1. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs act on biological systems and their therapeutic and toxic effects.
2. The study includes drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion by the body (pharmacokinetics) as well as the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body (pharmacodynamics).
3. Key areas of pharmacology include understanding drug-receptor interactions, adverse drug reactions, pharmacogenomics, clinical trials, and drug safety monitoring.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Drug Antagonism
The effect of one drug blocked (or inhibited) due to another drug is said to be antagonism. In other word, an interaction between two or more drugs that have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce effectiveness of one or more of the drugs.
e.g., atropine blocks the action of acetylcholine
Types of antagonism
1. Pharmacological antagonism: Competitive and Non-Competitive
2. Physiological antagonism
3. Chemical antagonism
Competitive Antagonism
If both the agonist and the antagonist compete for the same receptor in a reversible manner, they are said to be “competitive.” The antagonist drug interacts with the receptor and blocks it. Therefore it does not produce pharmacological action. The extent of antagonism depends on number of receptors occupied by the both drugs (agonist and antagonist), their affinity for receptors and their concentration. The increase in concentration of either one of these drugs can displace the other from receptor binding sites. Drugs interact with their receptors by weak bonds i.e. ionic bond or Hydrogen bond or Vander wal force. Hence duration of action of drug is short. Both agonist and antagonist have chemical resemblance (structural similarity).
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Drug Antagonism
The effect of one drug blocked (or inhibited) due to another drug is said to be antagonism. In other word, an interaction between two or more drugs that have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce effectiveness of one or more of the drugs.
e.g., atropine blocks the action of acetylcholine
Types of antagonism
1. Pharmacological antagonism: Competitive and Non-Competitive
2. Physiological antagonism
3. Chemical antagonism
Competitive Antagonism
If both the agonist and the antagonist compete for the same receptor in a reversible manner, they are said to be “competitive.” The antagonist drug interacts with the receptor and blocks it. Therefore it does not produce pharmacological action. The extent of antagonism depends on number of receptors occupied by the both drugs (agonist and antagonist), their affinity for receptors and their concentration. The increase in concentration of either one of these drugs can displace the other from receptor binding sites. Drugs interact with their receptors by weak bonds i.e. ionic bond or Hydrogen bond or Vander wal force. Hence duration of action of drug is short. Both agonist and antagonist have chemical resemblance (structural similarity).
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
Pharmacotherapeutics is specially for the utilization of medicines in the treatment of diseases, conditions and symptoms. This Pharmacotherapeutics presentation basically contains about the introduction to pharmacotherapeutics, its scope and objectives.
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics is an upcoming branch in therapeutics. Various pharmacogenomic tests are currently available to aid in actual clinical practice. It has shown to have promising results in personalized medicine It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles, and online journals. Please feel free to comment.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
7. 7 • This Receptors are Present in Every cells
• They come to cell membrane when any
abnormality occurs (HELP/S.O.S)
• Drug comes in Blood stream and acts
where there are receptors, rest eliminates
• When Cell becomes normal, Receptors
Down Regulate
14. 6. Pharmacovigilance14
Study of Adverse Drug Reactions
7. Pharmacotherapeutics
Study of Drug Therapy management
8. Toxicology
Study of overdosing and toxicity
16. Exact Definitions16
1. Pharmacology: Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and
pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or
medication action, which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on
the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.
2. Pharmacokinetics: It is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determine
the fate of substances administered to a living organism. Pharmacokinetics
is the study of how an organism affects a drug.
3. Pharmacodynamics: Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the
biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is
the study of how the drug affects the organism.
4. Pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the
genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- + genomics) reflects its
combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes
how the genetic makeup of an individual affects his/her response to drugs.
17. Exact Definitions17
5. Pharmacogenetics: A Branch of Pharmacology, that deals with individual
genes of organism and its affect in pharmacological Therapy.
6. Pharmacovigilance: Pharmacovigilance (PV), also known as drug safety, is
the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection,
assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with
pharmaceutical products.
7. Pharmacotherapeutics: It is a branch concerned with the study of the
therapeutic uses and effects of drugs (Therapy).
8. Toxicology: It involves the study of the toxic effects of chemical substances
on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures
to toxins and toxicants.
18. Exact Definitions18
9. Clinical Pharmacy: A Branch of Pharmacology, that deals with evaluation
of drug effect on humans (Clinical Trials)
10. Pharmacoepidemiology: Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the uses
and effects of drugs in well-defined populations (Demography)
21. 21
Drug
A medicine or other chemical substance which has a
physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced
into the body.
Nomenclature of Drug:
• Chemical name: Para-aceta amino phenol
• Generic name: Paracetamol
• Brand name: Calpol, Dolo-650, Panadol, Tylenol
• Prototype name: Unique code given during discovery
22. 22
Receptor
A receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical
signals from outside a cell. When such chemical signals bind
to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue
response.
All Receptors are Proteins, but not all proteins are receptors
Examples of Receptors: alpha, beta, Thyroid receptors,
muscarinic receptors, nicotinic receptors, µ receptors
Main Classes: Ion channels, GPCR Family, Kinase Linked,
Nuclear Receptors
24. 24
Affinity
The ability of drug to bind
with receptor is termed as
affinity.
Efficacy/Intrinsic
activity
The capability of drug to
initiate or trigger the
pharmacological action in
cells or tissue is termed as
intrinsic activity or Efficacy
25. 25
Agonist
The molecule, which posses
both Affinity and Efficacy
with the receptor is agonist.
Antagonist
The molecule, which has
affinity but NO efficacy, is
termed as Antagonist
27. 27
Receptor Sensitization
Whenever any abnormality
takes place, the cells gets
sensitized and releases
receptors from lysosomes,
this receptors reaches to cell
membrane and protrude
outside the membrane. This
phenomenon is called
Receptor Sensitization.
Receptor Downregulation
When all drug molecules are
consumed and cell returns to
normal physiology, the receptors
on surface gets back inside
cytoplasm and gets packed into
lysosomes. This phenomenon is
called receptor downregulation.
28. 28
Adverse Effects/Event
An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or
other therapy. Adverse effects may be mild, moderate, or severe, and may be
caused by something other than the drug or therapy being given. Also called
adverse event.
Bizarre Delayed
ChronicAugmented
End of
Treatment
29. 29
Insulin - Hypoglycemia
Penicillin – Skin Rash
Paracetamol - Hepatotoxicity(Chronic)
Teratogenic Effects
Relapse on withdrawal of drug
Tuberculosis MDR(Failure of Therapy)
Because of mutations in Genes
Histamine over release
Idiosyncratic reactions
30. 30
A biological process, made to occur in or on a biological tissue but in
an artificial environment, outside the organism, with the minimum
alteration of natural conditions
Ex Vivo