Research methods
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This document discusses various research methods used in social science research. It describes qualitative research as dealing with phenomena that are difficult to quantify, such as beliefs and meanings, and aiming to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior. Quantitative research refers to systematic empirical investigation using statistical techniques and deals with information in numerical form. Some common qualitative methods discussed are historical research, ethnographic research, and action research. Quantitative methods covered include survey research, correlational research, causal-comparative research, and experimental research.
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Research methods
This document discusses research methods and the importance of research. It notes that research aims to increase knowledge and discover answers to questions through creative and systematic work. Research provides the basis for government policies, helps solve business problems, and addresses social issues. It also helps students earn PhDs. Motivations for research include curiosity, a desire to understand causes and effects, and a desire to solve problems or do creative work. Good research must be logical, empirical, use common concepts, and have a design that aligns with its objectives. Limitations include data that may not be fully valid or adequate to support conclusions, the inability to analyze all influencing factors, and samples that may not be truly representative.
Research methods
This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
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Research methodology
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
Research methodology, part i
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its key characteristics as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It discusses the aims and objectives of research, noting that aims describe desired outcomes while objectives detail specific steps. The document also outlines criteria for good research including using appropriate philosophies and procedures. Upcoming sections will cover research methodology and describing methods in detail.
Qualitative Research methods
This document discusses qualitative research methods and mixing methods approaches. It begins by defining different qualitative research types like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It then discusses multi-strategy research, noting both advantages like breaking down qual-quant divides, but also difficulties integrating methods from different epistemological perspectives. The document outlines arguments for and against mixing methods and different versions of the debate. It also discusses triangulation strategies and other mixed methods approaches like sequential or concurrent designs.
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This document discusses research methods and the importance of research. It notes that research aims to increase knowledge and discover answers to questions through creative and systematic work. Research provides the basis for government policies, helps solve business problems, and addresses social issues. It also helps students earn PhDs. Motivations for research include curiosity, a desire to understand causes and effects, and a desire to solve problems or do creative work. Good research must be logical, empirical, use common concepts, and have a design that aligns with its objectives. Limitations include data that may not be fully valid or adequate to support conclusions, the inability to analyze all influencing factors, and samples that may not be truly representative.
Research methods
This document discusses different types of research methods. It covers three types of research by purpose: basic research which seeks new knowledge without addressing practical problems, applied research which aims to solve practitioner problems, and action research which systematically examines strategies using research techniques. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative research strategies. Quantitative research uses statistical techniques and measurements, while qualitative research produces non-numerical findings through open-ended data collection like interviews. Both have distinct characteristics and designs. The document emphasizes that research questions should drive the choice of research design.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its key characteristics as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical. It discusses the aims and objectives of research, noting that aims describe desired outcomes while objectives detail specific steps. The document also outlines criteria for good research including using appropriate philosophies and procedures. Upcoming sections will cover research methodology and describing methods in detail.
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This document discusses qualitative research methods and mixing methods approaches. It begins by defining different qualitative research types like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It then discusses multi-strategy research, noting both advantages like breaking down qual-quant divides, but also difficulties integrating methods from different epistemological perspectives. The document outlines arguments for and against mixing methods and different versions of the debate. It also discusses triangulation strategies and other mixed methods approaches like sequential or concurrent designs.
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Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
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1. Ethical dilemmas in research occur when participants' rights and study demands conflict, requiring codes of ethics to guide researchers.
2. Major codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines for nursing and psychology research.
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Descriptive research
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Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
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- Details on quantitative research, which aims to test theories, uses standardized instruments and large sample sizes, and takes a deductive approach. Qualitative research aims to build theories, uses small sample sizes and flexible instruments like interviews, and takes an inductive approach.
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This document discusses research ethics. It defines ethics and research ethics, and explains the importance of ethics in promoting valid research, building trust, and accountability. Key stakeholders in research like participants, researchers, funding agencies are discussed. Important ethical issues related to participants include informed consent, privacy and preventing harm. Ethical issues for researchers include honesty, objectivity, and appropriate methodology. Ethical issues for funders include restricting research and potential misuse of findings. The conclusion emphasizes balancing these issues, following guidelines, and acting ethically despite challenges to uphold scientific integrity.
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Important : To all EFL special Dip and MA and PHD SS. To be read and discussed next Monday
Regards : Dr. Magdy
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introduction Research methodology
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
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Research Ethics
1. Ethical dilemmas in research occur when participants' rights and study demands conflict, requiring codes of ethics to guide researchers.
2. Major codes discussed include the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and guidelines for nursing and psychology research.
3. Key ethical principles for protecting participants include beneficence, respecting human dignity, justice, and informed consent. Researchers must consider risks of harm, confidentiality, and deception in their studies.
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This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, experimental, correlational, and survey designs. For experimental design, it discusses concepts like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and how random assignment is used. For correlational design, it explains how this design examines relationships between variables without manipulation or group assignment. Survey design is described as collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics of a population.
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This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing facts, and reaching conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine frequency of occurrences, and test causal relationships. Motivations for research include the desire to solve problems, gain intellectual joy, help society, gain respect, and obtain degrees. Research methodology helps qualitatively control the research process and validate results. It involves the logic and design of research, including methods for data collection, analysis, and evaluation.
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Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
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Null hypothesis
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2. The null hypothesis predicts no difference between population parameters, while the alternative or experimental hypothesis predicts a difference. Through statistical testing, we can either reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative, or accept the null hypothesis.
3. Significance testing uses statistical tests and probabilities to determine if sample data can be used to reject the null hypothesis involving population parameters. If the difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance when the null hypothesis is true, it is considered statistically significant.
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This document outlines the research process from start to finish. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation aimed at discovering new information or revising current understanding. It then distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The document describes each step of the research process in detail, including refining an idea based on background research, conducting experiments or investigations, documenting work, evaluating results, and presenting findings. The overall process involves starting with an idea, investigating previous work, refining the idea, doing the core investigative work, evaluating outcomes, identifying future work, and disseminating the research.
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This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It provides information on:
- The basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research, including their analytical objectives, types of questions asked, data collection instruments used, types of data produced, and flexibility.
- Common methodologies used in social science studies, including quantitative and qualitative approaches.
- Details on quantitative research, which aims to test theories, uses standardized instruments and large sample sizes, and takes a deductive approach. Qualitative research aims to build theories, uses small sample sizes and flexible instruments like interviews, and takes an inductive approach.
- The key difference between the two is flexibility - quantitative methods are less flexible while qualitative methods allow greater
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This document discusses research ethics. It defines ethics and research ethics, and explains the importance of ethics in promoting valid research, building trust, and accountability. Key stakeholders in research like participants, researchers, funding agencies are discussed. Important ethical issues related to participants include informed consent, privacy and preventing harm. Ethical issues for researchers include honesty, objectivity, and appropriate methodology. Ethical issues for funders include restricting research and potential misuse of findings. The conclusion emphasizes balancing these issues, following guidelines, and acting ethically despite challenges to uphold scientific integrity.
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This document defines and discusses research methodology. It describes research as a systematic search for knowledge through investigation. The objectives of research are to gain new insights into phenomena and to test hypotheses. Research can be motivated by various factors such as intellectual curiosity, a desire for career advancement, or a desire to solve problems. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses various research approaches like quantitative, qualitative, experimental, and simulation approaches. Finally, it discusses the significance of research for advancing knowledge and solving problems across various fields.
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- The types of data: qualitative, quantitative, discrete, continuous
- Descriptive statistics like mean, median, and mode
- Inferential statistics like hypothesis testing and estimating parameters
- Important statistical tests like t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-squared tests
- Measures of diagnostic accuracy like sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values
- The process of determining sample size for studies based on factors like confidence interval, power, and allowable error.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses the concept of research and defines it as an organized set of activities to study and solve realistic problems supported by literature and data. The document outlines different types of research, including exploratory, conclusive, modeling, and algorithmic research. It also discusses research objectives such as gaining new insights, determining frequencies, understanding social behaviors, and testing hypotheses. The document provides examples of factors that can impact consumer demand and the objective of identifying optimal production levels. It introduces key concepts like research methodology, meaning of research, and objectives of research.
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PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit open-access publisher founded in 2001 with a mission to accelerate scientific progress. PLOS makes research articles immediately and freely available worldwide under open-access licenses. It publishes several peer-reviewed journals covering various scientific fields like biology, medicine, and genetics. PLOS advocates for openness in science through open data sharing, transparent peer review processes, and making research outputs openly accessible for all.
Financial management
This document discusses financial management in libraries. It defines financial management as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling financial activities like procuring and using funds. The key points made are:
- Libraries are spending institutions that provide most services free of charge and do not generate revenue. Their financial needs include staff salaries, acquiring materials, and introducing new services.
- Libraries are growing organizations that require continuous investment in collections, staff, buildings, and new formats like digital materials. This results in recurring financial demands that require annual and ongoing funding.
- Other financial challenges include rising prices, currency devaluation, and ensuring effective financial control, simplicity, regularity, flexibility, and economy in spending.
- Various methods
Costing
This document discusses costing in libraries. It defines costing as the process of obtaining estimates to produce a product, provide a service, or operate a department. There are two main types of costs - direct costs that can be directly attributed to an activity, and indirect costs that are overhead costs. Costs are also classified as fixed, variable, semi-variable, or step costs. Understanding costs is important for libraries as it helps with budgeting, pricing services, assessing productivity, and making decisions about services. The key elements of cost include materials, labor, expenses, and capital costs.
Cost and benefit analysis
This document discusses cost and benefit analysis as it relates to libraries. It defines cost analysis as a tool to study costs and identifies the key steps as identifying and quantifying processes, dividing processes into smaller steps, determining resource requirements, and relating costs to time and volume. It then describes different approaches to cost analysis including cost effectiveness, cost benefit, cost utility, and cost feasibility analysis. Cost benefit analysis specifically evaluates alternatives based on their monetary costs and benefits. The document provides examples of how cost analysis can be applied to libraries and information centers to estimate expenditures, measure efficiency, and support decision making.
Budgeting
This document discusses budgeting in libraries. It begins by defining budgeting as the process of budget planning, preparation, control, and related procedures. A library budget is an estimate of expected income and expenditure for the coming year, usually done on a yearly basis. The librarian submits budget estimates based on past experience, present demands, and future needs. Budgeting has several objectives like predicting future costs and needs, coordinating department efforts, and facilitating control over funds. The budget can be affected by factors like the library size, location, services, users, and costs. Several budgeting techniques are described like line-item, lump sum, formula, performance, program, PPBS, zero-based, and strategic budgeting
arXiv
arXiv is an open access digital archive created in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg for sharing preprints in physics. It is now hosted by Cornell University Library and covers multiple fields including physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, and economics. arXiv provides free access to over 1.3 million scholarly articles and uses volunteer moderators to verify submissions are scholarly contributions. It aims to make science more open and democratic through rapid dissemination of research. arXiv is funded through membership fees from over 210 supporting institutions worldwide and grants.
Primary and secondary storage devices
This document presents information on primary and secondary storage devices. It discusses random access memory (RAM), which includes dynamic RAM and static RAM, as the primary storage device. It also discusses various types of read-only memory (ROM) like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document outlines different secondary storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, compact disks, tape drives, and USB storage. It provides details on the storage capacity, usage, and key features of each secondary storage type.
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Research methods
- 1. RESEARCH METHODS PICHANO KIKON Central University of Gujarat School of Library and Information Science
- 2. What is research? •The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
- 4. BASIC RESEARCH METHODS •Qualitative research •Quantitative research
- 5. Qualitative research •Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols •Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.
- 6. Quantitative research •Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. •Quantitative research involves information or data in the form of numbers. •This allows us to measure or to quantify a whole range of things. •The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
- 10. Qualitative research •Historical research •Ethnographic research •Action research
- 11. Historical Research •Historical research is the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of those events to explain present events and anticipate future events.” (Gay, 1996) • It describe, explain, and understand actions or events that occurred sometime in the past. •An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened during a certain period of time as completely and accurately as possible.
- 13. Ethnographic research •Ethnography is the study of social interactions, behaviors, and perceptions that occur within groups, teams, organizations, and communities. •Ethnographic is an approach relying on the collection of data in the natural environment. •Ethnographers are interested in how the behaviour of individuals is influenced or mediated by culture in which they live. •So, human behaviour can only be understood if studied in the setting in which it occurs. As people can influence and be influenced by the groups they live in. •The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be informed from the data.
- 14. ACTION RESEARCH •Action research is a systematic form of enquiry that is collective, collaborative, self- reflective, critical and undertaken by the participants of the enquiry/ research.
- 16. Quantitative Methods •Survey research •Correlational research •Causal-comparative research •Experimental research
- 18. SURVEYS •Surveys can be conducted in a number of ways. BASIC SURVEY DESIGNS 1. Cross-Sectional Surveys: Data are collected at one point in time from a sample selected to represent a larger population. 2. Longitudinal Surveys = Trend, Cohort, and Panel Trend: Surveys of sample population at different points in time Cohort: Study of same population each time but different samples on different topic the data are collected. Panel: Collection of data with the same sample of respondents on the same topic at different point of times.
- 19. Correlation Research Method •It is a statistical measure of a relationship between two or more variables, gives an indication of how one variable may predict another. •Three possible Correlation Studies: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. •The Correlation coefficient is a measure of correlation strength and can range from –1.00 to +1.00. •Positive Correlations: Both variables increase or decrease at the same time. A correlation coefficient close to +1.00 indicates a strong positive correlation.
- 20. •Negative Correlations: Indicates that as the amount of one variable increases, the other decreases (and vice versa). A correlation coefficient close to -1.00 indicates a strong negative correlation. •No Correlation: Indicates no relationship between the two variables. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation.
- 21. Causal-Comparative Research •Causal- comparative method is the simplest quantitative approach to exploring cause and effect relationships between phenomena •It involves a particular method of analysing data to detect relationships between variables •The correlational method is another approach to achieve the same goal
- 24. Experimental research •It is usually taken to be the most scientific of all methods. •An experiment is a study of cause and effect. •By changing one variable (the IV) while measuring another (the DV) while we control all others, as far as possible. •It allows us to draw conclusions with far more certainty than any non-experimental method. •If (the IV) is the only thing that is changed then it must be responsible for any change in the dependent variable.
- 25. REFERENCES 1. Kothari, C.R. (2014). Research Methodology: methods and techniques. 3nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International Pvt. Ltd., 2. Kumar, R. (2005). Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners. 2nd ed. Pearson Educational. 3. Kumar, P.S.G.(2004). Research Methods and Statistical Techniques. Delhi: B.R. Publishing, 243-248. 4. Pickard, A.J. (2007). Research methods in Information. Facet Publishing.
Editor's Notes
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