world civilization chapter 23

1. NATION- BUILDING IN THE AMERICAS

2. 
CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Latin American Gain their Independence
National Unity Develops Slowly in Latin American
The United States Expands
The United States Survives the civil war and grows Stronger
Canada Becomes a Nation

3. 
Latin Americans Gain their Independence
In 1700’s the 1st successful independence of the Latin American in
the west indies.
In 1789 Revolutionaries in France issued the declaration of Rights
of Man and citizen.
Vicente Oge called for similar rights of citizenship for the free
mulattos of St. Domingue.
In 1791 Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture revels drove the French
from St. Domingue.
In 1804 after 13 years of war, revolutionaries declared their part
of the island of Hipaniola the independent nation of Haiti.

4. 
Bolivar Liberates northern South
America
 in 1804 Napoleon invaded Spain and put his brother on the
throne.
Francisco de Miranda tried twice to Free his country from
Spanish rule.
Simon Bolivar also defeated but never gave up, however he
became the most significant figure in S.A.
In 1816 Bolivar gained help from Haiti and after 6 years Bolivar
captured the city of Bogota.
In 1822 the city of Quito was captured by Antonio Jose de Sucre.
Bolivar became president of the newly independent nation
known as Great Colombia

5. 
San Martin Frees southern South
America
 Jose de San Martin led a military force north from
Argentina and had been independent since 1806.
In 1817, San Martin`s troops captured Santiago, Chile.
In 1821 they capture Lima the capital of Peru .
San Martin sailed north from Peru to Guayaquil to meet
Bolivar secretly.
In December 9, 1824 the final battle lasted just an hour, this
battle marked the triumph of the independence movement
in South America.

6. 
Independence movement in New
Spain creates the nation of Mexico
 Miguel Hidalgo decided to act quickly on
September 16.
 Jose Maria Morelos took the next leadership.
 in 1815 the death of Morelos.
In 1812 Spain revolted and forced the King to
restore the liberal constitution.
In 1821 Mexicans declared their independence.

7. 
Brazil follows a peaceful road to
Independence
 by 1800 Portugal's colony of Brazil gained
Independence peacefully.
In 1807 when Napoleon’s armies invaded
Portugal, King John VI and his family escaped to
brazil.
In 1821 the King returned to Portugal and left
his Son Pedro to rule Brazil and became the
Pedro I.

8. 
Europe's dominance of Latin
America ends.
 20 years from Haiti`s
Independence in 1804 to the
battle of Ayacucho in 1824,
Europe dominance of Latin
America was ended.

9. 
Creole Dominate Latin American
Economies
They took over the plantations had been
owned by the Spaniards.
They are willing to share their political or
economic power.
Several years they trade farming and
showed developing industry or banking.

10. 
Dictators control the Government
 Caudillo established leaders known as
“Caudillos” w/c means “chiefs”
Caudillos are appointees were
unqualified and corrupt, these period in
19th century in Latin America is often
called the Age of Caudillos.

11. 
Caudillos unify Chile and Argentina
 Caudillo Portales controlled Chile 1830 to 1837,
although he never became its president.
He stressed the importance of economic growth and
used funds from foreign investors.
1833 Portales drew up constitution, giving the
president a veto power.
Juan Manuel Rosas ruled the country harshly,
eliminating all position like Portales from 1835 to 1852.

12. 
Reforms lead to war in Mexico
 in 1855 the longest and most savage
struggle between church and state took place
in Mexico.
Benito Juarez wrote many reforms into
constitution of 1857.
The bloody war of the reform ( 1858 – 1860).

13. 
France tries to take over Mexico
 in 1862 the civil war increased the huge debts.
 in 1865 Archduke Maximilian was Installed as the
emperor of Mexico w/ the support of Napoleon III.
In 1866 the tide turned in Juarez favour when U.S,
its civil war over, pressured France to leave Mexico.
Juarez served Mexico`s President until his death in
1872.

14. 
Mexico`s Economy developed
under Diaz
In 1876 Portifirio Diaz came to power
he ruled Mexico until 1910.
 treasury produced the 1st surplus in
history of the Mexican republic.
Mexicans look upon Diaz Dictatorship
as a necessary step in development.

15. 
U.S Expands
19th century U.S expanded and grew more
powerful while establishing a strong central
government under the constitution w/c
had been ratified in 1788.
In 1800`s territorial expansion tested the
ability of new government to maintain
unity in a rapidly growing nation

16. 
Factors strengthen central
government
In 1789 George Washington the 1st President of the
U.S and a Hero of the American revolution, helped
strengthen the new nation’s central government.
Congress set up a power in court system which did
in 1789.
From 1801 – 1835 John Marshall Court’s Chief
Justice was another factor in strengthening the C.G.

17. 
New Nation double in size
 in 1783 the land of U.S stretched to the
Mississippi river to west Louisiana Territory.
 in 1800, Spain ceded the area to France.
President Thomas Edison feared that Napoleon,
planned to established an empire in the Americas.
Jefferson Offered to buy New Orleans.
In 1803 U.S was able to buy New Orleans but the
entire Louisiana Territory.

18. 
U.S and Britain fight another war
In early 1800`s Britain and France wee at
war, President Jefferson hoped U.S remain
Neutral.
In 1812 U.S declared war on Britain lasted
until in 1814.
Treaty of Ghent ended the war, and no
lands changed hands.

19. 
The war of 1812 strengthens U.S
The war of 1812 “second war of independence”
Another outcome was grater economic
independence for U.S.
In 1816 young American industries compete w/
other countries.
Congress passed a Protective Tariff – a tax on
manufactured goods imported from the
countries.

20. 
U.S Gains Florida
In1818 President James
Monroe ordered Gen. Andrew
Jackson to stop Indians raid.
In 1819 Spain Gave up Florida

21. 
U.S declares the Americas closed
to Colonization.
 in 1823 U.S took forceful stand on European
involvement in Latin America.
Monroe declared that the American continents were
“henceforth not to be considered as a subjects for
future colonization by any European powers”
new policy known as Monroe Doctrine, “to extend
their system to any portion of this hemisphere as
dangerous to our peace and safety.”

22. 
Americans gain a sense of
destiny
 Manifest Destiny – belief
that the country had an
unquestionable right to
extend to the pacific ocean.

23. 
Texas wins independence
By 1830 Mexican allowed foreigners to settle in Texas.
Gen. Santa Anna Mexico`s Harsh ruler.
Texans declared their independence on March 2, 1836
and soon after captured the city of San Antonio.
Remember the Alamo became the rallying cry of the
Texans.
In April Sam Houston defeated the Mexicans and
captured Santa Anna.

24. 
War w/ Mexico expands U.S
In 1845 U.S congress voted to
annex.
May 1846, Congress declared war
on Mexico.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
Signed in Febuary1848.

25. 
More Lands is added Peacefully
In June,1846 a treaty between U.S and
Britain establishing the boundary between
Canada and Oregon Territory.
 in 1853, Mexico sold the U.S about 30,000
sq. miles of land in what are now the estate
of Arizona and New Mexico, known as the
Gadsden Purchased.

26. 
Political and Educational
Changes
Early 1800’s generally allowed all white
men to vote.
1840 almost all white men in U.S could
vote.
By 1860, public elementary schools were
common in the north and west and few
public High schools also had been started.

27. 
Debate over slavery leads to war
 Abolition – ending of slavery throughout the country.
 1820`s – 1850`s Congress tried to balance the interest of
the North and South.
1860 – Abraham Lincoln was elected as a President.
Secede – that is they formally withdrew from the
union.
 April 1861 – Lincoln promised to “Preserve, Protect
and Defend.”