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Chapter 23
This document provides an overview of nation-building efforts in the Americas between the late 18th century and mid-19th century. It describes how Latin American countries gained independence from European rule, through leaders like Bolivar and San Martin, leading to the end of European dominance by 1824. It also outlines the expansion and strengthening of the United States through territorial growth, wars, and political and economic developments, until tensions over slavery erupted into the American Civil War in 1861.
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Chapter 23
- 1. NATION- BUILDING INTHE AMERICAS
- 2. CHAPTER OUTLINE LatinAmerican Gain their Independence National Unity Develops Slowly in Latin American The United States Expands The United States Survives the civil war and grows Stronger Canada Becomes a Nation
- 3. Latin Americans Gaintheir Independence In 1700’s the 1st successful independence of the Latin American in the west indies. In 1789 Revolutionaries in France issued the declaration of Rights of Man and citizen. Vicente Oge called for similar rights of citizenship for the free mulattos of St. Domingue. In 1791 Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture revels drove the French from St. Domingue. In 1804 after 13 years of war, revolutionaries declared their part of the island of Hipaniola the independent nation of Haiti.
- 4. Bolivar Liberates northernSouth America in 1804 Napoleon invaded Spain and put his brother on the throne. Francisco de Miranda tried twice to Free his country from Spanish rule. Simon Bolivar also defeated but never gave up, however he became the most significant figure in S.A. In 1816 Bolivar gained help from Haiti and after 6 years Bolivar captured the city of Bogota. In 1822 the city of Quito was captured by Antonio Jose de Sucre. Bolivar became president of the newly independent nation known as Great Colombia
- 5. San Martin Freessouthern South America Jose de San Martin led a military force north from Argentina and had been independent since 1806. In 1817, San Martin`s troops captured Santiago, Chile. In 1821 they capture Lima the capital of Peru . San Martin sailed north from Peru to Guayaquil to meet Bolivar secretly. In December 9, 1824 the final battle lasted just an hour, this battle marked the triumph of the independence movement in South America.
- 6. Independence movement inNew Spain creates the nation of Mexico Miguel Hidalgo decided to act quickly on September 16. Jose Maria Morelos took the next leadership. in 1815 the death of Morelos. In 1812 Spain revolted and forced the King to restore the liberal constitution. In 1821 Mexicans declared their independence.
- 7. Brazil follows apeaceful road to Independence by 1800 Portugal's colony of Brazil gained Independence peacefully. In 1807 when Napoleon’s armies invaded Portugal, King John VI and his family escaped to brazil. In 1821 the King returned to Portugal and left his Son Pedro to rule Brazil and became the Pedro I.
- 8. Europe's dominance ofLatin America ends. 20 years from Haiti`s Independence in 1804 to the battle of Ayacucho in 1824, Europe dominance of Latin America was ended.
- 9. Creole Dominate LatinAmerican Economies They took over the plantations had been owned by the Spaniards. They are willing to share their political or economic power. Several years they trade farming and showed developing industry or banking.
- 10. Dictators control theGovernment Caudillo established leaders known as “Caudillos” w/c means “chiefs” Caudillos are appointees were unqualified and corrupt, these period in 19th century in Latin America is often called the Age of Caudillos.
- 11. Caudillos unify Chileand Argentina Caudillo Portales controlled Chile 1830 to 1837, although he never became its president. He stressed the importance of economic growth and used funds from foreign investors. 1833 Portales drew up constitution, giving the president a veto power. Juan Manuel Rosas ruled the country harshly, eliminating all position like Portales from 1835 to 1852.
- 12. Reforms lead towar in Mexico in 1855 the longest and most savage struggle between church and state took place in Mexico. Benito Juarez wrote many reforms into constitution of 1857. The bloody war of the reform ( 1858 – 1860).
- 13. France tries totake over Mexico in 1862 the civil war increased the huge debts. in 1865 Archduke Maximilian was Installed as the emperor of Mexico w/ the support of Napoleon III. In 1866 the tide turned in Juarez favour when U.S, its civil war over, pressured France to leave Mexico. Juarez served Mexico`s President until his death in 1872.
- 14. Mexico`s Economy developed underDiaz In 1876 Portifirio Diaz came to power he ruled Mexico until 1910. treasury produced the 1st surplus in history of the Mexican republic. Mexicans look upon Diaz Dictatorship as a necessary step in development.
- 15. U.S Expands 19th centuryU.S expanded and grew more powerful while establishing a strong central government under the constitution w/c had been ratified in 1788. In 1800`s territorial expansion tested the ability of new government to maintain unity in a rapidly growing nation
- 16. Factors strengthen central government In1789 George Washington the 1st President of the U.S and a Hero of the American revolution, helped strengthen the new nation’s central government. Congress set up a power in court system which did in 1789. From 1801 – 1835 John Marshall Court’s Chief Justice was another factor in strengthening the C.G.
- 17. New Nation doublein size in 1783 the land of U.S stretched to the Mississippi river to west Louisiana Territory. in 1800, Spain ceded the area to France. President Thomas Edison feared that Napoleon, planned to established an empire in the Americas. Jefferson Offered to buy New Orleans. In 1803 U.S was able to buy New Orleans but the entire Louisiana Territory.
- 18. U.S and Britainfight another war In early 1800`s Britain and France wee at war, President Jefferson hoped U.S remain Neutral. In 1812 U.S declared war on Britain lasted until in 1814. Treaty of Ghent ended the war, and no lands changed hands.
- 19. The war of1812 strengthens U.S The war of 1812 “second war of independence” Another outcome was grater economic independence for U.S. In 1816 young American industries compete w/ other countries. Congress passed a Protective Tariff – a tax on manufactured goods imported from the countries.
- 20. U.S Gains Florida In1818President James Monroe ordered Gen. Andrew Jackson to stop Indians raid. In 1819 Spain Gave up Florida
- 21. U.S declares theAmericas closed to Colonization. in 1823 U.S took forceful stand on European involvement in Latin America. Monroe declared that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as a subjects for future colonization by any European powers” new policy known as Monroe Doctrine, “to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.”
- 22. Americans gain asense of destiny Manifest Destiny – belief that the country had an unquestionable right to extend to the pacific ocean.
- 23. Texas wins independence By1830 Mexican allowed foreigners to settle in Texas. Gen. Santa Anna Mexico`s Harsh ruler. Texans declared their independence on March 2, 1836 and soon after captured the city of San Antonio. Remember the Alamo became the rallying cry of the Texans. In April Sam Houston defeated the Mexicans and captured Santa Anna.
- 24. War w/ Mexicoexpands U.S In 1845 U.S congress voted to annex. May 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Signed in Febuary1848.
- 25. More Lands isadded Peacefully In June,1846 a treaty between U.S and Britain establishing the boundary between Canada and Oregon Territory. in 1853, Mexico sold the U.S about 30,000 sq. miles of land in what are now the estate of Arizona and New Mexico, known as the Gadsden Purchased.
- 26. Political and Educational Changes Early1800’s generally allowed all white men to vote. 1840 almost all white men in U.S could vote. By 1860, public elementary schools were common in the north and west and few public High schools also had been started.
- 27. Debate over slaveryleads to war Abolition – ending of slavery throughout the country. 1820`s – 1850`s Congress tried to balance the interest of the North and South. 1860 – Abraham Lincoln was elected as a President. Secede – that is they formally withdrew from the union. April 1861 – Lincoln promised to “Preserve, Protect and Defend.”