Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Production Process ; Production of LNG; LNG industry and Technology (or LNG Value Chain); Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency; Transportation; Pipe; Shipping; Tanker; Major Natural Gas Trade Movements ; Regasification; Storage ; How much does LNG cost?
Le 03 Natural Gas (NG) Transportation and DistributionNsulangi Paul
This module describes means of transportation and distribution of natural gas from production area to the end user or consumers. The module analyzes various methods such as pipeline, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas to liquid fuel (GtL), gas to wire (GtW) as well as gas to hydrate (GtH).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Production Process ; Production of LNG; LNG industry and Technology (or LNG Value Chain); Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency; Transportation; Pipe; Shipping; Tanker; Major Natural Gas Trade Movements ; Regasification; Storage ; How much does LNG cost?
This module is an introduction to natural gas resources. It gives description on source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as suitable environments for natural gas generation, migration and accumulation.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
Propane precooling mixed component refrigerant process (C3/MR) represents 80% of the commercial used processes. The process has proven to be efficient, flexible, reliable, and cost competitive (M. J. Roberts, 2004).
For these reasons the a C3MR process, using synthetic natural gas (SNG) from the methanisation process, was selected to be simulated. Simulation of the process has been conducted using Aspen Hysys® version V.8. process simulation software. The PR equation of state is used for thermodynamic properties calculations both for the natural gas and the refrigerants.
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Natural gas Process and Production course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9HHJ-AjQUY&t=27s
http://www.mediafire.com/file/zu640mv8rpj257w/1.%20Natural%20Gas%20Overview.pdf
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Natural Gas is one of the principal sources of energy for many of our day-to-day needs and activities. This section provides an overview of some of the characteristics of this vital resource. The main topics covered in our overview.
it gives you an indetail information about gas formation volume factor formula, derivation, constant information, and a numerical problem for better understanding
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Introduction to offshore oil and gas surface facilities, including drilling rig types, topside and substructures, jacket, compliant tower, jack up, gravity based structure, fpso, fso, semi submersible, tlp, spar, wellhead platform, processing platform, pipeline, and surface facilities selection
This module is an introduction to natural gas resources. It gives description on source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as suitable environments for natural gas generation, migration and accumulation.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
Propane precooling mixed component refrigerant process (C3/MR) represents 80% of the commercial used processes. The process has proven to be efficient, flexible, reliable, and cost competitive (M. J. Roberts, 2004).
For these reasons the a C3MR process, using synthetic natural gas (SNG) from the methanisation process, was selected to be simulated. Simulation of the process has been conducted using Aspen Hysys® version V.8. process simulation software. The PR equation of state is used for thermodynamic properties calculations both for the natural gas and the refrigerants.
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Natural gas Process and Production course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9HHJ-AjQUY&t=27s
http://www.mediafire.com/file/zu640mv8rpj257w/1.%20Natural%20Gas%20Overview.pdf
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - DownstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas
What is Downstream?
This Downstream module includes the following sections:
-Downstream Business Characteristics
-Refining – Products and Participants
-Consumption – The Final Step in Adding Value
-Marketing and Retail
Downstream
Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.
Key downstream business sectors include:
-Oil Refining
-Supply and Trading
-Product Marketing and Retail
The downstream industry provides thousands of products to end-user customers around the globe.
Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads. Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides.
The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail.
A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices.
Natural Gas is one of the principal sources of energy for many of our day-to-day needs and activities. This section provides an overview of some of the characteristics of this vital resource. The main topics covered in our overview.
it gives you an indetail information about gas formation volume factor formula, derivation, constant information, and a numerical problem for better understanding
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
Introduction to offshore oil and gas surface facilities, including drilling rig types, topside and substructures, jacket, compliant tower, jack up, gravity based structure, fpso, fso, semi submersible, tlp, spar, wellhead platform, processing platform, pipeline, and surface facilities selection
Professional PowerPoint template for oil and gas presentations.
This is a fully customizable template with individual graphic elements and images. You are free to adjust cover, divider, and content slider header layouts.
Download at: http://www.powerpointteam.com/oil-industry-powerpoint-template.html
Available in standard and widescreen format.
Your comments will be highly appreciated. Thank you!
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
How to increase safety while at the same time reducing overall installation time and component damages? How to speed up offshore installation without compromising flexibility? Jesper Møller, Senior Key Expert Offshore Installation at Siemens Wind Power, answers these and more questions in his presentation here: http://bit.ly/PresentationMoller
John Welch, Dane County, presents on the county's experience fueling with CNG at the Wisconsin Natural Gas for Transportation Roundtable on January 29, 2013.
Clean Energy Compression’s Bulk Gas Transportation systems have enabled customers worldwide to take advantage of the tremendous cost reduction and environmental benefits of converting to natural gas without waiting for expensive pipeline or LNG infrastructure.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Using Natural Gas For Liquefied Natural Gas ...IJRES Journal
Comparative economic analysis of the production of diesel through Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology and the production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) both using natural gas was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running GTL and LNG plants were obtained for the study. Plant procurement costs, shipping and tanker facilities costs, the expected capacities of the GTL and LNG plants and the feed gas volume needed to produce those capacities of liquid products were gathered with which the costs analyses and revenue analyses were conducted. Two assumptions made were that the diesel would be the only product of the GTL project and LNG, the only product of the LNG plant. The 33000bbl/day of liquid product from the GTL plant was taken to be all diesel while the 5mmtpa of NGL got from the LNG plant was ignored. The 33000bbl/day of diesel and 22mmtpa of LNG were then used for the analyses. Concentration was on the profit indicators used to evaluate the advantage of one over the other. Figures were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 9.16years for GTL and 1.97years for LNG respectively. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Profit per Dollar Invested (P/$) that make up the project economics were estimated for GTL and LNG. The NPV over 15years and at an expected rate of return of 10% was $2.11billion for GTL and $45.17billion for LNG. For GTL, the P/$ was 2.02 and for LNG, it was 6.62. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that the LNG project is more economically viable than the GTL project since the LNG project has higher NPV, lower pay-out and higher P/$ than the GTL project.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Oil & Gas Industry
Upstream Midstream Downstream
Finding, lifting, and
processing oil & gas
from subsurface into
surface and ready for
transportation. Also
known as Exploration
and Production (E&P).
Transportation and
storage of crude oil
and natural gas from
E&P plant for further
processing by
pipeline, railway, road,
or tanker.
Processing of crude oil
and natural gas into
useful final product or
raw material for other
industry. Also known as
Refining & Marketing
(R&M)
3. Gas Dilemma
• In the early history of oil industry, natural gas in
considered by-product (waste) during drilling
attempt for searching oil. Only gas found during
drilling is considered failure since gas is flammable
and cannot be processed & stored.and cannot be processed & stored.
• Gas can only be contained in a pipe and burnt
immediately in a safe place, either for heating,
boiling water, or burnt for nothing, known as flare.
Oil in Alberta on 1950 Canadian postage stamp,
showing two drilling derricks, storage tanks, and
flaring of "waste" gas,1914 - 1918 era.
4. Gas Problem
• Not like crude oil which is liquid in room temperature (25oC
/ 77oF) & atmospheric pressure (1 atm / 101,325 Pascal /
14.7 psi), natural gas is gaseous state in room temperature
& atmospheric pressure.
• Gas has lower density than oil, meaning in a same volume,
gas has lower mass & energy density.gas has lower mass & energy density.
• In room temperature & atmospheric pressure, gas will
occupy very large space, hence it’s not practical &
economic to store gas in this state.
• Since can’t be stored naturally, gas must be used or
transported immediately if required in other place.
• Gas delivery must match requirement, excess gas can only
be flared (burnt) or vented (released to atmosphere).
5. Ideal Gas Equation
• Behaviour of gas in many condition can be
described in Ideal Gas Equation
pV = nRT or V = (nRT) / p
• Where p = pressure, V = volume, n = gas• Where p = pressure, V = volume, n = gas
amount (number of mole), R = ideal gas
constant, and T = temperature.
• It means to reduce Volume, we must
reduce Temperature or increase Pressure
(or both) since n is given and R is constant.
6. Gas Value
• Despite all known problems, gas has several advantages
over oil or coal, i.e. :
– Cleaner fuel (less emission) for power plant & vehicle
– Cheaper than oil-based fuel, i.e. gasoline
– Can be used as a feed stock / raw material of– Can be used as a feed stock / raw material of
petrochemical industry like fertilizer
• With all above advantages, gas demand slowly grows and
oil company start thinking to monetize its gas reserve.
• Gas must be transported from the wellhead to the
customer to bring value to the producer.
• Gas company shall regulate the volume to match
customer requirement while minimizing wasted gas.
7. Gas Monetization
• To bring the optimum value of gas, method of gas
transportation & storage becomes very critical.
• Remember, as per ideal gas equation, gas must be
compressed and/or cooled to reduce the volume.
• Gas can also be converted into another form and
transported in the new form.transported in the new form.
• The technology used to reduce the gas volume or convert
into another form will depend mainly on the gas delivery
volume and distance from gas producer to gas consumer.
• However, it will also depend on the price, consumer
requirement, and technology maturation.
8. Gas Transportation Technology
Technology Vol Reduction
Pipelines 70-100
CNG 250-300
LNG 600
Hydrated 150-200Hydrated 150-200
CNG : Compressed Natural Gas
LNG : Liquefied Natural Gas
GTL : Gas To Liquid
GTW : Gas To Wire
9. Technology Selection
GTL LNG and/or GTL
• Pipeline is the
traditional, well proven
method and the most
economic for short
distance
• LNG is used for large
volume gas in a veryvolume gas in a very
long distance
• CNG is used when the
volume is not economic
enough for LNG
• GTL is the most
advance method to
convert low value gas
into high value liquid,
hence small volume can
be made economic
10. Pipeline
• Pipeline is a long pipe for conveying fluid (oil, gas,
water, etc) over long distance.
• Gas must be compressed by a gas compressor in
order to be able to receiving point.
• Pipeline is only for gas transporting, even tough• Pipeline is only for gas transporting, even tough
sometimes it is used as “gas temporary storage.”
• Gas compression ratio in a pipeline depends on
the gas volume delivery, distance, inlet pressure
and required pressure on the receiving point.
11. Gas Booster Station
• If the distance is very long, a gas compressor
might be placed between pipeline section known
as booster compressor
Multi-stage booster pump, use the same principle like booster compressor
12. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Gas is compressed up to 20-25 Mega (million)
Pascal / 2900-3600 psi and stored in a hard tank,
normally in cylindrical or spherical shape, known
as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). CNG only
occupy less than 1% of space compare to volumeoccupy less than 1% of space compare to volume
in atmospheric pressure.
• CNG can be transported via road & sea, and can
be easily used by reducing its pressure.
• However, for large quantity over long distance,
CNG is considered not economical.
14. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• In this method, gas is cooled down to -161
o
C / -
256
o
F at atmospheric pressure till condenses to a
clear, colorless, and odorless, liquid know as LNG.
• This liquefaction reduce the volume by 600 times,
makes it very economic for large volumemakes it very economic for large volume
transportation over very long distance.
• Natural gas must be purified to contain only
methane and ethane (or 100% methane) before
supercooled to form LNG.
• LNG will be converted back to a gas form in the
receiving facility, known as regasification terminal.
17. Gas To Liquid (GTL)
• Many confusion the difference between GTL and
LNG since both contain “Liquid & Gas” term.
• While LNG is a physical reaction to convert natural
gas (methane) in a gas form to a liquid form, GTL
is a chemical reaction to convert natural gasis a chemical reaction to convert natural gas
(methane) in a gas form to a different, more
complex, and valuable substance in a liquid form.
• GTL process is much more complex and costly,
hence not much GTL plant in the world compare to
LNG plant.
18. GTL definition & history
• A chemical process to convert natural gas into
synthetic liquid (can be crude oil, diesel fuel,
aviation fuel, or gasoline) through Fischer-Tropsch
(FT) process.
• Originally invented in early 1920 by German• Originally invented in early 1920 by German
chemist Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in
Germany which later on used by the Germany
during World War II.
• Highly exothermic (produce a lot of heat) which
can be used to generate steam or power.
19. GTL process
• Major steps in GTL process :
Remove impurities such as mercury & hydrogen sulphide
Produce synthesis gas from Natural Gas and Air / Oxygen.
FT synthesis to convert synthesis gas to long chain, heavy
paraffinic liquid. Paraffin is a mixture of high-molecular-
weight alkanes (i.e., saturated hydrocarbons with the
general formula CnH2n+2, where n is an integer).
• Byproducts is large amount of water and small amount of
CO2, olefins, oxygenates, and alcohol.
20. Simplified GTL block diagram
GTL can
convert
natural gas
into more
valuable liquid
like kerosene,
gasoline, and
LPG.
Conversion
ratio is about
10 thousand
of cubic feet
(mcf) raw gas
into 1 barrel
liquid product.
21. Gas To Wire (GTW)
• GTW is a term of converting gas into electricity in a location
close to (or even on top of) a gas field and transfer the
electric power to the customer via transmission and
distribution lines.
• Gas is used as a fuel of gas turbine (or gas engine in a
small scale) driving a power generator.small scale) driving a power generator.
• In a large scale, waste heat from a gas turbine can be used
to convert water into steam to turn steam turbine connected
to other or same power generator. This configuration is
known as Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant.
• Technical-commercial evaluation must be carefully
conducted whether building power plant close to gas field
(GTW) or transfer gas to power plant close to consumer.
22. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
1. Air is compressed
in a compressor,
then mixed with the
gas fuel
2. Combustor ignites
air-gas mix, then
turn the gas turbine
3. Hot excess gas3. Hot excess gas
convert water into
steam in a Heat
Recovery Steam
Generator (HRSG)
4. Steam turns steam
turbine
5. Both gas & steam
turbine drive single
generator to
produce electricity
Simplified CCGT Power Plant block diagram
23. Methane Hydrate
• Methane hydrate / gas hydrate / methane ice / fire ice /
methane clathrate is a solid clathrate (chemical substance
consisting of a lattice that trap molecules) in which large
amount of methane (the biggest portion of natural gas) is
trapped within crystal structure of water, forming a solid
similar to ice.similar to ice.
• It is found naturally under sediments on the ocean floor.
• Method to transfer natural gas in the form of methane
hydrate is still under experiment, yet to commercialized.
24. Gas Sales Agreement (GSA)
• Due to high investment of gas production facility, long term
gas sales agreement must be established first prior to gas
field development.
• Normally, agreement must exist for at least 10 years.
• The most critical factor is gas price calculation.
• Gas price depends on field complexity, gas delivery• Gas price depends on field complexity, gas delivery
volume, sales period, seller economic criteria, buyer
capability, and local law & regulation.
• Gas price may be fixed over sales period, but normally it is
a function of oil price with floor (min) price to protect seller
and ceiling (max) price to protect buyer.
• That’s why, not like oil price which is same for similar oil
quality, gas price can vary even for the similar gas quality.
25. Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You –––– TerimaTerimaTerimaTerima KasihKasihKasihKasih
Petronas FLNG Satu (PFLNG Satu)
The world first Floating LNG on stream
26. About the Author
Puput Aryanto Risanto, PMP is a Project
Management Professional certified Sr. Project
Engineer with 12+ years experience in oil &
gas industry. Currently he is working for
Premier Oil Natuna Sea B.V. in Jakarta,
Indonesia. Previously he worked for Petronas
Carigali Sdn. Bhd. in KL, Malaysia, Premier OilCarigali Sdn. Bhd. in KL, Malaysia, Premier Oil
Natuna Sea B.V. in Jakarta and Total E&P
Indonesie in Balikpapan, Indonesia.
His expertise includes project engineering & management,
joint venture management, engineering & construction
management, & electrical engineering-construction-
inspection. He can be contacted at email
aryantorisanto@yahoo.com or linkedin Puput Aryanto Risanto.