6. The “mix” refers to private andThe “mix” refers to private and
public ownership.public ownership.
Foreign aid and foreign investmentForeign aid and foreign investment
are crucial.are crucial.
Urban areas have high-techUrban areas have high-tech
companies.companies.
Three quarters of the population areThree quarters of the population are
farmers living in small villages.farmers living in small villages.
India'sIndia's "Green Revolution""Green Revolution" allowedallowed
farmers to triple their crop by usingfarmers to triple their crop by using
India’s “mixed economy”India’s “mixed economy”
7. India’s “GreenIndia’s “Green
Revolution”Revolution”
Introducing higher-Introducing higher-
yielding varieties ofyielding varieties of
seeds in 1965.seeds in 1965.
Increased use ofIncreased use of
fertilizers &fertilizers &
irrigation.irrigation.
GOALGOAL makemake
India self-India self-
sufficient in foodsufficient in food
grains.grains.
8. Nehru’s daughter.Nehru’s daughter.
Prime Minister ofPrime Minister of
India, 1966-1984.India, 1966-1984.
Continues Nehru’sContinues Nehru’s
policies.policies.
Faced corruptionFaced corruption
charges & internalcharges & internal
rebellion.rebellion.
Assassinated inAssassinated in
1984.1984.
IndiraIndira
GandhiGandhi
11. Indira’s son.Indira’s son.
Prime Minister ofPrime Minister of
India, 1984-1989.India, 1984-1989.
Some reform ofSome reform of
economy andeconomy and
government.government.
Also faced rebellion.Also faced rebellion.
Assassinated in 1991Assassinated in 1991
while campaigning.while campaigning.
Rajiv GandhiRajiv Gandhi
12. Italian-bornItalian-born
Sonia MainoSonia Maino
married Rajivmarried Rajiv
1968.1968.
She movedShe moved
into the houseinto the house
of mother-in-of mother-in-
law, Primelaw, Prime
MinisterMinister
Indira Gandhi.Indira Gandhi.
A foreignerjoins theA foreignerjoins the
familyfamily
13. 19831983 IndianIndian
citizen.citizen.
19841984 first ladyfirst lady
when her husband,when her husband,
Rajiv Gandhi,Rajiv Gandhi,
succeeded hissucceeded his
assassinatedassassinated
mother as Primemother as Prime
Minister.Minister.
Mrs. Sonia Maino GandhiMrs. Sonia Maino Gandhi
14. 19911991 Tragedy struck the GandhiTragedy struck the Gandhi
family again when Rajiv was killed byfamily again when Rajiv was killed by
a suicide bomber.a suicide bomber.
15. Sonia GandhiSonia Gandhi
remains Romanremains Roman
Catholic, butCatholic, but
follows Hindufollows Hindu
and Indianand Indian
traditions.traditions.
With herWith her
children, shechildren, she
scatteredscattered
Rajiv's ashesRajiv's ashes
in the Ganges.in the Ganges.
16. After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away fromAfter Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from
the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to startthe spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start
her own career as a “Gandhi” again andher own career as a “Gandhi” again and
became an important political leader.became an important political leader.
17. Sonia's son Rahul and daughter PriyankaSonia's son Rahul and daughter Priyanka
have also become politically active.have also become politically active.
18.
19. When her partyWhen her party
won in thewon in the
recent elections,recent elections,
she was askedshe was asked
to be Primeto be Prime
Minister.Minister.
She decided notShe decided not
to accept theto accept the
position.position.
““The Jewel turns down theThe Jewel turns down the
crown!”crown!”
20. May 2004May 2004 hehe
held up a letterheld up a letter
from India'sfrom India's
presidentpresident
authorizing him toauthorizing him to
form a newform a new
government asgovernment as
prime minister.prime minister.
He stood next toHe stood next to
Sonia Gandhi, theSonia Gandhi, the
candidate for thecandidate for the
post who stunnedpost who stunned
the country when she declined the office.the country when she declined the office.
Manmohan SinghManmohan Singh
21. May 2004May 2004
India Swears in 13th Prime MinisterIndia Swears in 13th Prime Minister
and the first Sikh in the job.and the first Sikh in the job.
22. OverpopulationOverpopulation 1 billion & climbing.1 billion & climbing.
Economic development.Economic development.
Hindu-Muslim tensions.Hindu-Muslim tensions.
Gender issuesGender issues dowry killings.dowry killings.
Caste biasCaste bias discrimination againstdiscrimination against
untouchables continues.untouchables continues.
The Kashmir dispute and nuclearThe Kashmir dispute and nuclear
weapons.weapons.
Political assassinations.Political assassinations.
Majorproblems & IssuesMajorproblems & Issues
in india todayin india today
26. Led briefly byLed briefly by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Prime Minister AyubPrime Minister Ayub
Khan.Khan.
Dangerous combinationDangerous combination
Was not preparedWas not prepared
to rule in 1948.to rule in 1948.
Strong IslamicStrong Islamic
fundamentalism.fundamentalism.
Impoverished.Impoverished.
Pakistan divides in 1972Pakistan divides in 1972
W. Pakistan = PakistanW. Pakistan = Pakistan
E. Pakistan = BangladeshE. Pakistan = Bangladesh
pakistanpakistan
27. First Woman PrimeFirst Woman Prime
Minister, 1988Minister, 1988
Ousted in 1990,Ousted in 1990,
1993 on corruption1993 on corruption
charges.charges.
Nawaz SharifNawaz Sharif
Ousted threeOusted three
times.times.
Struggle betweenStruggle between
modernizers andmodernizers and
fundamentalists.fundamentalists.
BenazirBhuttoBenazirBhutto
28. Coup d’etatCoup d’etat..
Secular government against IslamicSecular government against Islamic
fundamentalists.fundamentalists.
U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”
Gen. Pervex MusharaffGen. Pervex Musharaff
29. Economic development.Economic development.
Political instability/militaryPolitical instability/military
dictatorship.dictatorship.
Hindu-Muslim tensions.Hindu-Muslim tensions.
Gender issuesGender issues honor killings.honor killings.
Terrorism.Terrorism.
The Kashmir dispute and nuclearThe Kashmir dispute and nuclear
weapons.weapons.
Majorproblems & IssuesMajorproblems & Issues
in Pakistan todayin Pakistan today
39. Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-PakistanIndian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan
Border in Pura, the Winter Capital ofBorder in Pura, the Winter Capital of
the State ofthe State of Jammu & KashmirJammu & Kashmir - 1998- 1998
40. Indian Soldiers Near theIndian Soldiers Near the
Pakistani Border - 2001Pakistani Border - 2001
41. A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-
Pakistani Joint Border Check PostPakistani Joint Border Check Post
in Wagha, India - 2001in Wagha, India - 2001
42. Anti-war Protestors in Karachi,Anti-war Protestors in Karachi,
Pakistan - 2001Pakistan - 2001
49. Supporters of former Indian PrimeSupporters of former Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chantMinister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant
nationalist slogans in support for hisnationalist slogans in support for his
nuclear policy - 1998nuclear policy - 1998
50. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal BihariFormer Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari
Vajpayee, displays a sword given to himVajpayee, displays a sword given to him
by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor himby Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him
for making India a nuclear power - 1998for making India a nuclear power - 1998
51. Right-wing Pakistani ActivistsRight-wing Pakistani Activists
Burn Indian Flag to ProtestBurn Indian Flag to Protest
Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998
52. Hot Air Balloon Protesting India &Hot Air Balloon Protesting India &
Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998
53. India Displays Nuclear MissilesIndia Displays Nuclear Missiles
During “Republic Day,” - 2002During “Republic Day,” - 2002
58. New Friends?New Friends?
Musharraf and India's new PrimeMusharraf and India's new Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh speakMinister Manmohan Singh speak
by telephone frequently affirmingby telephone frequently affirming
a strong desire for peace anda strong desire for peace and
resolution of their disputes,resolution of their disputes,
including Kashmir, on which theincluding Kashmir, on which the
two countries have fought two oftwo countries have fought two of
their three wars.their three wars.
59. Partners in the “War onPartners in the “War on
Terror?”Terror?”
60. US Sells F-16 Jets toUS Sells F-16 Jets to
Pakistan—India Not Pleased!Pakistan—India Not Pleased!
(3/25/05)(3/25/05)
ManMohan Singh ofManMohan Singh of
India with PresidentIndia with President
Bush (9/04)Bush (9/04)
Editor's Notes
Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention.
He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi.
At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964.
Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
. General elections in November 1989 brought the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi. Officials in his government were accused of taking kickbacks from the Bofors Company of Sweden in a purchase of guns for the army. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal party, was sworn in as prime minister on Dec. 2, 1989. In March 1990 India withdrew the last of its 50,000 troops from Sri Lanka. The peacekeeping force failed in its three-year effort to reconcile the Tamils with the majority Sinhalese. Campaigning to return to office, Gandhi was killed by a bomb blast on May 21, 1991.
The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by 2020. No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle.
India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities.
The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and 1971. The 1972 partition did not settle the issue.
Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.
Khan stressed modernization.
His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan.
After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan.
West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war.
Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.
The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by 2020. No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle.
India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities.
The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and 1971. The 1972 partition did not settle the issue.
Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.
