The document discusses various research methodologies including descriptive research, historical research, ethnographic research, developmental research, correlational research, case study research, action research, and experimental research. Descriptive research aims to systematically describe a population or area of interest factually. Historical research describes past events to help explain present events. Ethnographic research investigates cultural patterns. Developmental research examines relationships between variables over time. Correlational research identifies correlations between variables. Case study research provides an in-depth picture of a social unit. Action research develops solutions for practical situations. Experimental research directly manipulates variables to determine causation through comparison of experimental and control groups.

1. Selecting the Research Method Research Methodologies

2. Descriptive Research Purpose: To describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately.

6. Historical Research If descriptive research describes what is , historical research describes/ verifies/ analyzes and interprets what was .

7. Historical Research by Definition is: The systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypothesis concerning causes, effects, or trends of those events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.

8. Ethnographic Research Ethnography is one of the anthropological methods which provides us with descriptive data on the people’s way of life-that is, their culture.

9. Its purpose is to investigate patterns and sequences of growth and/or change as a function of time. Developmental Research

11. Its purpose is to study intensively the background, current status and environmental interactions of a given social unit: an individual, group, institution or community. Case Study Research

14. To develop new skills or approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or workplace. Action Research

17. An experiment usually involves two groups of subjects, an experimental group and a control group or a comparison group. Essential Charcateristics of Experimental Research The Comparison of Groups This means that the researcher deliberately and directly determines what form the independent variable will take and then which group will get which form. Manipulation of the Independent Variable

19. Groups Designs in Experimental Research The design of an experiment can take a variety of forms. Some of the designs are better because of the way they handle threats to internal validity. Good designs control many of these threats while weak designs control only a few.