The document summarizes key events in the Latin American revolutions against European colonial rule between 1791-1825. It describes the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) which resulted in Haiti gaining independence after a slave rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated the French. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín were influential leaders who helped liberate many South American nations through military campaigns against the Spanish between 1816-1825. Bolívar sought to unite the new nations into one country, Gran Colombia, though it only lasted from 1819-1831. Brazil transitioned to independence in 1822 when Portugal's king returned home and his son Pedro I established Brazil as

1. Revolt
#8 Latin American Revolutions 1791-1825
Napoleon provides a
distraction in Europe
and New World
colonies revolt

2. Revolution in Haiti
(1791 - 1804)
Haiti is a French owned sugar
colony
After the French Revolution the
white settlers seek their own
independence from France
Local slaves have a major
population advantage over Creoles
and begin a rebellion in 1791
Because Creole’s separated from
France - they receive no military
support and many are slaughtered
Hispaniola
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3. Toussaint L’Ouveture
Self-educated former slave and
leader for Haitian revolution
Used ruthless tactics such as killing
whole families including children.
By 1800, Toussaint drove out all
Creole’s from Hispaniola
In 1802, Napoleon sent troops to
reclaim Hispaniola and Toussaint
was captured.
• Haiti was a valuable colony

4. Revolution in Haiti (1791 - 1804)
After being captured by the
French - L’Ouverture is sent to
jail where he dies after a year
However - French soldiers in
Haiti become sick with Yellow
Fever and are forced to leave
the island
Haiti gains its independence in
1804 when the French decide to
abandon the island
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5. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains”
of the Revolution
★Creole leader of the revolutions inVenezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
★Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent
United States.
★Given the name “the Liberator”
★Series of military campaigns from 1816-1818 in
Venezuela
★August 10, 1820 he led his army in a surprise
attack on Bogota and defeated Spanish supporters
to uniteVenezuela and Colombia together.
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6. The “Muscle” of the Revolution
Jose de San Martin
was from Argentina
San Martin helps
Argentina gain
freedom on July 9th,
1816
Bolivar and Bernard
O’Higgins combine
forces and surprise the
Spanish in Chile and
liberate Chile in 1818
Bolivar coming
from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard
O’Higgins cross the Andes
Mountains.
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7. Gran Colombia 1819-1831
Together Bolivar and San
Martin liberate most of
South America by 1825
Bolivar hoped to create a
strong Latin America by
uniting liberated nations
into a large country known
as Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia - 1819 to
1831 united the Northern
Part of S. America
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8. Bolivar’s Accomplishment
★After unitingVenezuela, Columbia, &
Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left
to help free the rest of Latin America.
★He died a year later, with his goal of
uniting all of South America unfulfilled
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9. Brazil Freed from Portugal
•In 1807 the King John VI and the
Portuguese royal family escaped
Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
•His son, Pedro I set up a new,
independent kingdom in 1822 when
his father returned to Portugal.
•Although Pedro gave most Brazilians
basic rights, they did not abolish
slavery until the late 1800s

10. The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821
•Fought by: Mestizos, Mulattos and Native
Indians vs. Peninsulares, Creoles and
Spain
•Miguel Hidalgo - priest in New Spain.
studied Enlightenment theory which caused
him to become politically active against the
Spanish colonial government.
•Declares war against Spain Sept. 15 1810
–Grito de Dolores (cry for independence)
•September 16, 1810 - revolutionary army
attacks the city of Guanajuato
Stage #1

11. The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821
•October of 1810 - Hidalgo’s army is defeated at Mexico City
and the survivors are forced to scatter into hiding
•January 17, 1811 Battle of Calderon - Hidalgo regroups his
army and attacks the Spanish. Hidalgo has over 75,000
troops/ the Spanish have 6,000.
•Spanish General Felix Calleja uses artillery to break up Hidalgo’s army and
the more disciplined Spanish soldiers are strong enough to disperse the
remaining soldiers.
•After defeat - Hidalgo is forced to flee north towards the
Mexico/US border where he is captured by the Spanish

12. The Mexican War of Independence 1810 - 1821
Jose Morelos took over the
rebellion and created a well-
trained military by 1815
He was captured though and
executed later in the year leading
to a leaderless army of Mestizos
From 1815-1821 the war turned
into a guerilla war for
independence.
Stage #2
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13. The Mexican Independence
1821
In 1820 the Spanish Civil War started
in Europe and the Creole leaders felt
this was an ideal time
Agustin de Iturbide in 1821 joined
forces with Vincente Guerrero and
developed the Plan of Iguala.
As Iturbide and Guerrero continued
towards Mexico City, they took
territory from the Creoles causing a
split in their support.
Stage #3
120

14. Treaty of Cordoba - August 24, 1821 -
Spain agreed to the Iguala Plan which allowed
for an independent constitutional monarchy to
be established in Mexico.
• Vicente Guerrero becomes monarch
• Spain attempts to reacquire Mexico up until
1830 when they officially recognize Mexico’s
independence
The Mexican Independence
1821
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