19 syllabus statements
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This document outlines the syllabus statements from the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry exam for 2016-2018 regarding organisms and their environment. It covers: 1) Energy flow through ecosystems from the sun to organisms and the environment. 2) Definitions of food chains, food webs, producers, consumers, trophic levels and inefficiencies in energy transfer between trophic levels. 3) Nutrient cycles of carbon, water, and nitrogen and the roles of microorganisms. 4) Definitions of population, community, ecosystem and factors affecting population growth such as resources, predation, and disease.
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Food chains and webs show the transfer of energy and nutrients between organisms in an ecosystem. A food chain traces the flow of energy from producers like plants through consumers at different trophic levels. Herbivores are primary consumers, carnivores are secondary or tertiary consumers. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and cycle nutrients. Food webs are more complex than chains, with many interconnected feeding relationships between species. Ecological pyramids graphically represent numbers, biomass, or productivity at each trophic level, with producers at the base and apex predators at the top. Disturbances like bioaccumulation of toxins can disrupt ecosystem balance.
Ecologicalpyramids pyraminds
Ecological pyramids are graphical representations used to show biomass or productivity at different trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types of ecological pyramids: energy pyramids show energy transfer between levels, number pyramids show the number of organisms, and biomass pyramids show the total living biomass. Energy and number pyramids are usually upright with more organisms at lower trophic levels, while biomass pyramids can be upright or inverted depending on the ecosystem. Ecological pyramids provide insight into feeding relationships and energy flow within ecosystems.
foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle-140302224948-phpapp02.ppt.pptx
Food chains describe the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem. Producers, such as plants, harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and decomposers break down dead organic matter. Herbivores eat plants in a grazing food chain, while detritivores consume decaying matter in a detritus food chain. Food webs illustrate the complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids graphically represent the biomass or numbers of organisms at different trophic levels, with producers forming the base and top predators the apex.
food-chain-food-web-ecological-pyramid.pptx
Flow of energy in ecosystems is unidirectional, from producers like plants through various consumer trophic levels in a food chain. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain energy by consuming plants or other animals. Food chains interconnect to form complex food webs within an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids graphically represent the structure of ecosystems by depicting numbers, biomass, or productivity at each trophic level, with producers forming the base and top predators the tip. Disturbances like bioaccumulation of chemicals and extinction of species can disrupt the balance between trophic levels in a food web.
Energy and the ecosystem IGCSE
Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs. Producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and are classified as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores based on their diets. Energy and nutrients transfer between trophic levels with about 10% traveling to the next level, resulting in pyramids of numbers and biomass that narrow with each increasing trophic level. Key nutrients like carbon and nitrogen cycle through abiotic and biotic factors, being used and reused by different organisms in ecosystems.
Ecosystem
The document discusses key concepts about ecosystems, including:
1) An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It includes biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact via energy flows and matter cycles.
2) Ecosystems provide services such as nutrient cycling that are essential to human economies and society, though traditional economic models often fail to account for these services.
3) Organisms within an ecosystem occupy different trophic levels based on their position in the food chain. Producers are at the lowest trophic level, primary consumers above them, and so on, forming an ecological pyramid.
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
The document discusses food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. It explains that as energy flows through ecosystems, the amount available to organisms at each trophic level decreases, with typically only 5-20% transferred between levels. Food chains show the linear transfer of energy between producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers. Food webs are more complex networks interconnecting multiple food chains. Ecological pyramids graphically represent parameters like numbers, biomass, and energy at each trophic level, with lower levels containing greater amounts and more organisms than higher levels due to the loss of energy during transfers between trophic levels.
Foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle 140302224948-phpapp02
Food chains describe the transfer of energy from producers like plants through consumers at different trophic levels with herbivores eating plants and carnivores eating other animals. Food webs expand this concept to show the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem and how nutrients cycle between different species. Ecological pyramids graphically represent numbers, biomass, and energy at each trophic level, with producers forming the base and top carnivores the tip.
Foodchain foodweb and ecological cycle
Food chains describe the transfer of energy from producers like plants through consumers at different trophic levels with herbivores eating plants and carnivores eating other animals. Food webs expand this concept to show the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem and how nutrients cycle between different species. Ecological pyramids graphically represent numbers, biomass, and energy at each trophic level, with producers forming the base and top carnivores the tip.
Ecosystem and its features final
This document defines key concepts in ecosystems, including their structure and functions. It describes how ecosystems consist of biotic and abiotic components that interact, with energy flowing through the system and biogeochemical cycles circulating nutrients. It outlines the major groups - producers, primary and secondary consumers, decomposers - and their roles. Food chains and webs demonstrate how energy transfers between organisms, while ecological pyramids and succession illustrate how communities change over time.
Topic 8: Ecology Option C Part 1
This document discusses key concepts relating to ecosystems and energy flow. It defines key terms like species, populations, communities, autotrophs and heterotrophs. It explains that most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight, which is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis by autotrophs. This chemical energy then flows through food chains via feeding by consumers. Energy is lost at each trophic level, restricting food chain length and higher trophic level biomass. Producers, consumers and decomposers all play important roles in energy movement through ecosystems.
2.2. Communities and ecosystems
Communities and ecosystems are defined. A community is a group of populations living and interacting in a common habitat, while an ecosystem includes both the community and its physical environment. Photosynthesis and respiration play key roles in energy flow, with photosynthesis converting light energy to chemical energy in producers and respiration releasing energy through the breakdown of organic matter. These processes can be represented by word equations and involve inputs, outputs and transformations of energy and matter.
Ecology & Ecosystems
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
ES unit - 1 ECOSYSTEM PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of ecosystems and their components. It discusses:
1) What an ecosystem is, including the biotic and abiotic components that interact within an ecosystem.
2) The different types of biotic components - producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), and decomposers and their roles in the ecosystem.
3) How energy and matter flow through ecosystems via food chains, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycles.
IB Eco system Chapter
Here are three methods for measuring abiotic factors in marine ecosystems:
1. Temperature - Use a thermometer or temperature probe to measure water temperature at various depths. Thermometers provide an instant reading while probes can record temperature over time to monitor fluctuations.
2. Salinity - Use a refractometer or salinometer to measure the amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Refractometers pass a light beam through a water sample; salinity is read based on how much the beam bends. Salinometers use electrical conductivity.
3. Light - Use a light meter or underwater quantum sensor to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at different depths. PAR is the wavelength of light used by plants for
lessons
The document discusses the relationship between organisms and ecosystems. It explains that ecosystems have both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that shape how species have adapted. Organisms can occupy different roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, or decomposers and transfer energy through food webs. Population dynamics depend on birth, death, immigration and emigration rates, which are influenced by both density-dependent and independent factors. This affects population growth and size over time.
B2 revision
This PowerPoint contains the topics:
Classification
Energy flow
Recycling
Interdependence
Adaptation
Natural Selection
Hope you enjoy!
Environmental Geography Chapter 5 Part 1
This document provides an outline and overview of key topics in Chapter 5 of a geography textbook on ecosystems and the bioclimatic environment. It discusses the evolution of Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. It defines food chains and food webs, and describes different climate regions, biomes and how plant productivity is influenced by various climatic factors. Major sections cover terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ecological succession, land use impacts, and how humans have affected ecosystems. Diagrams illustrate examples of food chains and webs, as well as the organization of biomes and ecosystems on Earth.
Ecology and ecosystems
Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with their environment. There are several key components and cycles in an ecosystem. Producers, like plants, capture energy through photosynthesis. Consumers, like herbivores and carnivores, consume other organisms for food. Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. Energy and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem - energy flows from producers to consumers in a one-way path, while nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle continuously between organisms and the environment.
Similar to 19 syllabus statements (20)
foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle-140302224948-phpapp02.ppt.pptx
foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle-140302224948-phpapp02.ppt.pptx
Foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle 140302224948-phpapp02
Foodchainfoodwebandecologicalcycle 140302224948-phpapp02
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Prefix Multiple Standard form
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10-2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10-3
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nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10-9
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19 syllabus statements
- 1. 09/04/2016 19. Organisms & their environment Syllabus statements Statements from Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus 0610 (for exams in 2016 – 2018)
- 2. 19.1 Energy flow • State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems • Describe the flow of energy through living organisms including light energy from the sun and chemical energy in organisms and its eventual transfer to the environment
- 3. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Define a food chain as showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer • State that energy is transferred between organisms in a food chain by ingestion • Construct simple food chains • Define a food web as a network of interconnected food chains • Define producer as an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
- 4. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Define consumer as an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms • State that consumers may be classed as primary, secondary and tertiary according to their position in a food chain • Identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers and quaternary consumers as the trophic levels in food webs, food chains, pyramids of numbers and pyramids of biomass
- 5. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Define herbivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating plants • Define carnivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals • Define decomposer as an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material
- 6. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Interpret food chains and food webs in terms of identifying producers and consumers • Describe how energy is transferred between trophic levels • Define trophic level as the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, pyramid of numbers or pyramid of biomass • Explain why the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another is inefficient • Explain why food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels
- 7. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Explain why there is a greater efficiency in supplying plants as human food, and that there is a relative inefficiency in feeding crop plants to livestock that will be used as food • Use food chains and food webs to describe the impacts humans have through over-harvesting of food species and through introducing foreign species to a habitat
- 8. 19.2 Food chains & food webs • Draw, describe and interpret pyramids of numbers • Draw, describe and interpret pyramids of biomass • Discuss the advantages of using a pyramid of biomass rather than a pyramid of numbers to represent a food chain
- 9. 19.3 Nutrient cycles • Describe the carbon cycle, limited to photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, fossilisation and combustion • Discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and the cutting down of forests on the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere • Describe the water cycle, limited to evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation
- 10. 19.3 Nutrient cycles • Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of: – decomposition of plant and animal protein to ammonium ions – nitrification – nitrogen fixation by lightning and bacteria – absorption of nitrate ions by plants – production of amino acids and proteins – feeding and digestion of proteins – deamination – denitrification
- 11. 19.3 Nutrient cycles • State the roles of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle, limited to decomposition, nitrification, nitrogen fixation and denitrification (generic names of individual bacteria, e.g. Rhizobium, are not required)
- 12. 19.4 Population size • Define population as a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area, at the same time • Define community as all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem • Define ecosystem as a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together, e.g. a decomposing log, or a lake
- 13. 19.4 Population size • Identify and state the factors affecting the rate of population growth for a population of an organism, limited to food supply, predation and disease • Identify the lag, exponential (log), stationary and death phases in the sigmoid population growth curve for a population growing in an environment with limited resources • Explain the factors that lead to each phase in the sigmoid curve of population growth, making reference, where appropriate, to the role of limiting factors
- 14. 19.4 Population size • Discuss the increase in human population size over the past 250 years and its social and environmental implications • Interpret graphs and diagrams of human population growth