20 syllabus statements
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Bacteria are useful for biotechnology and genetic engineering for several reasons: they reproduce rapidly, can produce complex molecules, and do not raise ethical concerns. Bacteria also share genetic code with all other organisms and contain plasmids. Genetic engineering involves changing an organism's genes by removing, inserting, or altering individual genes. An example of genetic engineering is isolating a human gene, inserting it into a bacterial plasmid using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, and inserting the recombinant plasmid into bacteria to produce the human protein.
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References
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Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10-3
micro (μm) 1 μm = 0.000 001 m x 10-6
nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10-9
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20 syllabus statements
- 1. 09/04/2016 20. Biotechnology & genetic engineering. Syllabus statements Statements from Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus 0610 (for exams in 2016 – 2018) Image from http://www.inlander.com/Bloglander/archives/2013/09/27/syringes-gas-masks-and-frankenfood-visuals-of-the-gmo-debate
- 2. 20.1 Biotechnology & genetic engineering • State that bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering due to their rapid reproduction rate and their ability to make complex molecules • Discuss why bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering, limited to: – lack of ethical concerns over their manipulation and growth – genetic code shared with all other organisms – presence of plasmids
- 3. 20.2 Biotechnology • Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during production of ethanol for biofuels • Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during bread-making • Investigate and describe the use of pectinase in fruit juice production • Investigate and describe the use of biological washing powders that contain enzymes
- 4. 20.2 Biotechnology • Investigate and explain the use of lactase to produce lactose-free milk • Describe the role of the fungus Penicillium in the production of the antibiotic penicillin • Explain how fermenters are used in the production of penicillin
- 5. 20.3 Genetic engineering • Define genetic engineering as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
- 6. 20.3 Genetic engineering • State examples of genetic engineering: – the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human insulin – the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides – the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests – the insertion of genes into crop plants to provide additional vitamins
- 7. 20.3 Genetic engineering • Outline genetic engineering using bacterial production of a human protein as an example: – isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends – cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends – insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid
- 8. 20.3 Genetic engineering – insertion of plasmid into bacteria (specific detail is not required) – replication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids which make human protein as they express the gene • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, such as soya, maize and rice