IP addressing uses logical addressing at the network layer and includes both IP version 4 (32-bit) and version 6 (128-bit). MAC addressing uses physical addressing at the data link layer with a 48-bit address. IP addresses are divided into classes (A-E) based on the priority bit in the first octet, with each class designating a range of addresses and dividing the address into a network and host portion using subnet masks. Private IP addresses are reserved ranges that can be used internally without being routed on the public internet.

1. IP
ADDRESSING

2. IP ADDRESS
• IP addressing is logical addressing.
• Ip addressing works on Network Layer.
• Ip addressing have a two version scheme:-
1. IP V4 :-32-Bit
2. IP V6 :-128-Bit
• Current used Version is IP V4.
I.e. Four octet:- 8-Bit . 8-Bit . 8-Bit . 8-Bit

3. MAC ADDRESS
• Media Access Controller.
• MAC addressing in called Physical addressing.
• MAC addressing works in Data-link Layer.
• 48-Bit =
24-bit (Vendor code) + 24 –bit (Unique value).

4. IP Terminology
• Bit:- A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0
• Byte:- A byte is a 7 or 8 bits, depending on
whether parity is used.
• Octet:- An octet, made up of 8 bits.
• Network Address:- It is starting ip address of
network. And it is identity of that network.
• Broadcast address:- It is a last IP address of
network. And is used to send information to all
nodes on a network.

5. Total IP addressing scheme is divided
into 5 classes:-
• Class A :- LAN & WAN.
• Class B :- LAN & WAN.
• Class C :- LAN & WAN.
• Class D:- Multicasting.
• Class E :- R & D (E.g:- DoD).

6. •To identify the range of each class a bit called
priority bit is used.
• Priority bit is the left most bit in the first
octet.
Priority Bit
• Class A :- 0
• Class B :- 10
• Class C :- 110
• Class D :- 1110
• Class E :- 1111

7. CLASS A
• For class A first bit of first octet reserved
for 0
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
• Range for class A:-
0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
• Valid Range is 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
• 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.0 are reserved for
troubleshooting.

8. CLASS B
• For class B first two bit of first octet
reserved for 10
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
• Range for class B:-
128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

9. CLASS C
• For class C first three bits of first octet
reserved for 110
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
• Range for class C:-
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

10. CLASS D
• For class D first Four bits of first octet
reserved for 1110
1110xxxx.xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
• Range for class D:-
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

11. CLASS E
• For class E first four bits of first octet
reserved for 1111
1111xxxx.xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
• Range for class E:-
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

12. IP Address is divided in to Network
and Host Portion:-
Subnetmask
• CLASS A:- N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0
• CLASS B:- N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
• CLASS C:- N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
Subnet mask contain only network address.

13. CLASS A :-Networks & Hosts
• Network Bits:- 8-Bits
• No. of N/W =2^(8-1)
(-1 For priority bit)
• =128-2=126 N/W.
(-2 for 0 & 127)
• Host Bits:- 24-Bits
• No. of Host=2^24- 2
=16777216-2
=16777214 host/net.
(-2 for Network ID &
Broadcast ID).

14. CLASS B :-Networks & Hosts
• Network Bits:- 16-Bits
• No. of N/W =2^(16-2)
(-2 For priority bit)
=16384 N/W.
• Host Bits:- 16-Bits
• No. of Host=2^16- 2
=65536-2
=65534 host/net.
(-2 for Network ID &
Broadcast ID).

15. CLASS C :-Networks & Hosts
• Network Bits:-24-Bits
• Host Bits:- 8-Bits
• No. of N/W =2^(24-3)
• No. of Host=2^8- 2
(-3 for priority bit)
=256-2
=2097152 N/W.
=254 host/net.
(-2 for Network ID &
Broadcast ID).

16. Private IP Address:-
• There are certain IP address in each class which are
reserved for LAN.
• These address are called private address.
• These can be used for Home and Office network which are
not connected to the internet.
• Class A:- 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• Class B :- 172.16.0.0. To 172.31.255.255
• Class C :- 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255