The document summarizes the causes and events of the Latin American revolutions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It discusses four main causes: 1) Enlightenment ideas influenced leaders like Bolivar, 2) Creole elites were discontent with lack of power, 3) Inspiration from the American and French Revolutions, and 4) European powers like Spain and Portugal were distracted by the Napoleonic Wars. Key figures like Bolivar and San Martin led revolutions that resulted in independence for many Latin American countries by the 1820s, though Bolivar's dream of uniting them failed. The new nations struggled with problems like infighting, poverty, and the rise of authoritarian caudillo leaders.

2. European Empires:European Empires:
1660s1660s

3. 16c-18c:16c-18c:
New Ideas Brewing inNew Ideas Brewing in
EuropEuropee

4. Causes of LatinCauses of Latin
AmericanAmerican
RevolutionsRevolutions1. Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John
Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau;
Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
2. Creole discontent at being left out of
government jobs and trade concessions.
3. Inspiration of American and French
Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in
fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

5. 1. Enlightenment Ideas1. Enlightenment Ideas
1. Laws of nature [NATURAL LAWS]
govern natural science and human
society.
2. Give people rights  life, liberty,
property!
3. Make fair societies based on reason
possible.
4. Challenged the theory of “Divine
Right” monarchy.

6. EnlightenmentEnlightenment
ThinkersThinkers

7. 2. Creole Discontent2. Creole Discontent

8. 3. Inspiration of American3. Inspiration of American
& French Revolutions& French Revolutions
Declaration ofDeclaration of
Independence, 1776Independence, 1776
Declaration of theDeclaration of the
Rights of Man & of theRights of Man & of the
Citizen, 1789Citizen, 1789

9. 4. Preoccupation of Spain4. Preoccupation of Spain
& Portugal In Fighting& Portugal In Fighting
Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

10. Napoleon on the MarchNapoleon on the March
Provides a model & a diversion!Provides a model & a diversion!

11. Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!

12. Toussaint L’OuvetureToussaint L’Ouveture
Leads a RevolutionLeads a Revolution
in Haitiin Haiti
(1804)(1804)

13. SimónSimón
Bolivar:Bolivar:
The “Brains”The “Brains”
of theof the
RevolutionRevolution
 Creole leader of
the revolutions in
Venezuela.
 Spent time in
Europe and the
newly-independent
United States.

14. Simón Bolivar Meets JoséSimón Bolivar Meets José
de San Martinde San Martin

15. The “Muscle” ofThe “Muscle” of
the Revolutionthe RevolutionBolivar comingBolivar coming
from thefrom the
North.North.
José de St. MartínJosé de St. Martín andand
Bernard O’HigginsBernard O’Higgins cross thecross the
Andes Mountains.Andes Mountains.

16. Bolivar & San MartinBolivar & San Martin
Fight for Independence!Fight for Independence!

17. Bolivar’sBolivar’s
AccomplishmentAccomplishment

18. Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure
 After uniting Venezuela,
Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran
Columbia, he left to help free
the rest of Latin America.
 He died a year later, with his
goal of uniting all of South
America unfulfilled!

19. LatinLatin
AmericanAmerican
StatesStates
After theAfter the
RevolutioRevolutio
nsns

21. 1. Brazil Freed from1. Brazil Freed from
PortugalPortugal
 The Portuguese royal
family escaped
Napoleon by fleeing to
Brazil.
 Pedro I set up a new,
independent kingdom in
1821 when his father
returned to Portugal.
 Pedro II assumed full
power after Pedro I
abdicated his throne.

22. 2. Independence2. Independence
for Spanish & Portuguesefor Spanish & Portuguese
Latin AmericaLatin America
 By the mid-1820s, revolts create
many newly-independent nations.
$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti
$ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins
in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile,
Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the
United Provinces of Central
America, and Gran Columbia!

23. 3. No Unity!3. No Unity!
 Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united
South America:
$ Many newly independent countries
struggle with civil wars.
 By 1830s, geographic factors (mts.,
the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural
differences defeated attempts at
unification.
$ Gran Columbia.
$ United Provinces of Central
America.

24. 4. Independence4. Independence
Brought More PovertyBrought More Poverty
 The wars
disrupted trade.
 The wars
devastated the
cities and the
countryside.

25. 5. Left Many Countries5. Left Many Countries
in the Control ofin the Control of
CaudillosCaudillos
 WHO WERE THEY?:
$ Mid-19c dictators  military
authoritarianism.
$ Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats.
$ Immediately followed the fight for
independence.
$ Posed as reformers with goals to
improve the economy and better
the lives of the common people.

26. 5. Left Many Countries5. Left Many Countries
in the Control ofin the Control of
CaudillosCaudillos
 WHO WERE THEY?:
$ BUT…Overthrew governments and
took away basic human rights.
$ Some attempted to make
improvements, but most just cared
about themselves and their families
and friends [nepotism].
$ Power changes usually occurred at
bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

27. What is the Message?What is the Message?

28. Additional ProblemsAdditional Problems
6. Feuds among leaders.
7. Geographic barriers.
8. The social hierarchy continued
from the past.
9. Conservatives favored the old
social order.
10. Liberals wanted land reform.
11. Dependence on foreign nations for
capital and for economic
investments.

29. The Caribbean:The Caribbean:
An “American Lake”An “American Lake”

30. ““The ColossusThe Colossus
of the North”of the North”
2 US dominated affairs in the
Americas.
2 1823 – Monroe Doctrine.
2 US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
2 US gains independence for Cuba.
2 Roosevelt Corollary – US will police
the America.
2 US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti,
Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.
2 US built Panama Canal – “Yankee
imperialism.”

31. The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

32. ““Big Stick” ForeignBig Stick” Foreign
PolicyPolicy

33. Cause of the MexicanCause of the Mexican
Revolution of 1910?Revolution of 1910?

34. Mexican RevolutionariesMexican Revolutionaries
EmilianoEmiliano
ZapataZapata
Francisco I MaderoFrancisco I Madero
VenustianoVenustiano
CarranzaCarranza
Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz
Pancho VillaPancho Villa

35. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution
 Victoriano Huerta seizes control of
Mexico and puts Madero in prison
where he was murdered.
 Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa,
Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro
Obregon fought against Huerta.
 The U.S. also got involved by
occupying Veracruz and Huerta
fled the country.
 Eventually Carranza would gain
power in Mexico.

36. 1913: Economic1913: Economic
Imperialism?Imperialism?

37. U. S. GlobalU. S. Global
InvestmentsInvestments
in 1914in 1914