By the late 1700s, discontent with Spanish rule in Latin America led to independence movements. In Haiti, Toussaint L'Ouverture led a successful slave revolt in 1791. Mexico gained independence after revolts led by Miguel Hidalgo and Agustín de Iturbide overthrew Spanish rule. Central American nations declared independence in the 1820s. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led successful uprisings that freed nations of South America like Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia from Spain. However, the newly independent nations struggled with instability and establishing democratic governments.

1. Latin American Wars of Independence

4. Struggles for Independence HAITI MEXICO CENTRAL AMERICA In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in revolt. By 1798, enslaved Haitians had been freed. In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti. Napoleon’s forces agreed to a truce , or temporary peace. In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence. Father Miguel Hidalgo and Jos é Morales led popular revolts. Rebels led by Agust í n de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy, creating an independent Mexico. Iturbide took the title of emperor, but was quickly overthrown. Liberal Mexicans set up the Republic of Mexico. Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s. Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America. The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

6. Independent Nations of Latin America About 1844

7. Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes European domination of Latin America Spread of Enlightenment ideas American and French revolutions Growth of nationalism in Latin America People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices Revolutionary leaders emerge Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America Attempts made to rebuild economies 18 separate republics set up Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence

8. Section 3 Assessment Toussaint l’Ouverture led a slave revolt in a) Mexico. b) Haiti. c) Ecuador. d) Gran Columbia. Who was known as “The Liberator”? a) Miguel Hidalgo b) José de San Martín c) Simon Bolívar d) Agustín de Iturbide

9. Section 3 Assessment Toussaint l’Ouverture led a slave revolt in a) Mexico. b) Haiti. c) Ecuador. d) Gran Columbia. Who was known as “The Liberator”? a) Miguel Hidalgo b) José de San Martín c) Simon Bolívar d) Agustín de Iturbide