Latin America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century through a series of independence movements and wars. The period from 1810-1824 saw most Latin American countries declare independence, including Mexico in 1821, Brazil in 1822, and Peru in 1824. After achieving independence, the new nations worked to establish stable political and economic systems during a turbulent period of the 1820s and 1830s, with many experiencing political instability and conflict.
This presentation is intended to educate anyone wishing to distribute a product in Latin America. Although it is healthcare specific, it may be used as a guide for any other products.
Strong capital inflows and comprehensive trade and financial liberalization characterized the last decade in the majority of Latin American countries. Despite some modest improvement in poverty incidence, the evolution of employment, wages and income distribution has frustrated even the most “Panglossian” of the Washington Consensus’s policy maker that largely run the continent along the last years.
Considering the evolution of household income distribution along the last two decades in Latin America countries an comprehensive analysis observed an asymmetrical pattern of growth with a high income concentration during the “lost decade” of 80’s and a distributive rigidity during a more expansionist phase observed in average in the region along the nineties (Sáinz, and Fuente (2001). But even this evaluation can not be assured since there is a strong underestimation of the income of the richer strata. Due to a disappearance of regular jobs in the continent a polarization process with a hollowing out of middle class and a top-driven increase in inequality seems to be happening in many countries in recent years as a social consequence of the economic and structural changes led by external opening . But unfortunately this performance is not the bottom line. Nowadays an implosive decline is taking place in Argentina with tragic consequences on poverty incidence.
Given the diversity of experiences of liberalization in the continent and the superposition of many economic and social changes to identify and even more to isolate the effects of trade and financial liberalization on income distribution it is not a simple question.
In an effort to bridge a classical/sraffian theory of income distribution with a structuralist approach to economic development and a institutionalist approach to labor markets, this paper tries to address to these questions considering the balance of payment constraint through its effect on interest rate, exchange rate, relative prices and in GDP growth as the dominant macroeconomic force shaping income distribution. Some routes can be singularized. From the classical/sraffian surplus approach emerges the proposition that there is an inverse relation between the rate of interest (formed exogenously by monetary forces) and product wage. This relationship will be considered as a clue factor connecting financial liberalization and functional income distribution. From this perspective, the level of productivity in wages goods sector is essential for the determination of real wages.
From the classical and structuralist approach we retain the basic conception that in a surplus labor economy economic growth generates not only a reduction in poverty – an indisputable stylized fact- but trough an increase in formal employment an improvement in the distribution of labor income. From both approaches we take that structural heterogeneity between sectors is a primary source of income differentiation. Thus, the impact of e
Week 5 Worksheet HST276 Version 23Week 5 Worksheet As you.docxcockekeshia
Week 5 Worksheet
HST/276 Version 2
3Week 5 Worksheet
As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. Revolutionary France
a. Burdened by debt from the Seven Years’ War and French support for the American Revolution, King needed to raise taxes, so he agreed to convene the , which met in 1789 at Versailles. Led by the —those outside the aristocracy or church— a new was declared on June 17, 1789. Its members swore, in the Tennis Court Oath, to create a new for France.
b. Nervous about the new National Constituent Assembly, the king gathered troops near Versailles and in early July of 1789. The citizens of , anxious about the royal troops, formed a militia and, on July 14, 1789, stormed the fortress of the city, the , earning a position in the French Revolution for -class people.
c. Following the events of July 14, 1789, workers in many French cities formed militias, and peasants rose up in the countryside in a movement called the . To confront these threats, aristocrats and clergy in the National Constituent Assembly surrendered many of their privileges on August , 1789, establishing the same and equal laws for all French citizens. The National Constituent Assembly went on to issue the Declaration on August 27, 1789. The king hesitated to ratify either of these decisions.
d. Worried that the king might suppress the revolution and demanding more , the of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789, and returned with the royal family, who moved to the palace of the in the city, where popular pressure could be maintained.
e. In 1790, the National Constituent Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the , which declared government control over the Church in France. They demanded that priests and bishops swear to support the Civil Constitution and declared those who refused to take the oath were and prohibited them from conducting religious ceremonies. These actions convinced the , in February of 1791, to denounce the Civil Constitution and the . The National Constituent Assembly replaced the traditional provinces with , founded uniform courts, and established the system of measurement.
f. The Constitution of 1791, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, established a constitutional that limited many people, including all women, from voting. The new Legislative Assembly declared war on in 1792. The war initially went poorly, and revolutionaries grew more radical. On August 10, 1792, the people of Paris invaded the palace, forcing the king and queen to flee to the , which held them comfortably but did not allow them any political power.
g. During the second revolution, the new radical government of Paris, the executed hundreds of criminals, calling them counterrevolutionaries, during the Massacres. This gove.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
2. Latin American Independence 1700-1788 Spanish monarchs introduce economic and political policies known as the Bourbon Reforms. These measures create new opportunities and conflicts within the colonies, as they expand trade, reorganize government authority, and establish colonial armies. 1804 Haiti, a former French colony, becomes an independent nation after a slave revolt and years of war 1806 Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda launches an unsuccessful invasion to seek Venezuela's independence from Spain. 1807 France attacks Portugal, forcing the Portuguese queen and her government to flee to Brazil. 1808 France occupies Spain, deposing King Ferdinand VII and placing Joseph Bonaparte on the throne; Spaniards rebel against the French. 1810 Responding to events in Spain, Spanish-American colonists form their own governments 1810 Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launches a revolt on September 16 against the colonial rulers of New Spain (Mexico). The rebels are defeated and Hidalgo is executed in 1811. 1811 Paraguay (May 14) and Venezuela (July 5) each declare their independence 1814 Uruguay declares its independence 1814 Chilean independence forces led by Bernardo O'Higgins are defeated on October 1 in the Battle of Rancagua, and Chile again becomes a royal colony. 1815 Brazil becomes a separate kingdom equal to Portugal, ruled by the Portuguese monarch in Rio de Janeiro 1816 Buenos Aires and nearby provinces declare their independence from Spain .
3. Latin American Independence 1817 Independence leader José de San Martín defeats royalist forces on February 12 in the Battle of Chacabuco near Santiago, Chile 1818 Chile declares its independence on February 12. 1819 General Simón Bolívar defeats royalist forces in the Battle of Boyacá on August 7; the Republic of Colombia (also known as Gran Colombia) is proclaimed on December 17, consisting of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. 1820 A liberal revolution in Portugal brings the king back from Brazil, leaving his son Pedro as regent. 1821 Bolívar wins the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, ensuring Venezuela's independence. 1821 San Martín's army captures Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, on July 10; Peru's independence is proclaimed July 28. 1821 The Plan of Iguala declares Mexico an independent empire. 1821 Central America declares its independence from Spain on September 15. 1822 Prince Pedro proclaims Brazil independent from Portugal. 1822 Independence forces win the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, liberating Quito (Ecuador) from Spanish rule. 1 823 The Mexican Empire dissolves, and the Republic of Mexico is proclaimed. 1823 Central America declares itself an independent federation, the United Provinces of Central America, on July 1. 1824 Royalists are defeated on December 9 in the Battle of Ayacucho in southern Peru, ending Spanish rule in South America.
4. Latin America At Midcentury First quarter-century of independent life brought numerous changes to Latin America There had been an increase in political turbulence, though with important variations among countries, and an increase in the extent of political participation as compared to the colonial era The decade of the 1820s did in fact see a flurry of reform activity almost everywhere The 1830s and 1840s were typified instead by a preoccupation with the attainment of order and a generally moderate approach to questions of religious, social, or economic policy The mood of Latin America, or at least of the middle and upper sectors of the population, changed again about mid-century, as most countries entered a period of around twenty-five to thirty years in which economic growth provided a renewed basis for optimism and liberal reformers generally seized the political initiative Economic growth was in fact the key variable-and it was by no means the only influence at work-it was centered General international trade increased five times from 1840 to 1870, and U.S. exports almost eight times from 1845 to 1880 An even more striking exception in some ways is Ecuador. In the early 1850s it both freed slaves and expelled Jesuits, and in 1857 it permanently abolished Indian tribute But from 1860 to 1875, it slipped under the control of Gabriel Garcia Moreno, who not only brought back the Jesuits but made Roman Catholicism an express condition for citizenship and had the nation formally dedicated, in a grand public ceremony, to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Garcia Moreno was a single-minded devotion to maintaining the sway of the Roman Catholic religion set him definitely apart from other rulers of his day and made him a symbol of repressive obscurantism to liberals throughout Latin America
5.
6. British and latin America 'Spanish America is free,' George Canning, the British Foreign Secretary, asserted in December 1824, 'and if we do not mismanage our affairs sadly, she is English Leaders of the new nations regarded diplomatic recognition by the United Kingdom as essential for both their economic development and their political security Canning's success in advancing Britain's economic interests during the period of Latin American independence marked the culmination of more than two hundred years of attempts by privateers, merchants and ministers to break into the monopoly of the Spanish and Portuguese empires and to promote Britain's influence there against its commercial rivals, particularly the French. The first real concessions came in 1810, when the British government negotiated preferential trading privileges in Brazil in return for its support for the Portuguese royal family during the Napoleonic Wars In the Spanish empire, where the struggle for emancipation lasted from about 1810 until 1825 The British mania for Latin America rose in a crescendo early in 1825, just after the government's decision to grant formal recognition to some of the new nations. Latin America's exports began to grow in value. Products like hides and wool from the River Plate, copper from Chile and guano from Peru found markets in Britain and elsewhere in Europe.
8. Latin America’s wars of the 19th century On February 1, 1820, some 1,600 Provincials from Santa Fe and Entre Rios led by Estanislao Lopez defeated 2,000 Porteños (those inhabiting the port of Buenos Aires) led by Jose Rondeau at the Battle of Cepeda Only 900 escaped death or capture The Provincials compelled the Porteños to sign the Treaty of Pilar on February 23 which created a federation within modem Argentina. In 1820 and 1824 no federation existed; each province was sovereign. In 1816 the Congress of Tucuman belatedly declared independence of the United Provinces of South America from Spain In 1819 the Congress in Buenos Aires dominated by the Portenos (having earned the enmity of the provinces by migrating from Tucuman) drafted a Unitarian, Centralist constitution which was opposed by the caudillos who ruled in the provinces-Estanislao Lopez in Santa Fe; Pedro Ramirez in Entre Rios; Martin Guemes in Salta; and BernabeAraoz in Tucuman In the 1820s, the population of Argentina was about 600,000 people. About one-quarter lived in the province of Buenos Aires . Buenos aireswas stronger than any other province but not equal to their combined weight. Of the 150,000 people living in the province of Buenos Aires, many lived in the port
9. Latin America’s wars of the 19th century Juan Manuel de Rosas dominated the Rio de la Plata from the late 1820s through the early 1850s. To this day, he is characterized as a "saint" by some and a "devil" by others. Those who laud this caudillo dwell on his opposition to the incursions of European nations into the region. Those who demonize Rosas focus on his brutality. His armies usually included an individual with the "rank" of executioner. Those executed typically had their throats slit.
10. Argentina during this period 1776 Viceroyaltyof Rio de la Plata created, seat at Buenos Aires 1806-07 British expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo 1810 Cabildoabierto in Buenos Aires (May 25), provisional junta created; Buenos Aires fails to extend control over Upper Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay 1816 Congress of Provincial Representatives, Tucumán, declares independence from Spain 1819-20 Congress moves to Buenos Aires, drafts centralist constitution; rejected by provinces, collapse of central government 1821-28 Brazil occupies and annexes Uruguay; Buenos Aires province supports Uruguayan patriots, defeats Brazilian forces in 1827; British negotiate new buffer state of Uruguay 1826-27 Collapse of new centralist government led by President Bernardino Rivadavia of Buenos Aires 1828-29 Civil war in Buenos Aires province, between Centralists and Federalists; Juan Manuel de Rosas assumes power in province, to govern until 1852. 1838-40,1845-48 French and British blockades of Rio de la Plata and port of Buenos Aires 1851-52 JustoJosédeUrquiza of Entre Rios province, with Brazilian and Uruguayan forces, campaigns against and defeats Rosas of Buenos Aires 1852-61 Civil war between provincial Confederation under Urquiza and Buenos Aires province
11. Argentina during this period 1853 Liberal Constitution drafted and passed by Confederation 1862 Unification of Argentine Republic, following victory of Buenos AiresGeneralBartoloméMitre, governor of Buenos Aires, first President of a unified Argentina 1865-70 War of the Triple Alliance: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay; won by allies 1870S Beginning of massive European immigration to littoral provinces (Buenos Aires, Santa Fe,Entre Rios, Corrientes) 1879 Gen. Julio A. Roca leads Argentine Army in Campaign of the Desert against Pampas Indians 1880 General Roca elected president; City of Buenos Aires federalized after brief civil war 1880-1916 Political control by Conservative Party 1882-89 Economic boom, massive foreign investment, land speculation, immigration, railroad and public works construction, agricultural expansion 1890-95 Economic collapseCreation of Radical and Socialist partiesRadical party revolts (1890, 1893, 1895) 1904-12 Economic boom: railroad construction, immigration, growth of cities 1912 Saenz Peña Law brings full male suffrage