The document discusses hemorrhoids, including its definition, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment, complications, and management. A hemorrhoid is a dilated blood vessel located around the rectum or anal canal. Risk factors include tumors, surgery, infections, obesity, and diet. Types include external, internal, and interno-external. Management involves medical options like stool softeners and high fiber diets, and surgical options like rubber band ligation, hemorrhoidectomy, cryosurgery, and laser therapy. Nursing care focuses on relieving constipation and anxiety, and aiding activities of daily living.

1. PRESENTED BY-
MS. CINDRELLA BURGE
MSN DEPT.
MSC NURSING 1ST YEAR
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2. INTRODUCTION
Haemorrhoids-
 Haem blood
 Rhoos flowing
Piles-
 Pila : swelling
The actual term now a day’s used for this is
haemorrhoidal disease.
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3. DEFINITION
A haemorrhoid is a dilated blood vessel, which is located
around the rectum or anal canal.
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4. RISK FACTORS-
 Tumour in the colon
 Due to rectal surgery
 Rectal infection
 Increase intra-
abdominal pressure
 Obesity
 Past history of
haemorrhoid
symptoms
 Diet-spicy food, fats,
alcohol, smoking,
low water intake.
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5. TYPES-
 External- not
visible
 Internal- always
visible
 Interno-external
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6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
Straining
Engorgement
Repeated stretching of treitz’s muscle
Disruption of treitz’s muscle
Prolapsed of anal canal
Hemorrhoids
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7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
1. Bright red bleeding from the anus.
2. Discharge- a constant mucous discharge from
the anus with or without bleeding.
3. Pruritis – itching surrounding anal area
4. Pain during defecation
5. Discomfort
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8. 6. Chronic Constipation
7. Sensation of incomplete evacuation
8. Visible palpable mass
9. Rectal pain
10. Melaena- blood in stool.
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9. ASSESSMENT-
 History
 Inspection (to rule out other causes)
 Palpation
 Proctoscopy
( by using proctoscope)
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A sigmoidoscope is used to view
the lower colon.
A colonoscope is used to view the
entire colon.

11. COMPLICATION
 Anaemia
 After rupture of mucous membrane, risk of infection
increase.
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12. MANAGEMENT-
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13. MEDICAL
MANAGEMEN
T
• Stool softener, e.g., magnesium sulphate
• High fibers diet
SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT
• Rubber bend ligation- with the use of anoscope to the anus
• Haemorrhoidectomy
• Cryo surgery( by cold therapy)- freezing of hemorrhoids
• Laser therapy( by light)- harden the haemorrhoids
NURSING
CARE
• To relieve constipation, provide high fibre diet and laxatives or
stool softener.
• To relieve anxiety.
• To help in activity of daily living
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14. Rubber bend ligation- with the use of anoscope to
the anus
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16. CONCLUSION
The term hemorrhoids refer to a condition in which
the veins around the anus or lower rectum are swollen
and inflamed.
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17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Textbooks-
 BT Basavanthappa, Ist Edition 2011, Essential of Medical
Surgical Nursing.
 Brunner and suddarth ‘s textbook, 8th edition, of medical
and surgical nursing.
 Panwar P.K., Fourth Edition( 2015), Text Book of Medical
Surgical Nursing, published by Virendra kumar arya, (
New Delhi).
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