = 400 mg/L
17. Water Quality and Standards
Iron: When ferric oxide comes in contact with water it
converts into ferrous bicarbonate and further it oxidieses to
ferric hydroxide ppt under favourable conditions.
Desirable limit – 0.3 mg/L
Permissible limit – 1.0 mg/L
Nitrates: Nitrates in surface water occurs by leaching of
fertilizers from soil during surface runoff and nitrification of
organic matter
Desirable limit for drinking water = 45 mg/L
Permissible limit for drinking water = 100 mg/L
Concentration of nitrates above 45 mg/L causes a diseases called as
blue baby disease
18. Water Quality and Standards
Dissolved Gases
Methane – explosive
H2S – Bad smell
CO2 – Indicates biological level then it indicates presence of
organic matter oxygen deficiency 5 – 8 ppm
Minimum Dissolved oxygen foe survival fishes etc = 4 mg/L
19. Water Quality and Standards
Bacterial and Microscopic Characteristics
i) Aerobic Bacteria → Required oxygen for survival
ii) Anaerobic Bacteria → Do not required dissolve O2
iii) Facultative Bacteria → can survive with or without O2
Through some species of bacteria one may be helpful in
cleaning of water but other pathogenic bacteria are harmful
20. Water Quality and Standards
The presence of pathogenic bacteria can be tested by
counting presence of coil Forms
ColiForms (Also called B coli)
Coliforms are important harmless aerobic microorganism
which are found residing in the intestines of all warm
blooded animals including human being
Since these harmless organism live longer in water
than the pathogenic bacteria it is generally presumed
that the water will be safe are free from pathogens if
no coliform bacteria are present in it.
21. Water Quality and Standards
Water Borne Diseases and Their Control
a) Disease caused by Bacterial infections
Disease caused by
i) Typhoid fever - salmonella typhi
ii) Cholera - vibro – cholera
iii) Bacillary Dysentery – shiga bacillus or Flexner - bacillus
b) Disease cause by viral infections
i) Hepatitis - Hepatist viral
ii) Poliomyelitis - polio virus
c) Disease caused by protozoal infections
i) Amoebic Dysentry – Antoneoba histolitric germ
22. Water Quality and Standards
Quality Standard for Industrial Water Supply
Boiled water
Hardness 1 mg/L
Pulp and paper: water should be free from iron Mn and
hardness.
Quality Standard for Municipal Water Supply
Municipal water required for domestic uses, particularly the
water required for drinking, must be colorless odourless and
tasteless.
It should be free turbidity and excessive toxic chemical and
bacteriological characteristics of water must be in between
the desirable and permissible limit.
31. Water Quality and Standards
Measurement of coliform
Widely used
Filter the water through a sterile membrane of special design
porosity = 80 pore size (5 to 10 rm) and the membrane is put in
contact with nutrients (M – Endo’s medium) that will permit the
growth of only coliform colonies. This process is called culturing.
After an incubation period of 20 hrs, the coliform organs are
developed into visible colonies which can be easily counted
Ecoli ferment lactose with gas formation with 48 hours
incubation at 350 C. Based on this E.coli density is estimated
by multiple fermentation procedure in different test. Which
consist of identification of E.coli in different dilution
combinations.
32. Water Quality and Standards
MPN value is calculation as follows
Five 10 ml (five dilution combinations) tube is tested for E.coli and if
out 5 only one given positive test for E.coli and all other are
negative
The from the table we can find out the MNP value for one (+ve)
and other (-ve), which is equal to 2.2 in present case
Coliform
Used to measure the coliform bacteria present in water sample
“It may be defined as the reciprocal of the smallest quantity
of a sample which would give a positive B coli test”