Microbial Biotechnology Scope, Technique and Examples in Therapeutics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Genetic engineering enables us to produce a large number of proteins in bacterial cell that were originally encoded by human genes. For example a landmark in this case is production of insulin in bacterial cell in 1982. It is first case of genetically engineered therapeutic protein used for clinical purposes. Insulin produced in this way is widely used in curing diabetes and is same in all forms as compared to original insulin
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Functional Overview of the Biotechnology IndustrythinkBiotech
Comprehensive introductory presentation on the business of biotechnology describing legal, commercial, scientific, and regulatory foundations; used in biotech MBA programs.
Biotechnology is the science of using organic matter to develop technology. This presentation gives a general breakdown of the three branches of biotechnology that exist.
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
Microbial Biotechnology Scope, Technique and Examples in Therapeutics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Genetic engineering enables us to produce a large number of proteins in bacterial cell that were originally encoded by human genes. For example a landmark in this case is production of insulin in bacterial cell in 1982. It is first case of genetically engineered therapeutic protein used for clinical purposes. Insulin produced in this way is widely used in curing diabetes and is same in all forms as compared to original insulin
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below: 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)
1922 Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus
two dimensional gel electrophoresis system
Functional Overview of the Biotechnology IndustrythinkBiotech
Comprehensive introductory presentation on the business of biotechnology describing legal, commercial, scientific, and regulatory foundations; used in biotech MBA programs.
Biotechnology is the science of using organic matter to develop technology. This presentation gives a general breakdown of the three branches of biotechnology that exist.
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
The three important techniques of biotechnology are: (1) Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering) (2) Plant Tissue Culture and (3) Transgenic (Genetically Modified Organisms).
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
Originally isolated from nature, but increasingly "improved" by genetic manipulation via mutagenesis and selection or recombinant DNA technology or protoplast fusion (fungi)
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Five major commercially important groups can
be obtained by fermentation:
} Biomass or microbial cells
} Microbial enzymes and hormones
} Microbial metabolites
} Recombinant products
} Transformation products
3.
4. a. Production of yeast to be used in the baking
industry:
• Baker's yeast is the common name for the
strains of yeast commonly used as a
leavening agent in baking bread and bakery
products, where it converts the fermentable
sugars present in the dough into CO2 and
ethanol. Baker's yeast is almost always of the
species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is
the same species commonly used in alcoholic
fermentation, and so is also called brewer's
yeast.
5. b. Production of microbial cells to be used as
human or animal food (single-cell protein,
SCP):
The term single cell protein (SCP)
refers to dead, dry cells of micro-
organisms such as yeast, bacteria,
fungi and algae which grow on
different carbon sources. The name
"single cell protein" was used for the
first time, twenty years ago by the
Professor Carol Wilson to give a
better image than "microbial protein".
6.
7.
8. Enzyme technology is concerned with the application of
enzymes
as tools of industry, agriculture and medicine
Enzymes are biological catalysts that fulfil their role
by binding specific substrates at their active sites
This specificity is one property of enzymes that
makes them useful for industrial applications
The value of using enzymes over inorganic catalysts in the
technological field is their efficiency, selectivity and
specificity
Enzyme Technology
9. Enzymes are able to operate at room temperature,
atmospheric pressure and within normal pH
ranges (around 7)
– all of which create energy savings for industry
Enzymes possess specifically shaped active sites
for reacting with one specific substrate thereby
generating pure products
free from unwanted by-products
Enzymes are biodegradable and, unlike many
inorganic catalysts, cause less damage to the
environment
Enzyme Technology
10. • Enzymes have been produced commercially
from plant, animal and microbial sources.
However, microbial enzymes have the
enormous advantage of being able to be
produced in large quantities by established
fermentation techniques. Also, it is infinitely
easier to improve the productivity of a
microbial system compared with a plant or
animal one. Furthermore, the advent of
recombinant DNA technology has enabled
enzymes of animal origin to be synthesized
by microorganisms. The majority of microbial
enzymes applications are in the food and
related industries.
11. } Enzyme production is closely controlled in
microorganisms and in order to improve
productivity these controls may have to be
exploited or modified. Such control systems
as induction may be exploited by including
inducers in the medium, whereas
repression control may be removed by
mutation and recombination techniques.
Also, the number of gene copies coding for
the enzyme may be increased by
recombinant DNA techniques.
13. Enzyme Technology
Microbes are still the most common source of industrial
enzymes. Microorganisms produce enzymes inside their
cells (intracellular enzymes) and may also secrete
enzymes for action outside the cell (extracellular
enzymes). The microorganisms selected are usually
cultured in large fermentation chambers (known as
fermenters) under controlled conditions to maximize
enzyme production. The microorganisms may have
specific genes introduced into their DNA through
genetic engineering, so that they produce enzymes
naturally made by other organisms - this is explained
in further detail under the genetic engineering
section of this unit.
14.
15.
16. Sources of Enzymes
Biologically active enzymes may be extracted from
any living organism:
Of the hundred enzymes being used industrially,
- over a half are from fungi
- over a third are from bacteria with the
remainder divided between animal (8%) and
plant (4%) sources .
17. Microbes are preferred to plants and animals
as sources of enzymes because:
1. They are generally cheaper to produce.
2. Their enzyme contents are more
predictable and controllable.
3. Plant and animal tissues contain more
potentially harmful materials than
microbes, including phenolic compounds
(from plants).
18. Pectin is an insoluble substance found in the cell walls
of plants
In the drinks industry, juice extracted from fruits
appears cloudy due to the presence of pectin
PRODUCTION OF PECTINASE
Pectinase is an enzyme that is used in the
industry to break down the pectin
The effect of pectinase is to clarify the fruit juice and to
make it flow more freely
Pectinase is obtained from the fungus Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger produces pectinase as an extracellular enzyme
Commercial Enzyme Production - An Example
From bacteria: Clostridium species.
19. } Proteases are a group of protein-digesting
enzymes produced by Bacillus subtilis,
Aspergillus oryzae and other
microorganisms. Some proteases are used in
leather industry. Others are used in laundry
processes.
} Amylase which produced the mold
Aspergillus oryzae. It is used in baking,
textile, starch industry, diagnostic
laboratories as well as spot remover in
laundry.
20. } Invertase which is obtained from yeast, it
converts sucrose to glucose and fructose.
} Streptokinase used to break down blood clots
formed during a heart attack.
} Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that
regulate growth and influence various
developmental processes, including stem
elongation, germination, dormancy,
flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction,
and leaf and fruit senescence.
21.
22. } A total of 6-10,000 bioactive natural
products have been described. Only a
very small fraction of the discovered
products have been clarified as to
what role they play in microbial
interactions and ecology and even
fewer have been found useful for
practical purposes (approx 100
patents are filed for natural products
annually being of interest for
application).
23. } Microbial metabolites are an infinite source
of novel chemistry.
} Biodiversity is a precious source for modern
biotechnology.
} It is a source which potentially holds
innovative and sustainable solutions to a
broad range of important problems for
modern society.
24. } The bioactive molecule can be produced directly by
fermentation
} The fermentation product can be used as starting
material for subsequent chemical modification
(derivatization)
} The molecules can be used as pilot compounds for a
chemical synthesis.
} However, the chemical composition of bioactive
microbially produced compounds are often
complicated, including stereochemical diversities
which in many instances will make chemical synthesis
close to impossible at least seen from an economical
perspective.
25. } Examples on products which are
produced by fermentation and used both
with and without chemical modification
} Avermectins ( are a series of drugs used
to treat parasitic worms),
} Blasticidin ( is an antibiotic that is
produced by Streptomyces
griseochromogenes etc.
26. } Pyrrolnitrine is an example of antifungal
products which cannot be used directly as
fermentation product as it (in the form
produced by the microorganism) is highly
affected by UV degradation.
} Various chemical modifications, however,
stabilize the molecule. The hope is that
such stabilization does not on the other
hand lead to unacceptable residue
problems.
27. vModern biotechnology:
vIt manipulates genetic information in
the organism; Genetic engineering
cloning etc.
vGenetic engineering has been used to
increase the amount and purity of
enzymes, to improve an enzyme’s
function, and to provide a more cost-
efficient method to produce enzymes.
28. 1971 scientists manipulated DNA and
placed them into bacteria.
1972 scientists joined two DNA molecules
from different sources using the
endonuclease EcoRI (to cut) and DNA
ligase (to reseal)
29. Today, fears have focused on genetically
engineered foods in the marketplace and
has resulted in the rapid growth of the
organic food industry.
Many genetically modified disease, pest,
and herbicide-resistant plants are awaiting
approval for commercialization.
30. Genes involved in disease are being
identified.
New medical treatments are being
developed.
Molecular “pharming,” where plants
are being used to produce
pharmaceuticals (biopharmaceuticals),
is being developed cloning.
31. Process of producing a new
organism from cells or tissues of
existing organism.
1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in
Edinburgh Scotland.
In 1980 Genetically engineered
products or RecDNA products
32. Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first
mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.
Cause of death: Lung disease and severe arthritis
Named after: Dolly Parton
Offspring: Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie;
triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton)
Children: Rosie, Bonnie, Lucy, Sally, Darcy, Cotton
Dolly was cloned by
Keith Campbell, Ian
Wilmut and colleagues at
the Roslin Institute, part
of the University of
Edinburgh, Scotland,
and the biotechnology
company PPL
Therapeutics, based
near Edinburgh.