regarding paper explains about uses and management of boil of gases in LNG carriers. it mainly focused on latest duel fuel technology to avoid wastage of LNG boil of gases.
Here are the key steps to take in the event of an LNG spill:
1. Evacuate the area immediately and move upwind. LNG vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in low-lying areas.
2. Call emergency services and report the spill. Provide details on location, size of spill, and any injuries.
3. Warn others and prevent access to the spill area. Use barricades or barriers if possible.
4. Do not attempt to extinguish a LNG fire unless trained and it is safe to do so. Evacuate immediately instead.
5. Avoid direct contact with spilled LNG as it can cause frostbite or freeze skin/eyes on
The document discusses automotive batteries, specifically focusing on lead-acid batteries commonly used in vehicles. It describes the components and chemistry of lead-acid batteries, including the lead and lead oxide plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and charging/discharging reactions. It also covers characteristics such as voltage, cranking amps, maintenance needs, and factors that can cause batteries to fail. Electric vehicle batteries using different chemistries are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
This document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative vehicle fuel. It is made by compressing natural gas, mainly methane, to less than 1% of its original volume. CNG has advantages like being cheaper and producing less pollution than gasoline or diesel. However, it also has disadvantages such as vehicles powered by CNG being more costly and having limited refueling infrastructure. The document concludes that CNG represents a good alternative fuel for vehicles.
The document discusses diesel engines and how they work. It explains that diesel engines ignite fuel through heat of compressed air rather than a spark plug. It provides details on the 4-stroke diesel engine cycle including intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes the simpler 2-stroke engine cycle and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
Here are the key steps to take in the event of an LNG spill:
1. Evacuate the area immediately and move upwind. LNG vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in low-lying areas.
2. Call emergency services and report the spill. Provide details on location, size of spill, and any injuries.
3. Warn others and prevent access to the spill area. Use barricades or barriers if possible.
4. Do not attempt to extinguish a LNG fire unless trained and it is safe to do so. Evacuate immediately instead.
5. Avoid direct contact with spilled LNG as it can cause frostbite or freeze skin/eyes on
The document discusses automotive batteries, specifically focusing on lead-acid batteries commonly used in vehicles. It describes the components and chemistry of lead-acid batteries, including the lead and lead oxide plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and charging/discharging reactions. It also covers characteristics such as voltage, cranking amps, maintenance needs, and factors that can cause batteries to fail. Electric vehicle batteries using different chemistries are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
This document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative vehicle fuel. It is made by compressing natural gas, mainly methane, to less than 1% of its original volume. CNG has advantages like being cheaper and producing less pollution than gasoline or diesel. However, it also has disadvantages such as vehicles powered by CNG being more costly and having limited refueling infrastructure. The document concludes that CNG represents a good alternative fuel for vehicles.
The document discusses diesel engines and how they work. It explains that diesel engines ignite fuel through heat of compressed air rather than a spark plug. It provides details on the 4-stroke diesel engine cycle including intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes the simpler 2-stroke engine cycle and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
The document discusses turbochargers and provides details about their operation and advantages/disadvantages. It then summarizes a research case study on the effects of applying thermal barrier coatings to diesel engine components. The study found that coatings reduced emissions, increased exhaust temperatures, and improved efficiency. Specifically, it showed reductions in CO, HC, and particulate emissions of 35-40%, 40%, and 48%, respectively, along with a 10% increase in thermal efficiency.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
The document summarizes an automotive fuel system report created by engineering students at Somali National University. It provides background on fuel systems and their importance, a brief history of their development, classifications of fuels, descriptions of key fuel system components like the fuel tank, lines, filters, pumps, and carburetor or injectors, as well as an overview of fuel additives and common types used.
CNG, or compressed natural gas, is made by compressing methane gas and storing it in hard cylinders at high pressure. It is a cheaper substitute for diesel, petrol, and propane. CNG produces less carbon emissions than these fossil fuels and has several advantages, such as lower maintenance costs and reduced pollution. However, it requires more storage space in vehicles. Despite this disadvantage, CNG has grown popular due to its environmental and economic benefits and over 14 million natural gas vehicles worldwide use CNG as of 2011.
Diesel fuel is produced from various sources like petroleum, biomass, and natural gas. It is characterized by properties like cetane number, viscosity, density, sulfur content, etc. Diesel fuel specifications include limits for flash point, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number, distillation characteristics, corrosion properties, and sulfur and water content. Ignition quality is expressed by terms like cetane number, self-ignition temperature, and aniline point. Diesel fuel must burn cleanly and completely while providing sufficient lubrication and ease of ignition.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (mostly methane) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel that is used in vehicles. CNG produces fewer emissions and is cheaper than gasoline or diesel. While CNG vehicles require a high-pressure storage tank that takes up space, manufacturers are developing solutions like roof and underbody storage to address this disadvantage. CNG is also safer and more readily available than liquefied natural gas (LNG), making it more suitable for powering vehicles.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
Types, Operations and Maintenance of Air Compressor PlantsNejat Öztezcan
The document discusses maintenance and operation of air compressor plants. It provides information on different types of compressors used on ships, including:
1. Main air compressors which provide high-capacity air storage for starting engines.
2. Deck compressors which are smaller and more portable for tasks like pneumatic tools.
3. Emergency compressors which serve as a backup air source in emergencies to start auxiliary engines if the main compressor fails.
The document outlines compressor systems, components, efficiency factors, and procedures for checking bumping clearance on main air compressors.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
The document presents information on a green engine, a new type of engine that aims to reduce environmental impacts. The green engine is a six-phase pistonless engine that has higher efficiency and nearly zero exhaust emissions compared to conventional engines. It works through six independent processes - intake, compression, mixing, combustion, power, and exhaust. The green engine offers advantages like small size, limited parts, high thermal efficiency, ability to run on multiple fuels, near-zero emissions, smooth operation, and low costs. It could be applied in automobiles, aircraft, power generators, and other areas. The green engine provides a new technology that can minimize pollution and work with various fuels.
This document discusses emissions and emission control strategies in internal combustion engines. It covers the formation of various emissions like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and particulates in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. It also discusses emission control methods like catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The key points are: emissions form due to incomplete combustion and high temperatures; a three-way catalytic converter controls CO, HC, and NOx using platinum, palladium and rhodium; and EGR reduces NOx by lowering combustion temperatures but increases particulates.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
This document provides an overview of the oil refinery process. It discusses the three main stages of crude oil refining: separation, treating, and conversion. It describes the distillation unit and catalytic reforming unit processes. The conclusion summarizes that the document discussed crude oil and refineries, largest importers/exporters of crude oil, distillation, treatment units, and catalytic reforming.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
Centrifugal Oil Cleaner removes very fine dirt from oil upto 1u and below, by centrifugal force created in centrifuge rotor. Conventional filters cannot remove such fine dirt form oil. There are no consumables hence no recurring cost. Collected dirt can be easily cleaned and the unit put back to use again. With clean oil, wear of tools and dies is reduced and job finished is improved. The oil need not be replaced frequently, thereby saving substantially on oil expenses and protecting environment.
Fuel oil is obtained from petroleum distillation and is classified into different grades based on properties like boiling point, viscosity, and carbon chain length. Higher numbered fuels have higher boiling points, viscosities, and carbon chain lengths. Fuel oil is used for heating and power generation. It requires heating and treatment to remove contaminants before use in ship engines. Combustion in engines involves ignition delay, rapid uncontrolled combustion, and controlled combustion phases.
The document discusses the four stroke cycle theory of internal combustion engines. It describes the four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each stroke involves the piston moving up or down and the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. The timing of the valve openings and closings affects engine performance. It also discusses overhead camshafts, hydraulic lifters, engine lubrication systems, cooling systems, and combustion efficiency.
The document discusses turbochargers and provides details about their operation and advantages/disadvantages. It then summarizes a research case study on the effects of applying thermal barrier coatings to diesel engine components. The study found that coatings reduced emissions, increased exhaust temperatures, and improved efficiency. Specifically, it showed reductions in CO, HC, and particulate emissions of 35-40%, 40%, and 48%, respectively, along with a 10% increase in thermal efficiency.
This document discusses dual fuel engines. It begins with an introduction explaining that dual fuel engines use a gaseous fuel inducted into the engine cylinder along with air, and a small amount of diesel fuel is injected as a pilot fuel to ignite the air-gas mixture. It then discusses factors that affect combustion in dual fuel engines like pilot fuel quantity and injection timing. The document outlines advantages of dual fuel engines such as reduced emissions and lower operating costs compared to diesel or natural gas engines. It concludes that dual fuel engines can substitute up to 70% of diesel fuel with a gaseous fuel like natural gas.
The document summarizes an automotive fuel system report created by engineering students at Somali National University. It provides background on fuel systems and their importance, a brief history of their development, classifications of fuels, descriptions of key fuel system components like the fuel tank, lines, filters, pumps, and carburetor or injectors, as well as an overview of fuel additives and common types used.
CNG, or compressed natural gas, is made by compressing methane gas and storing it in hard cylinders at high pressure. It is a cheaper substitute for diesel, petrol, and propane. CNG produces less carbon emissions than these fossil fuels and has several advantages, such as lower maintenance costs and reduced pollution. However, it requires more storage space in vehicles. Despite this disadvantage, CNG has grown popular due to its environmental and economic benefits and over 14 million natural gas vehicles worldwide use CNG as of 2011.
Diesel fuel is produced from various sources like petroleum, biomass, and natural gas. It is characterized by properties like cetane number, viscosity, density, sulfur content, etc. Diesel fuel specifications include limits for flash point, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number, distillation characteristics, corrosion properties, and sulfur and water content. Ignition quality is expressed by terms like cetane number, self-ignition temperature, and aniline point. Diesel fuel must burn cleanly and completely while providing sufficient lubrication and ease of ignition.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (mostly methane) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel that is used in vehicles. CNG produces fewer emissions and is cheaper than gasoline or diesel. While CNG vehicles require a high-pressure storage tank that takes up space, manufacturers are developing solutions like roof and underbody storage to address this disadvantage. CNG is also safer and more readily available than liquefied natural gas (LNG), making it more suitable for powering vehicles.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
Types, Operations and Maintenance of Air Compressor PlantsNejat Öztezcan
The document discusses maintenance and operation of air compressor plants. It provides information on different types of compressors used on ships, including:
1. Main air compressors which provide high-capacity air storage for starting engines.
2. Deck compressors which are smaller and more portable for tasks like pneumatic tools.
3. Emergency compressors which serve as a backup air source in emergencies to start auxiliary engines if the main compressor fails.
The document outlines compressor systems, components, efficiency factors, and procedures for checking bumping clearance on main air compressors.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
The document presents information on a green engine, a new type of engine that aims to reduce environmental impacts. The green engine is a six-phase pistonless engine that has higher efficiency and nearly zero exhaust emissions compared to conventional engines. It works through six independent processes - intake, compression, mixing, combustion, power, and exhaust. The green engine offers advantages like small size, limited parts, high thermal efficiency, ability to run on multiple fuels, near-zero emissions, smooth operation, and low costs. It could be applied in automobiles, aircraft, power generators, and other areas. The green engine provides a new technology that can minimize pollution and work with various fuels.
This document discusses emissions and emission control strategies in internal combustion engines. It covers the formation of various emissions like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and particulates in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. It also discusses emission control methods like catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The key points are: emissions form due to incomplete combustion and high temperatures; a three-way catalytic converter controls CO, HC, and NOx using platinum, palladium and rhodium; and EGR reduces NOx by lowering combustion temperatures but increases particulates.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
This document provides an overview of the oil refinery process. It discusses the three main stages of crude oil refining: separation, treating, and conversion. It describes the distillation unit and catalytic reforming unit processes. The conclusion summarizes that the document discussed crude oil and refineries, largest importers/exporters of crude oil, distillation, treatment units, and catalytic reforming.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
Centrifugal Oil Cleaner removes very fine dirt from oil upto 1u and below, by centrifugal force created in centrifuge rotor. Conventional filters cannot remove such fine dirt form oil. There are no consumables hence no recurring cost. Collected dirt can be easily cleaned and the unit put back to use again. With clean oil, wear of tools and dies is reduced and job finished is improved. The oil need not be replaced frequently, thereby saving substantially on oil expenses and protecting environment.
Fuel oil is obtained from petroleum distillation and is classified into different grades based on properties like boiling point, viscosity, and carbon chain length. Higher numbered fuels have higher boiling points, viscosities, and carbon chain lengths. Fuel oil is used for heating and power generation. It requires heating and treatment to remove contaminants before use in ship engines. Combustion in engines involves ignition delay, rapid uncontrolled combustion, and controlled combustion phases.
The document discusses the four stroke cycle theory of internal combustion engines. It describes the four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each stroke involves the piston moving up or down and the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. The timing of the valve openings and closings affects engine performance. It also discusses overhead camshafts, hydraulic lifters, engine lubrication systems, cooling systems, and combustion efficiency.
This document discusses various topics related to automotive fuels, including:
1) How the grade of gasoline affects engine performance and tips for purchasing gasoline.
2) How volatility affects driveability and the use of winter and summer gasoline blends.
3) How oxygenated fuels can reduce carbon monoxide exhaust emissions.
4) The advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, and natural gas.
Gasoline is produced from petroleum through fractional distillation and additional chemical processes. Crude oil is fractionally distilled in a refinery to separate it into hydrocarbon fractions with different boiling points, including gasoline. Further cracking and reforming processes convert heavier hydrocarbons into lighter ones to increase the gasoline yield. Finished gasoline is blended with additives and has specifications like octane rating. Gasoline is the fuel used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines, where it is ignited to produce motion, power and heat through a four-stroke cycle.
This document discusses safety interlocks in crude heaters using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) at Bharat Petroleum Corporation's Kochi Refinery. It provides an overview of the refinery's process units including the crude distillation unit (CDU) and describes the various components involved in heating crude oil such as the preheater, desalter, crude heater, burners, and distillation columns. It also discusses the use of intrinsic safety barriers and programmable logic controls to monitor parameters and automatically shut down equipment if safety thresholds are exceeded.
This document provides technical details about VG oil-injected rotary screw gas compressors and treatment systems for compressing dry methane or natural gas. Key details include:
- Capacities up to 3000Nm3/h and discharge pressures from 3.5 to 25 bar(g).
- Adicomp has over 15 years of experience supplying hundreds of biogas, landfill gas, natural gas, and other gas compression and treatment installations around the world.
- The compressors can operate in temperatures from -20°C to 40°C and extreme weatherproof versions are available for installation in harsh climates.
This document provides technical details about oil-injected rotary screw gas compressors and treatment systems for biogas upgrading from Adicomp S.r.l. It describes Adicomp's experience and leadership in biogas compression and treatment. Their systems can compress biogas up to 2000Nm3/h and remove contaminants like water, dust, siloxanes and oil to produce bio-methane that meets grid injection standards. The document provides details on the compressor components, gas and oil circuits, cooling systems, controls and optional equipment available.
The document discusses valve timing in internal combustion engines, including the benefits of valve overlap and how variable valve timing (VVT) uses computer control and oil pressure to advance or retard cam timing and change valve duration, overlap, and lift while the engine is running, allowing for optimization of valve timing under different operating conditions. VVT has been widely adopted by Japanese and European automakers since the 1990s and more recently by some American automakers.
This document provides information on gasoline and fuel systems. It discusses gasoline grades and properties like volatility, octane rating, and oxygenated fuels. Key points include:
- Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons refined from crude oil for use as fuel in engines.
- Volatility and octane rating affect engine performance and emissions. Proper gasoline grade depends on factors like temperature.
- Oxygenated fuels can reduce carbon monoxide emissions by containing oxygen. Ethanol and MTBE are common oxygenates.
The actual engine cycle differs from ideal cycles in several ways:
1) It uses an accurate working fluid model of the fuel-air mixture and combustion products rather than an idealized model.
2) There are additional losses due to factors like progressive combustion over time rather than instantaneous combustion, heat transfer losses to the cylinder walls, and blowdown losses when the exhaust valve opens before the end of the expansion stroke.
3) As a result of these factors, the actual efficiency of an engine can be much lower than the ideal efficiency estimated from standard cycles, around 28% compared to 55% for an engine with a 7:1 compression ratio.
The document provides an assessment marking schedule for a power station operations training course. It includes 29 multiple choice and short answer questions about various systems in a power station including the generator, seal oil system, stator coolant system, and hydrogen system. Key topics covered include causes of heat generation in the generator, operating pressures and temperatures of hydrogen and seal oil, advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen as a coolant, and functions of components in the seal oil and stator coolant systems. Diagrams of the seal oil and stator coolant systems are included and referred to in some questions.
This is Two Stock Engine ppt for BE/B/tech project students
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The document discusses gasoline grades and their effects on engine performance. It describes how gasoline is refined from crude oil through processes like distillation and cracking. Gasoline is blended to achieve specific octane ratings and properties like volatility that affect cold starting and driveability. Additives are discussed that can improve octane or reduce emissions. Testing methods are provided for measuring alcohol content in gasoline. Safety precautions are recommended when handling gasoline.
A two-stroke petrol engine completes the combustion cycle in two strokes of the piston rather than four as in a four-stroke engine. In a two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust strokes are eliminated and ports instead of valves are used, with the exhaust gases driven out by the fresh fuel charge entering near the end of the power stroke. Everything a four-stroke engine does over two revolutions, a two-stroke engine accomplishes in one crankshaft revolution. Two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, cheaper to produce but wear out faster and are less fuel efficient than four-stroke engines due to their greater pollution output.
A two-stroke petrol engine completes the combustion cycle in two strokes of the piston rather than four as in a four-stroke engine. In a two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust strokes are eliminated and ports instead of valves are used, with the exhaust gases driven out by the fresh fuel charge entering near the end of the power stroke. Everything a four-stroke engine does over two revolutions, a two-stroke engine accomplishes in one revolution, with the fuel-air mixture entering the crankcase and being compressed and ignited directly in the cylinder. While smaller, lighter and cheaper than a four-stroke engine, two-stroke engines wear parts faster, are less fuel efficient, and more polluting.
Kingwei waste oil burner manual
If you meet any trouble with our burner,please contact us first,we have the most skilled engineer,will work it out shortly.
Dissolved gas analysis is a maintenance tool for determining transformer health by analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil. When faults occur in transformers, different gases are produced depending on the type and severity of the fault. The main gases analyzed are hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane and ethylene, and atmospheric gases. Samples are extracted from the transformer oil and analyzed using gas chromatography. Faults are identified by comparing the gas ratios and concentrations to interpretation standards which indicate issues like thermal faults or arcing. Case studies analyze real sample results and diagnose the type of fault based on ratios between different gases.
This document discusses the diesel engine process and design aspects. It describes the combustion process and triangle of fire. It explains how diesel engines convert chemically bound energy into mechanical energy through combustion in the cylinder. It discusses energy losses, comparisons of fuel types, different engine constructions, cylinder pressure and temperature curves, mean effective pressure, working principles, swept volume, compression ratio, piston stroke to cylinder bore ratio, valve timing diagrams for 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, scavenging processes, and factors that influence charge air pressure.
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2. DUAL FUEL:-dual fuel consist either heavy fuel, Marine diesel
or LNG gas which is mostly methane or ethane.
Dual fuel engine is the modern developed engine used for
marine propulsion which is suitable for heavy fuel oil, marine
diesel as well as LNG gases.
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE:- there are many modern developed dual fuel engine
such as MAN B&W 51/60,WARTSILA 50df,WARTSILA 32df etc.
The cylinder cover is slightly changed for DF engine to accommodate the gas
valve and gas handling block as well as pilot injection valve.
4. WORKING:-
FIRST STAGE
Engine starting is always
in diesel mode.
automatically changes
from fuel oil to gas
operation at load below
80% of full load.
The exhaust valve is
closed and the gas
admission valve is open,
Gas at a higher pressure
than cylinder pressure
flows into the cylinder.
6. THIRD STAGE
At just before
TDC a pilot
injector injects a
small amount of
fuel oil into the
cylinder which
starts to burn
and ignites the
gas/air mixture.
8. FIFTH STAGE
The exhaust valve
opens followed by the
scavenge ports. Air
enters the cylinder
pushing out the exhaust
gas.
In the event of gas
supply interruption the
engine transfers from
gas to fuel oil
14. COMPARISON OF EMISSION
S. NO. EMISSION HEAVY FUEL GAS
01 NOx 100% 10%-15%
02 COx 100% 80%
03 SOx 100% ELIMINATED
04 SOOT/ASH 100% 1%-2%
15. DUAL FUEL
Advantages
• Reduce NOx, SOx,COx
emission
• Low cost operation
• Long engine life
• Low maintenance
• Corrosion free
• High power weight ratio
Disadvantages
• Tendency of vapor lock
while using light fuel.
• More Chance of leakage.
• Dissipate if rupture occurs.
storage and handling of
fuel
16. FUTURE
• HFO crisis in 2050.
• Future HFO hard to adopt
IMO regulation(Annex6 tier
3).
• 1 JAN ,2020 IMO required
Sulpher to 0.1% .
• Future HFO will be more
worst.
• Synchronizing with future
IMO regulation.
• Non toxic ,no contamination
• many problem ,one solution