This document provides an overview of a pharmacology course, including its format, evaluation methods, and recommended textbooks. It then defines key pharmacology terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. The rest of the document summarizes the sources of drugs, their dosage forms, routes of administration including enteral and parenteral, and the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body.

1. Introduction
DR. Heba A Mahmoud

2. Dental Pharmacology
Credit Hours : 2 Cr . hr
Duration : One semester
Course format:
2 lectures/week:
Thursday : :2-411-9

3. Course Evaluation
Evaluation (Total 10 0 marks):
1. Continuous Assessment: 5 0 Marks
• Three Written Quizzes, including short answer
questions.
( select the Best 2 Quizzes).
• No Make –up Exams
2. Final Written Examination: 5 0 Marks
Including MCQs.

4. Recommended Books
Pharmacology & dental therapeutics by
Robin A Seymour, John G Meechan
and Michael S Yates (Latest edition).
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by
Katzung (Latest edition).

5. Pharmacology
Pharmacology is : the study of drugs. This
include their origin, chemical structure, preparation,
administration, actions, metabolism and excretion.
What is a drug?
Drug is a substance used to:
Cure ,Control , Prevent or Diagnose disease

6. Definitions
Pharmacokinetics: study of the absorption, distribution,
biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of drugs (ADME).
Pharmacodynamics: study of biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs and study of mechanisms of drug action in living organisms.
Pharmacotherapeutics (clinical pharmacology): study the use of
drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
Toxicology: the study of poisons, including the adverse effects of
drugs on living organisms.

7. Naming of drugs
Three names

8. SOURCES OF DRUGS
NATURAL SOURCES:

Plant source: Digoxin, atropine and morphine

Animal source: Insulin

Microorganisms: Penicillin

Mineral source: Ferrous sulphate
SYNTHETIC SOURCE: Aspirin
GENETIC ENGINEERING (DNA-Recombinant technology.)
Human insulin

9. Dosage forms of drugs

10. 1. Solid dosage forms
TabletEffervescent tabletsPowder
Lozenges
Sublingual pelletCapsules (soft gelatin)Capsules (hard gelatin)Rectal suppository

11. 2. Liquid dosage forms
Solution
Suspension
Enema.

12. Liquid dosage forms
(cont.)

13. 3. Topical dosage
forms
They are applied on the surface of skin or
mucous membranes
•Ointments (semisolid), paints, lotions,
cream (semisolid), gel, eye drops and
nasal drops
•Implants
Drugs administered in small flexible
capsule. These capsules are surgically
implanted subdermally.
Transdermal patch

14. 4. Buccal dosage forms
Sublingual pellet
Lozenges
Mouth paint
Mouth gargle
Buccal spray

15. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small
and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract).
Parenteral = para beside= Beside enteral

16. 1.ORAL ROUTE
The most common and acceptable route.
Drug is administered as tablets, capsules, syrup,
sustained release tablet.
3. RECTAL ROUTE
Suppositories or enema.
ENTERAL ROUTES
2. SUBLINGUAL ROUTE

17. Parenteral ROUTE
1. Intradermal: (e.g. vaccination)
2. Subcutaneous injection (S.C.)
3. Intramuscular (I.M.) injection: the drug is injected into skeletal
muscle
Advantages
•Technically easier than I.V.
•No first pass metabolism and no food drug interaction
•Oily solution can be given
•A long term effect from a single dose can be achieved

18. 4. Intravenous (I.V.)
Either slow bolus injection or infusion method.
Advantages:
•100% bioavailability.
•The drug gets to the site of action more quickly which
required in emergency.
•Used when the alimentary route is not feasible (e.g., when the
patient is unconscious, or poor oral absorption).
•The dose can often be more accurately delivered.
•Large volumes can be delivered intravenously.
•Useful for irritant drug.

20. MISCELLANEOUS ROUTES
1) Topical administration: Drugs can be applied to various mucous membranes and skin.
2) Inhalation: it is the common route of administration for gaseous and volatile drugs.
-Drugs are given by inhalation are gases (gaseous general
anesthesia) or solution in the form of aerosol (by nebulizer or
atomizer)
-Provide a rapid access to systemic circulation.
-Used to apply drugs directly to the lungs e.g. bronchodilator in
asthma.
Advantages:
 Quick onset of action
 Dose required is less so systemic toxicity is minimized.
 Amount of drug can be regulated.
Disadvantage:
 Local irritation may cause increased respiratory secretions and bronchospasm
4 )Transdermal delivery system: by application of drugs to the skin for systemic effect.
5) Intranasal : as nasal spray.

21. PHARMACOKINETICS
What body does to drug?

23. ADME
1. Absorption of drugs
Movement of a drug from its site of administration
into the blood stream.
Factors affecting drug absorption
Degree of ionization
Degree of solubility
Degree of stability
Dose
Dosage form
First pass metabolism

24. Bioavailability
Percentage (%) of administered dose that
reaches systemic circulation
Bioavailability is 100% after IV
variables after oral administration
Factors that can alter bioavailability
Dosage form (e.g. tablet, capsule),
Route of administration,
Stability of the active ingredient in the
gastrointestinal tract, and
Extent of drug metabolism before reaching the
systemic circulation
First pass metabolism
Metabolism of some drugs in single passage through (gut, liver,
lung) before reaching systemic circulation

25. ADME
2. Drug Distribution
process by which a drug leaves the blood
stream and enters the extra vascular tissues
Factors controlling distribution:
Blood flow to the organ
Binding of drugs to plasma proteins
Barriers to drug distribution
Capillary permeability
Physical and chemical characteristics of drug

26. Drugs in the plasma may exist in the free form or may be bound to plasma
proteins.
General features of plasma protein binding
-The extent of plasma protein binding is highly variable and ranges from
virtually 0% to greater than 99%-bound.
-Only the free (unbound) drug diffuses through capillary walls and
produce action.
Consequences of plasma protein binding:
A. Plasma protein binding decreases distribution, metabolism and
renal excretionof drug
B. Drug interactions can be produced by plasma protein binding if
several drugs compete for binding sites on protein molecules.
Plasma protein binding

27. ADME
Drug Metabolism
Definition: chemical alteration of drugs in
the body.
Aim:
It’s an important mechanism to terminate
action of some drugs

28. Sites of drug metabolism
1-Organs:
liver (main site),
Lung,
kidney,
GIT,
Plasma,
.

29. Factors affecting drug metabolism

Hepatic Microsomal enzyme( presence of enzyme
inducers or enzyme inhibitors )

Genetics.

Age

Gender

Diet

Disease

Route of administration

Dosage

Hepatic Microsomal enzyme( presence of enzyme
inducers or enzyme inhibitors )

Genetics.

Age

Gender

Diet

Disease

Route of administration

Dosage

30. Hepatic Microsomal enzyme

Hepatic Microsomal enzyme Inducers:
They increase Metabolism of drugs leading to decrease their
action.
Examples: Phenobarbitone, Phenytoin, Tobacco
Smoking, Ethyl Alcohol

Hepatic Microsomal enzyme Inhibitors:
 They decrease Metabolism of drugs leading to increase
their action.
Examples: Oestrogens, Progesterone, Cimetidine

31. ADME
Drug Elimination
Definition: Removal of drug from the
body.
Routes of elimination:
Drug metabolism
Elimination via kidney and other routes

32. ADME
Drug Elimination
Renal (main organ for drug excretion)
GIT
Sweat
Lungs
Milk
Nose.
Organs involved in drug excretion

33. Factors affecting renal excretion
1- Glomerular filtration rate.
2- Change in urinary pH:
• Alkalinization of urine (by NaHCO3
) leading to increase
excretion of acid drugs e.g. aspirin, barbiturates.
• Acidification of urine (by NH4
CL or vit. C) leading to increase
excretion of base drugs e.g. ephedrine, morphine.