all about the genetic engineering from the biotechnology.

1. BASIC CONCEPT OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
Presented by MERO YANGFO
M.Sc. MAPs 3rd sem
H.A.P.P.R.C.

2. INTRODUCTION
 Genetic engineering is an artificial
manipulation, modification and
recombination of DNA or other
nucleic acid molecules in order to
modify an organism or population
of organism.
 Set of technologies used to change
the genetic makeup of a cells.
 Its including the transfer of genes
within and across species
boundaries to produce improved
or novel organisms.

3. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTS
 In the latter part of 2oth century, however , the term came
to refer more specifically to methods of recombinant DNA
technology(or gene cloning).
 The possibility for recombinant DNA technology emerged
with the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1968 by Swiss
microbiologist Werner Arber.
 American microbiologist Hamilton O. Smith purified so-
called type II restriction enzymes.
 American biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W.
Boyer, who were among the first to cut DNA into
fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new
genes into E.coli bacteria, which then reproduced.

4. PROCESS OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
 Identification
 Separation
 Recommended DNA
i. Enzyme Restriction endonucleaes enzyme
Ligase enzyme
ii. Cloning vector
 Protein
Insulin
Hormone

5. VEHICLES FOR GENE TRANSFER
A vector is needed to transfer a
gene into a host cells.
 Vector
 Plasmids or virus are vectors.
 A plasmid is a circular DNA
molecules in a bacteria.

6. DIFFERENT METHODS FOR GENE
TRANSFER
 Use of chemical:
CaCl2 , PEG
 Non- chemical methods:
Electroporation
Microinjection
Gene gun
 And bacterium and virus mediate methods

7. Tobacco
plant
glows in
dark
[1986]
gene
taken
from
Firefly.

8. A QUICK LOOK AT THE PROCESS

10. SOME BACKGROUND OF GMO!
 The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert
Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.
 Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GMO animal when he
inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974.
 The first company to focus on genetic engineering,
Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the
production of human proteins.
 Genetically engineered human insulin was produced
in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were
commercialized in 1982.

11.  Genetically modified
food has been sold since
1994, with the release of
the Flavr Savr tomato; was
engineered to have a longer
shelf life.
 In 2016 salmon modified with
a growth hormone were sold

12. BASIC TOOLS FOR GENETIC
ENGINEERING
 Recombinant
DNA technology?
Selection of desire
gene
Cloning of DNA
Amplification
Extract DNA or
product

13. APPLICATION OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
 Genetic engineering
has applications in
medicine, research,
industry, agriculture
and can be used on a
wide range of plants,
animals and micro
organisms.
1. Gene therapy.
2. Golden rice.
3. Drought resistant seeds.
4. Pest and diseases resistance
plants.
5. Oil eating bacteria
6. Gm trees.
7. Strawberry with antifreeze.
8. Featherless chicken.
9. Goat make silk protein in
milk
10. Less flatulent cows
11. High production of milk in
cow
12.To prepare vaccines

14. GENE THERAPY AND VACCINES

15.  Bt cotton by Monsanto
Company (USA).
 In India(1994) 2002 approved
by GEAC (Genetic
Engineering Approval
Committee) in field.
 Use bacteria Bacillus
thuringiensis (Cry Ac-I gene)
to kill Pink ball warm.

16. Featherless chicken
grows better in warm
countries no need for
cooling
Mice used as gene
expression
platform for organ
culture

17. GMO Plant resistant
to diseases
Golden rice rich in
vitamin A= ß-
carotene

18. ETHICS INVOLVING GENETIC
ENGINEERING
Ethical issues concerning human beings and animals.
- Are we playing God?
- Religions beliefs.
- Creates new viruses.
- Designer Babies.
Genetic Engineering and Plants
- Effects on our Environment
- Long run effects on environment

19. SUMMARY
Genetic engineering is direct manipulation of an
organism’s genes.
Most common uses of genetic engineering are in
medicine.
A very controversial topic considering the ethical
issues.
Variety of sciences are incorporated into this
engineering.
Many professions use this technology.