Young Globba winitii seeds at 20 days after pollination were collected and trimmed at different parts of their seed coat, then cultured on MS medium supplemented with 10 mg/l BA, 1.0 mg/l NAA, 10 mg/l GA3 and 30 g/l sucrose. The results showed that the trimming method could break dormancy, and young embryos germinated in the first week. Seeds trimmed down to a naked embryo had the highest germination rate, germination index and speed of emergence, which were 98%, 22% and 100%, respectively.
Hybrid seed production in tomato has advanced significantly through both traditional breeding methods and new biotechnological tools. Hand emasculation and pollination was traditionally used but is now supplemented by male sterility systems and genetic engineering. The use of male sterile lines reduces the time and cost of hybrid seed production. New techniques like haploid culture and protoplast fusion can more efficiently transfer traits between species. Molecular markers now aid in hybrid development and verification. These advances have enabled the widespread commercial availability of high-yielding tomato hybrids in India that boost yields and provide disease resistance. However, challenges remain in hybrid seed accessibility and adoption among farmers.
Cryotherapy for Pathogen Free Planting Material in Ornamental Crops Abhay Kumar Gaurav
Cryotherapy of shoot tips is a novel technique used for pathogen eradication from plants, where sample is exposed to a low temperature (-196°C) followed by shoot tip culture. Cryotherapy of shoot tips can result in virus-free plants at a high frequency. Cryotherapy facilitates treatment of large numbers of samples because pathogen eradication by this method is independent of the size of shoot tips used.
This document summarizes advances in seed production methodology for tomato hybrids. It discusses the need for high-yielding hybrid varieties with multiple stress resistances. Methods for developing hybrids include using lines resistant to diseases like Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and breeding lines. Hybrids like Arka Samrat and Arka Rakshak have been developed using this method. They have high yields, resistance to diseases, and good marketability. Male sterility systems help reduce the labor for hybrid seed production. Methods discussed include use of thermosensitive genetic male sterility and positional sterility mutants. The document outlines the process for hybrid seed production including isolation distances, emasculation, pollination and seed extraction. It provides details on
CortAnholtz graduated from Kansas State University with an aviation degree and now works as a farmer in northwest Kansas, growing corn, sorghum, and wheat. He has been farming his whole life and selling hybrid seeds for NC+ for the past 4 years. Hybrid seeds have dramatically changed farming over the past century through innovations in cross-pollination techniques developed by companies like Monsanto to increase yields. Hybrids provide benefits to farmers like higher crop yields, lower pesticide needs, and drought resistance, but also have disadvantages like requiring new seeds annually and increasing production costs for farmers.
This document provides information about the castor plant and the hybrid DCH-177. It begins with the taxonomy of castor, which belongs to the genus Ricinus in the family Euphorbiaceae. It then discusses the floral biology and sex expression in castor, which can be monoecious, pistillate, or interspersed. The hybrid DCH-177 was developed in 1999 for rainfed areas, has a medium duration of 90-150 days, and is resistant to fusarium wilt and lodging with seed yields of 1550 kg/ha in rainfed and 2130 kg/ha in irrigated conditions.
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This document discusses micropropagation for the production of quality banana planting material. It begins with an introduction to banana production statistics in India. Micropropagation, or tissue culture, allows for the rapid multiplication of banana plants from a single explant. The general steps of micropropagation include initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. Micropropagated banana plants have advantages like uniformity, disease resistance, and year-round production. The document also discusses economic benefits and varieties commonly grown in India via micropropagation.
Hybrid seed production in tomato has advanced significantly through both traditional breeding methods and new biotechnological tools. Hand emasculation and pollination was traditionally used but is now supplemented by male sterility systems and genetic engineering. The use of male sterile lines reduces the time and cost of hybrid seed production. New techniques like haploid culture and protoplast fusion can more efficiently transfer traits between species. Molecular markers now aid in hybrid development and verification. These advances have enabled the widespread commercial availability of high-yielding tomato hybrids in India that boost yields and provide disease resistance. However, challenges remain in hybrid seed accessibility and adoption among farmers.
Cryotherapy for Pathogen Free Planting Material in Ornamental Crops Abhay Kumar Gaurav
Cryotherapy of shoot tips is a novel technique used for pathogen eradication from plants, where sample is exposed to a low temperature (-196°C) followed by shoot tip culture. Cryotherapy of shoot tips can result in virus-free plants at a high frequency. Cryotherapy facilitates treatment of large numbers of samples because pathogen eradication by this method is independent of the size of shoot tips used.
This document summarizes advances in seed production methodology for tomato hybrids. It discusses the need for high-yielding hybrid varieties with multiple stress resistances. Methods for developing hybrids include using lines resistant to diseases like Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and breeding lines. Hybrids like Arka Samrat and Arka Rakshak have been developed using this method. They have high yields, resistance to diseases, and good marketability. Male sterility systems help reduce the labor for hybrid seed production. Methods discussed include use of thermosensitive genetic male sterility and positional sterility mutants. The document outlines the process for hybrid seed production including isolation distances, emasculation, pollination and seed extraction. It provides details on
CortAnholtz graduated from Kansas State University with an aviation degree and now works as a farmer in northwest Kansas, growing corn, sorghum, and wheat. He has been farming his whole life and selling hybrid seeds for NC+ for the past 4 years. Hybrid seeds have dramatically changed farming over the past century through innovations in cross-pollination techniques developed by companies like Monsanto to increase yields. Hybrids provide benefits to farmers like higher crop yields, lower pesticide needs, and drought resistance, but also have disadvantages like requiring new seeds annually and increasing production costs for farmers.
This document provides information about the castor plant and the hybrid DCH-177. It begins with the taxonomy of castor, which belongs to the genus Ricinus in the family Euphorbiaceae. It then discusses the floral biology and sex expression in castor, which can be monoecious, pistillate, or interspersed. The hybrid DCH-177 was developed in 1999 for rainfed areas, has a medium duration of 90-150 days, and is resistant to fusarium wilt and lodging with seed yields of 1550 kg/ha in rainfed and 2130 kg/ha in irrigated conditions.
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This document discusses micropropagation for the production of quality banana planting material. It begins with an introduction to banana production statistics in India. Micropropagation, or tissue culture, allows for the rapid multiplication of banana plants from a single explant. The general steps of micropropagation include initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. Micropropagated banana plants have advantages like uniformity, disease resistance, and year-round production. The document also discusses economic benefits and varieties commonly grown in India via micropropagation.
This document describes a study establishing a micropropagation protocol for Musa laterita, an ornamental banana species resistant to fusarium wilt. Shoot tips were cultured on MS medium with various hormone combinations to induce shoot formation, multiplication, and rooting. Thidiazuron promoted shoot bud formation. Shoots multiplied best with BAP, IAA and kinetin. Rooting was highest with IBA and NAA. The uniform plantlets produced can be used for transcriptome analysis to identify genes for fusarium wilt resistance.
This document summarizes recent research on sugarcane tissue culture. It discusses that sugarcane is an important crop grown for sugar and ethanol production. Tissue culture techniques like micropropagation through shoot tip culture and callus culture are used for rapid multiplication of sugarcane varieties. The document provides details of explants used, sterilization processes, growth media, and hormones found most effective for callus induction and shooting. It also discusses using tissue culture for somaclonal variation to develop salt tolerant varieties and mentions challenges in obtaining genetically stable plants.
This document lists 117 vegetable varieties and hybrids released by ICAR-IIHR including 94 varieties and 23 hybrids across 27 crops. It provides details of the highest yielding varieties and hybrids such as tomato hybrids Arka Vikas, Arka Saurabh, Arka Meghali which yield 25-35 tons/ha. The document discusses breeding programmes focusing on resistance to diseases like bacterial wilt and virus diseases in brinjal and chilli. It highlights the transfer of technologies of hybrids like Arka Rakshak and Arka Samrat with high yields and profits in different states in India.
Dendrobium
Family – Orchidaceae
Exhibits a vast diversity in vegetative and floral characteristics
1,600 Dendrobium species are recognized worldwide
High value of crop – for flower and medicinal purpose
D. husohanense- Anti-tumor and Anti-
inflammatry
D. longicornu - used to treat fever and
coughs
Micropropagation
Seeds are minute and lack endosperm
Micropropagation has been achieved using
Shoot tip culture
Seed culture (Immature and mature embryo)
Auxiliary Bud culture
Pseudobulb segment culture
Shoot Tip culture
Sterlization of Explant
Shoot tips(0.5–0.8 cm) harvested from mother plants
carefully washed in distilled water
surface decontaminated with 0.1% streptomycin (20 s) 70% (v/v) ethanol
(50 s) and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 (2 min)
Thoroughly rinsed with sterilized distilled water
Media
Subculturing
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Pseudobulb segment
Regeneration from Pseudobulb Segment Cultures
Pseudobulb segments of about 0.5-1.0 cm excised from the 1 year old in vitro raised seedlings
Any leaves or roots, if present, were removed from the segments prior to inoculation
Each segment had one or two axillary buds. Single pseudobulb segment was cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm), each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg L-1 individually or in combination with NAA at 1 mg L-1
The medium was solidified with 4 g L-1 agar
Rooting of Regenerated Shoots (Pseudobulbs)
Small clumps of shoots having 2-3 pseudobulbs (3-4 cm in length) were cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm)
Each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with or without 1.0 mg L-1 IAA or IBA or NAA.
The cultures were incubated for 3 months under the conditions as described above.
The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving at 121°C, 15 lb in-2 for 15 min.
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Auxiliary bud
Stem (1–2 cm long), each comprising a node and axillary bud are used as explant- wash in running tape water for 15-20 minute
Surface sterilization with-
- 10 % (v/v) NaClO solution for 10 minute
- 0.1 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 2 min
- washing 5–6 times with sterilized distilled water
The explants were shortened to 3–4 mm after the removal of leaves, dry sheaths and other external tissues
Micropropagation of Dendrobium from immature seeds
Capsules collected from hand-pollinated plants after 8–14 wk of pollination
Surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1.0% sodium
hypochlorite with two drops of Tween 20 per 100 ml for 10 min and rinsed five
times with sterile distilled water
After sterilization, the c
This document discusses mutation breeding in several crops including groundnut, wheat, jute, and hibiscus. For each crop, key traits for mutation are listed along with examples of mutant varieties that were developed using techniques like gamma rays and EMS. A case study is described for each crop showing the mutagen and doses used as well as results observed in the mutant populations. Traits improved through mutation breeding included increased yield, disease resistance, quality characteristics, and plant architecture traits.
4. developmantal stages of plant micropropagationRafail TOMA Toma
Micropropagation involves four distinct stages: establishment, multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. The establishment stage focuses on explant selection, disinfection, and culture stabilization. Multiplication aims to multiply shoots using specific hormone concentrations. Root formation induces root growth in vitro or ex vitro. Finally, acclimatization transitions plants to outdoor conditions.
This document discusses a new type of plant called pomato, which is developed through grafting tomato scions onto potato rootstocks. Pomato plants produce both tomatoes and potatoes, taking advantage of the close genetic relationship between the two plants as members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato has significant impacts for developing countries by allowing farmers to save on space, time and labor without compromising quality of produce. Each pomato plant can yield 500 cherry tomatoes and 2kg of potatoes through standard harvesting processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
Molecular and genetics studies in the SMIP(Strategic Musa Improvement Project) II project,Where is IITA in the improvement of bananas,Next steps in banana improvement and delivery to farmers
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Micropropagation is a technique used to rapidly multiply plant materials under sterile conditions. The document discusses micropropagation of banana and pomegranate. For banana, tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials for year-round availability and improved yields. Explants from banana suckers are sterilized and cultured on media to induce shoot formation. Shoots are then rooted and hardened for planting. For pomegranate, shoot tips are used as explants and cultured on MS media supplemented with growth regulators and compounds. This allows for mass production of true-to-type pomegranate plants.
pomegranate callus cultivation by BA and NAAManjiri Sonone
The document reports on a study conducted to optimize the conditions for callus induction in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) using cotyledon explants. Seeds were sterilized and germinated on half strength MS medium. Cotyledon explants from 20-day old seedlings were cultured on WPM medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (8-13 μM) and 5.5 μM NAA. Maximum callus induction was observed on medium with 9 μM BA, with initiation in 14 days and highest fresh weight, diameter and dry weight. The optimal conditions identified can support further tissue culture studies in pomegranate.
This document summarizes a student group's plant tissue culture project on banana propagation. It includes:
1) The group members and their lecturer. The objective is to understand plant tissue culture procedures.
2) Banana suckers are commonly used as explants in tissue culture. The document describes sterilization and preparation of MS media for culturing banana shoot tips.
3) The results showed both contaminated and uncontaminated cultures. Factors affecting contamination and growth are discussed. Suggestions for improvement include using meristematic shoot tips and adding antioxidants to the media.
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
The document discusses assessing the purity of hybrid rice seeds using DNA-based markers. It screened several microsatellite and sequence tagged site (STS) markers to identify polymorphisms that distinguish cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS), restorer, and hybrid rice lines. The markers were then used to analyze six hybrid rice combinations. The results showed that hybrids exhibited heterozygosity at the marker loci when the parental lines were polymorphic. The document concludes these DNA-based markers can help replace conventional grow-out tests for efficiently and accurately assessing hybrid rice seed purity.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Micropropagation of Aegle marmelos and molecular markersRajesh Pati
This document describes a study on the micropropagation and genetic assessment of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.) plants. Nodal explants from two elite bael varieties were used to optimize a micropropagation protocol. The 11-15th nodal position and single-budded 3 cm explants showed the highest bud break rate. The MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IAA was most effective for bud induction and proliferation. This medium produced the greatest number of microshoots per explant. The genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants was assessed using molecular markers to ensure the production of true-to-type plants.
Cassava Morphological Characteristics
Importance of Cassava
cassava breeding approach
importance of cassava
trait evaluation at different breeding stages
Dayo Nigeria is the Executive Director of Matadors Leadership Institute. He is reminding someone of an important match they played together by showing an image of a soccer ball. Dayo hopes this memory will encourage the person as they take on new challenges.
This document describes a study establishing a micropropagation protocol for Musa laterita, an ornamental banana species resistant to fusarium wilt. Shoot tips were cultured on MS medium with various hormone combinations to induce shoot formation, multiplication, and rooting. Thidiazuron promoted shoot bud formation. Shoots multiplied best with BAP, IAA and kinetin. Rooting was highest with IBA and NAA. The uniform plantlets produced can be used for transcriptome analysis to identify genes for fusarium wilt resistance.
This document summarizes recent research on sugarcane tissue culture. It discusses that sugarcane is an important crop grown for sugar and ethanol production. Tissue culture techniques like micropropagation through shoot tip culture and callus culture are used for rapid multiplication of sugarcane varieties. The document provides details of explants used, sterilization processes, growth media, and hormones found most effective for callus induction and shooting. It also discusses using tissue culture for somaclonal variation to develop salt tolerant varieties and mentions challenges in obtaining genetically stable plants.
This document lists 117 vegetable varieties and hybrids released by ICAR-IIHR including 94 varieties and 23 hybrids across 27 crops. It provides details of the highest yielding varieties and hybrids such as tomato hybrids Arka Vikas, Arka Saurabh, Arka Meghali which yield 25-35 tons/ha. The document discusses breeding programmes focusing on resistance to diseases like bacterial wilt and virus diseases in brinjal and chilli. It highlights the transfer of technologies of hybrids like Arka Rakshak and Arka Samrat with high yields and profits in different states in India.
Dendrobium
Family – Orchidaceae
Exhibits a vast diversity in vegetative and floral characteristics
1,600 Dendrobium species are recognized worldwide
High value of crop – for flower and medicinal purpose
D. husohanense- Anti-tumor and Anti-
inflammatry
D. longicornu - used to treat fever and
coughs
Micropropagation
Seeds are minute and lack endosperm
Micropropagation has been achieved using
Shoot tip culture
Seed culture (Immature and mature embryo)
Auxiliary Bud culture
Pseudobulb segment culture
Shoot Tip culture
Sterlization of Explant
Shoot tips(0.5–0.8 cm) harvested from mother plants
carefully washed in distilled water
surface decontaminated with 0.1% streptomycin (20 s) 70% (v/v) ethanol
(50 s) and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 (2 min)
Thoroughly rinsed with sterilized distilled water
Media
Subculturing
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Pseudobulb segment
Regeneration from Pseudobulb Segment Cultures
Pseudobulb segments of about 0.5-1.0 cm excised from the 1 year old in vitro raised seedlings
Any leaves or roots, if present, were removed from the segments prior to inoculation
Each segment had one or two axillary buds. Single pseudobulb segment was cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm), each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg L-1 individually or in combination with NAA at 1 mg L-1
The medium was solidified with 4 g L-1 agar
Rooting of Regenerated Shoots (Pseudobulbs)
Small clumps of shoots having 2-3 pseudobulbs (3-4 cm in length) were cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm)
Each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with or without 1.0 mg L-1 IAA or IBA or NAA.
The cultures were incubated for 3 months under the conditions as described above.
The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving at 121°C, 15 lb in-2 for 15 min.
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Auxiliary bud
Stem (1–2 cm long), each comprising a node and axillary bud are used as explant- wash in running tape water for 15-20 minute
Surface sterilization with-
- 10 % (v/v) NaClO solution for 10 minute
- 0.1 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 2 min
- washing 5–6 times with sterilized distilled water
The explants were shortened to 3–4 mm after the removal of leaves, dry sheaths and other external tissues
Micropropagation of Dendrobium from immature seeds
Capsules collected from hand-pollinated plants after 8–14 wk of pollination
Surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1.0% sodium
hypochlorite with two drops of Tween 20 per 100 ml for 10 min and rinsed five
times with sterile distilled water
After sterilization, the c
This document discusses mutation breeding in several crops including groundnut, wheat, jute, and hibiscus. For each crop, key traits for mutation are listed along with examples of mutant varieties that were developed using techniques like gamma rays and EMS. A case study is described for each crop showing the mutagen and doses used as well as results observed in the mutant populations. Traits improved through mutation breeding included increased yield, disease resistance, quality characteristics, and plant architecture traits.
4. developmantal stages of plant micropropagationRafail TOMA Toma
Micropropagation involves four distinct stages: establishment, multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. The establishment stage focuses on explant selection, disinfection, and culture stabilization. Multiplication aims to multiply shoots using specific hormone concentrations. Root formation induces root growth in vitro or ex vitro. Finally, acclimatization transitions plants to outdoor conditions.
This document discusses a new type of plant called pomato, which is developed through grafting tomato scions onto potato rootstocks. Pomato plants produce both tomatoes and potatoes, taking advantage of the close genetic relationship between the two plants as members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato has significant impacts for developing countries by allowing farmers to save on space, time and labor without compromising quality of produce. Each pomato plant can yield 500 cherry tomatoes and 2kg of potatoes through standard harvesting processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
Molecular and genetics studies in the SMIP(Strategic Musa Improvement Project) II project,Where is IITA in the improvement of bananas,Next steps in banana improvement and delivery to farmers
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Micropropagation is a technique used to rapidly multiply plant materials under sterile conditions. The document discusses micropropagation of banana and pomegranate. For banana, tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials for year-round availability and improved yields. Explants from banana suckers are sterilized and cultured on media to induce shoot formation. Shoots are then rooted and hardened for planting. For pomegranate, shoot tips are used as explants and cultured on MS media supplemented with growth regulators and compounds. This allows for mass production of true-to-type pomegranate plants.
pomegranate callus cultivation by BA and NAAManjiri Sonone
The document reports on a study conducted to optimize the conditions for callus induction in pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Bhagwa) using cotyledon explants. Seeds were sterilized and germinated on half strength MS medium. Cotyledon explants from 20-day old seedlings were cultured on WPM medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (8-13 μM) and 5.5 μM NAA. Maximum callus induction was observed on medium with 9 μM BA, with initiation in 14 days and highest fresh weight, diameter and dry weight. The optimal conditions identified can support further tissue culture studies in pomegranate.
This document summarizes a student group's plant tissue culture project on banana propagation. It includes:
1) The group members and their lecturer. The objective is to understand plant tissue culture procedures.
2) Banana suckers are commonly used as explants in tissue culture. The document describes sterilization and preparation of MS media for culturing banana shoot tips.
3) The results showed both contaminated and uncontaminated cultures. Factors affecting contamination and growth are discussed. Suggestions for improvement include using meristematic shoot tips and adding antioxidants to the media.
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
The document discusses assessing the purity of hybrid rice seeds using DNA-based markers. It screened several microsatellite and sequence tagged site (STS) markers to identify polymorphisms that distinguish cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS), restorer, and hybrid rice lines. The markers were then used to analyze six hybrid rice combinations. The results showed that hybrids exhibited heterozygosity at the marker loci when the parental lines were polymorphic. The document concludes these DNA-based markers can help replace conventional grow-out tests for efficiently and accurately assessing hybrid rice seed purity.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Micropropagation of Aegle marmelos and molecular markersRajesh Pati
This document describes a study on the micropropagation and genetic assessment of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.) plants. Nodal explants from two elite bael varieties were used to optimize a micropropagation protocol. The 11-15th nodal position and single-budded 3 cm explants showed the highest bud break rate. The MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IAA was most effective for bud induction and proliferation. This medium produced the greatest number of microshoots per explant. The genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants was assessed using molecular markers to ensure the production of true-to-type plants.
Cassava Morphological Characteristics
Importance of Cassava
cassava breeding approach
importance of cassava
trait evaluation at different breeding stages
Dayo Nigeria is the Executive Director of Matadors Leadership Institute. He is reminding someone of an important match they played together by showing an image of a soccer ball. Dayo hopes this memory will encourage the person as they take on new challenges.
This document provides step-by-step instructions and screenshots documenting the process of designing magazine pages for a proposed music magazine, including a front cover and double page spread. It describes how the designer selected colors, fonts, images, and arranged various elements like mastheads, logos, and text boxes to develop a consistent brand identity and layout that would appeal to publishers and readers. Feedback from surveys and a publisher suggested areas for improvement, which are incorporated into revised designs shown side-by-side with earlier drafts for comparison.
The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. The major components of the cell membrane are lipids and proteins. Phospholipids form a bilayer with their hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing in. This arrangement provides both fluidity and a selective barrier. Membrane proteins perform important functions like transport, signaling and enzymatic activity. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a mosaic-like appearance. The semipermeable membrane allows small molecules to pass through while blocking larger molecules and ions. Overall, the cell membrane functions to contain the cell, regulate transport, and
Satya Nadella, Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft, has certified Abhishek Sharma as a Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer: Web Applications. Sharma completed the requirements for this certification on January 10, 2016 and was assigned certification number F557-7785, which will expire on January 10, 2018 if not renewed.
Анализ развития информационного общества в Украине Elis255
Информационное общество в Украине задекларированное в главе 13 Программы интеграции Украины в Европейский Союз Согласно этой Программы развитие информационного пространства в нашей стране определяется как состоянием информационных технологий ( (программно-технические средства доступа к информации, телекоммуникационная составляющая др.), так и количественным и качественным составом доступных на рынке информационных продуктов.
Buku ini memberikan panduan bagi guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dalam mengajarkan mata pelajaran Al-Qur'an Hadis berdasarkan Kurikulum 2013. Buku ini berisi delapan pelajaran yang mencakup materi tentang beberapa surat pendek Al-Qur'an, hadis tentang niat, serta hukum-hukum bacaan Al-Qur'an. Setiap pelajaran dilengkapi dengan kompetensi inti, kompetensi dasar, tujuan pembelajaran
Este documento presenta conceptos clave de estadística descriptiva y probabilidad. Explica las diferencias entre estadística descriptiva e inferencial, y define términos como población, muestra, variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. También resume medidas de tendencia central, dispersión, forma, asociación entre variables, y distribuciones de probabilidad como binomial, Poisson y normal.
Kinza Naseer planned and delivered six sessions teaching gifted Year 6 students skills in Adobe Photoshop, Fireworks and Dreamweaver. She taught them to create banners, animations and webpages, developing support materials to help their learning. The teacher praised Kinza's excellent planning, management of resources, and ability to impart knowledge and skills to students. Kinza showed strong leadership skills and will excel in any role due to her commitment.
Multiplication New Shoots from Embryo Culture on Globba spp.drboon
An in vitro propagation system was developed for comparison of six varieties of young globba embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA. The result showed non significance Duncan’s multiple range tests. The G-75, G-52, G-08 and commercial white varieties, cultured on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/l BA, gave the highest average number of new shoots.
Organogenic Regeneration of an Elite Cultivar of Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus juj...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An efficient and relatively simple regeneration system was developed for an elite cultivar of Chinese Jujube, a perennial tree, by culturing young twig segments as explants from 8-15 year old trees. The twig segments were disinfected by submerging them in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min with 3 min vacuum. Calli developed from both ends of the twig segments on half-strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose and BA or BA and NAA in combination. The frequency of shoot formation from calli was higher than 80% when the explants were placed on the half - strength MS medium supplemented with BA (2.581 μM) and NAA (2.685 μM). Roots were produced from adventitious buds for 90% of the regenerated shoots when they were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 4.920 μM IBA and 5.708 μM IAA. After transplanting to soil, 82% of the regenerated seedlings survived when they were covered with glass containers to maintain humidity. The results suggest that Chinese jujube can be reproduced and multiplied using organogenesis with the appropriate explant and culture medium.
This document provides information about coconut production in India. It discusses that India ranks third globally in coconut production after Indonesia and Philippines, with over 10 million tons produced annually on 1.5 million hectares of land. Kerala contributes the highest share of coconut production in India at 45% followed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The document also outlines coconut cultivation practices including variety, planting methods, fertilizer use, pest and disease management, and harvesting.
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleopteraAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
This document provides information on seed production of jute. It discusses the botanical details of jute, including its scientific name, family, chromosome number, center of origin, and mode of pollination. It also covers soil and field preparation requirements, seed treatment, sowing methods, manures and fertilizers, weed management, pest and disease control, harvesting and threshing procedures, and important jute varieties. The key steps in jute seed production include soil preparation, seed treatment, broadcasting of seeds, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, harvesting when capsules turn brown, and threshing to extract seeds.
Soyabean crop production and quality seed productionAshishNain
This document provides information about soybean including its family, origin, importance, production, varieties and cultivation practices. Some key points:
Soybean is a legume belonging to the family Leguminosae. It originated in eastern China and was later introduced to other parts of Asia and globally. Soybean is a rich source of protein and oil, and is one of the largest sources of vegetable oil and protein globally.
India is a major soybean producing country with the largest area and production being in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The document outlines recommended varieties, sowing times, fertilizer use, irrigation, pest and disease management practices for soybean cultivation in India.
This report summarizes the presentation of a student on the cassava crop. It discusses the botanical classification of cassava, listing its scientific name as Manihot esculenta Crantz. It describes cassava's botanical characteristics such as its coned-shaped roots, erect stems, large palmate leaves, and flowers/fruit. The report also covers cassava's economic importance as a staple food and source of income in many countries, as well as its optimal climatic and soil conditions for production.
Effect of Colchicine Tablets on Morphology of Torenia fournieridrboon
The document summarizes research on inducing polyploidy in the plant species Torenia fournieri through treatment with colchicine solution. Leaves were soaked in various concentrations of colchicine for different durations. Higher concentrations and longer durations decreased survival rates. Putative polyploids were selected based on larger stomata size and darker green leaves. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting confirmed some plants were induced to tetraploid (4n=36 chromosomes), compared to the normal diploid (2n=18 chromosomes). The highest induction rate was 6.67% for treatment with 15 ppm colchicine for 3 days. Morphological differences between induced tetraploids and control diploids
This document provides information on sprouting broccoli. It begins by identifying its botanical name and family, and notes it originated in the Mediterranean region. It then discusses the plant's morphology, composition, uses, cultivation requirements including climate, soil, planting, harvesting, and diseases and pests. It lists several varieties and concludes with physiological disorders and their causes and controls. In summary, it is a comprehensive overview of sprouting broccoli covering its botanical characteristics, cultivation practices, and common issues.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
This document provides information on seed production of barley. It discusses barley varieties suitable for different regions and conditions in India, agronomic practices for seed production such as land selection, isolation distances, seed treatment, sowing methods, fertilizer and irrigation requirements. It also covers weed, disease and insect management, harvesting techniques and post-harvest storage practices for barley seed production.
Cotton seed production in hybrids & varietiesBaskar Selvam
For production of seeds for cultivation or developing new varieties or hybrids, certain standards should be followed to get good quality and pure seeds.
Vegetative propagation of minor fruit cropAjaykumarKarna
1) The document discusses various methods of propagation used for minor fruit crops in India, including budding, grafting, layering, and seed propagation.
2) It provides details on the specific propagation methods recommended for different minor fruit crops like aonla, bael, custard apple, and others. This includes the commercial method and ideal timing for each crop.
3) The success rates of different budding methods (patch, chip, T-budding) varied depending on the month performed, with the highest rates occurring between May-July generally.
The effects of explant rotation, medium types, JA and GA3 additions on in vit...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— This study investigates the effects on the in vitro microtuber formations of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Marfona species, effected by the direction of planting the explants (horizontal or vertical), the type of medium (solid or two-phase), adding Jasmonic acid (JA) (0.0, 10 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 0.2 mg/L) and Gibberellic acid (GA 3) (0.0 and 0.2 mg/L). The cultures were incubated in a climate chamber at 22-25 o C, and were subjected to a light intensity of 145 µmol m-2 s-1 for 8 hours in light and 16 hours in dark photoperiods (short day) for 4-6 weeks. Microtuber production was inhibited when GA 3 was added. The maximum number of microtubers was observed when the explants were planted vertically and were grown in two-phase medium which did not contain GA 3 and had 10 ng/L JA present. It was determined that two-phase medium with 0.2 mg/L JA but without GA 3 was the most favourable medium for tuber growth (for both height and width). The best microtuber formation on single node explants were observed to occur in the short day photoperiod (8 hours light/16 hours dark) in a two-phase medium that contained 0.2 mg/L JA without the addition of GA 3. The results shows that the effect caused by JA works antagonistically with that of GA 3 thus causing the resulting microtuber formation observed.
nduced Mutation by Colchicine Treatment of Somatic Embryos in ‘Namwa’ Banana ...drboon
Hexaploids of the ‘Namwa’ banana (Musa sp ABB) were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were induced on a medium containing MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/l picloram. Somatic embryos were treated with four different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, %) in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.22 mg/l zeatin, and shaken (60 rpm) at 25 0C in darkness for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Higher colchicine concentrations exhibited higher mortality rates ranging from 8–20%, 48–62% and 80–90% mortality on concentrations 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 % colchicine respectively. Mortality rate generally increased with increased treatment time. Hexaploids were obtained at a frequency of 2 % with treatments 0.05 % colchicine for 96 hours, and 1 % colchicine for 48 hours as determined by flow cytometry.
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
2) It finds that during typical pitch rotation flight, differential pressure concentrates at the tip of the forewings, producing roughly matched reaction forces on the left and right wings.
3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
ITJEMAST5(1): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ITJEMAST5(1):
Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
Effect of Blend Ratio on Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, and Aging Resistance of Silica-filled ENR/SBR Blends
An Efficient Formulation of Off-line Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Using Polyhedral Invariant Sets
Effect of Modeling Parameters on System Hydrodynamics of Air Reactor in Chemical Looping Combustion Using CFD Simulation
Flow Behavior of Geldart A and Geldart C Particles in a Co-current Downflow Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification from Corncob
Synthesis of Alkali Metal/CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture at Low Temperature
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
1) The study characterized the swelling behavior of bentonite in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
2) The X-ray diffraction results showed that bentonite swelling decreased with increasing valence of exchangeable cations and increasing concentration of permeant solutions. Bentonite swelling was highest with deionized water and lowest with calcium chloride solutions.
3) Scanning electron microscopy images showed that bentonite has a flake-like structure when air-dried but becomes more porous and fluffy after permeation. The porous structure decreased with increasing concentration of calcium chloride solutions.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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1. 2013 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
Break Dormancy by Trimming Immature Globba spp.
a
Nattapong Chanchula , Anchalee Jala
b*
, and Thunya Taychasinpitak
a
a
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus,
Bangkok, 10900 THAILAND
b
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 12120
THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO
A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 20 February 2013
Received in revised form
26 March 2013
Accepted 29 March 2013
Available online 10 April 2013
Young Globba winitii seeds at 20 days after pollination
were collected and trimmed at different parts of their seed coat,
then cultured on MS medium supplemented with 10 mg/l BA, 1.0
mg/l NAA, 10 mg/l GA3 and 30 g/l sucrose. The results showed
that the trimming method could break dormancy, and young
embryos germinated in the first week. Seeds trimmed down to a
naked embryo had the highest germination rate, germination
index and speed of emergence, which were 98.03%, 22% and
100%, respectively.
Keywords:
embryo rescue;
seed dormancy;
scarification;
Globba seed.
2013 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
The genus Globba (hundred species) is one of the largest genera in the primarily tropical
Zingiberaceae. Globba along with the small genera Gagnepainia, Hemiorchis, and Mantisia
comprise the Globbeae, one of the two tribes of subfamily Zingiberoideae (William et al,
2004). Globba species are distributed throughout tropical (and parts of subtropical) Asia,
ranging from India to southern China, south and east to the Philippines and New Guinea, with
the center of distribution in monsoonal Southeast Asia, especially Thailand and Myanmar.
Virtually all species distributed north of the Isthmus of Kra (most species of Globba and all
species of the remaining genera) enter dormancy from approximately November through
*Corresponding author (A. Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5644440-59 Ext. 2450. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/171-178.pdf
171
2. April, while most species south of that point remain evergreen throughout the year. The other
three genera of Globbeae are more restricted in distribution and fall completely within the
range of Globba itself. Gagnepainia is found primarily in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and
Cambodia. (Seliger and Mc Elroy, 1995).
Flowers in the Globbeae, like all Zingiberaceae, are among the most highly derived in
angiosperms (Endress, 1994; Kress et al., 2002). Calyces in the Globbeae are highly reduced,
with petals replacing most of their protective function. Standard petal function (i.e., pollinator
attraction and mechanical assistance to pollination) has been co-opted by elaborate
staminodes that have replaced four of the six stamens that were fertile in ancestral species of
Zingiberales (the fifth stamen is aborted in the Zingiberaceae and the sixth remains fertile;
Kirchoff, 1988). Globba flowers are distinctive in having a relatively small staminodal
labellum and a greatly elongated, arched stamen that is as long or longer than the floral tube
and staminodes. However, the hallmark of most (90%) Globba species are the small linear to
triangular appendages along the sides of the anther. The colorful bracts and flowers seen in
many species are useful taxonomically and have attracted horticultural interest, especially for
G. winitii C. H. Wright (Williams et al,1999). Most, if not all, species of Globba can
reproduce through the production of asexual vegetative bulbils in the inflorescence, a rare
occurrence in the rest of the family (Larsen et al., 1998). In some species (e.g., G. marantina
L. and G. bulbifera Roxb.) seeds are rarely produced and plants produce bulbils as their
primary means of reproduction. After the flower is pollinated and fertilized, a hard-shelled
seed develops, which remains dormant until the next rainy season. Because, Suberin and
pectin compounds give the seed shell its toughness. Water and air cannot pass through to the
inside, so the seed does not sprout readily (Seliger and Mc Elroy, 1995). Multiplication New
Shoots from Embryo Culture on Globba spp. has been reported by Jala et al. (2013).
Mature globba seeds remain dormant for a long time and have a low germination rate,
which is an obstacle to commercial production. Presently, some new hybrid varieties have
been created by crossing between different genera. However, these hybrid varieties are even
more difficult to propagate due to problems of low germination, sterility or seed abortion.
Plant tissue culture is a promising approach to overcome these difficulties. For instance, an
embryo rescue technique, in which young embryos are cultured on synthetic media, is one
method to increase the number of plantlets. Also, trimming the seed coat to break dormancy
followed by micropropagation can yield a large number of plantlets within a short period.
172
Nattapong Chanchula, Anchalee Jala, and Thunya Taychasinpitak
3. The objectives of this research were to find suitable methods for trimming young Globba
winitii seeds. During the embryos of seed embryos were often cut and destruction from
equipment. Our goal is to culture them to increase the percentage of germination and obtain
rapid shoot emergence in a short period.
Figure 1: The position of Globba winitii (commercial white) seed,
treated by trimming at different parts
(A) Naked embryo
(B) Trimmed at the middle seed
(C) Trimmed one side of the micropyle (D) Trimmed one side at the base across micropyle
(E) Trimmed at the micropyle side
(F) Trimmed at the end across micropyle
2. Materials and Methods
Young Globba winitii seeds at 20 days after pollination were collected and cleaned with
liquid detergent, washed under running tap water for 15 min, soaked in 70% alcohol for 1 min
and sterilized in 20% Clorox for 20 min, followed by 10% Clorox for 10 min and finally
soaked with sterilized distilled water 3 times, 1 min each time. The seeds were randomly
divided into 6 treatment groups that were trimmed at different parts of the seed: trimmed
down to a naked embryo, trimmed at the end of the micropyle, trimmed on one side of the
micropyle, trimmed at the base across the micropyle, trimmed on one side at the base and
across the micropyle and not trimmed (control) (6 treatments as shown in Figure 1). All seeds
were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 10 mg/l BA, 1 mg/l NAA, 10 mg/l GA3 and
30 g/l sucrose. The medium was solidified with 0.8% agar after adjusting the pH to 5.6 and
sterilized by autoclaving at 121° C (1.06 Kg-1 m-2) for 20 min. The cultures were maintained
at 25 ± 2° C under a 16-h photoperiod with illumination provided by cool fluorescent lamps at
an intensity of 60 µmolm-2 sec-1 (TLD 36 w/853350 lm Phillips Thailand). Cultured seeds
were subcultured into the same medium every 2 weeks to induce growth. After all seeds
germinated, the embryos were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA for
growing.
*Corresponding author (A. Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5644440-59 Ext. 2450. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/171-178.pdf
173
4. 3. Statistical Analysis
Experiment was set up in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments; each
treatment consisted of 20 replicates for the experiment. The test of statistical significance was
done by applying Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% confidence level using SAS
statistical software, Release 6.03 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
4. Results and Discussion
After trimming young Globba winitii seeds at various parts of the seed and culturing
them on MS medium supplemented with 10 mg/l BA, 1 mg/l NAA, 10 mg/l GA3 and 30 g/l
sucrose, (They affect cell elongation by altering cell wall plasticity. They stimulate cambium,
a subtype of meristem cells and affecting enzyme production that mobilizes food production
used for growth of new cells in aleurone layer) the percentage of germination observed in
trimmed seeds was significantly different from the control in the first and second week, as
shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Germination Percentage of young Globba winitii seed trimmed at different part
of seeds after culturing for two and three weeks. (Mean ±SD)
Method for trimmed
Percentage of germination *
1st week
2nd week
3rd week
98.03±3.39 c
98.03 ± 3.39 d 98.03 ± 3.39 d
00.00 ±0.00 a
0.00±3.39 a
00.00 ±0.00 a
78.33±3.37 c
96.66 ± 5.77 d 96.66 ± 5.77d
72.03±1.38c
82.61 ±8.20 d
84.62 ±8.20 d
GI*
SE (%)*
Naked embryo (control)
22.06 c
100 c
No trimmed ( intact seed coat)
0a
0a
Trimmed at the micropyle side
18.094c
83.56c
Trimmed at the base across the
16.191c
74.518b
micropyle
Trimmed one side of the micropyle
34.90 ±1.87b
55.08 ±1.84 c
56.10 ±1.84 c
8.818b
62.073b
Trimmed one side across the micropyle 68.69 ± 1.09c 85.00 ± 7.98 d 86.00 ± 7.98 d
15.887c
80.773c
Trimmed at the middle seed
1.33 ± 2.33 a
31.50 ± 1.04 b 31.50 ± 1.04 b
2.44 a
4.222 a
* significant difference (p≤ 0.05)
abc Average compared mean within column by Duncan’s multiple range test at (p≤ 0.05)
GI = germination index was calculated as described by Association of Official Seed Analyst (AOSA,1991)
SE = Speed of emergence was calculated according to ISTA (1996)
This result (Table 1) confirms the theory that the dormancy period is affected by the
hardness of the seed coat (Chien and Lin, 1994). When the seed coat was trimmed, it let
water and oxygen pass through the seed coat to reach the micropyle and the embryo directly
(Figure 2).
With other species, scarification or other treatments to break down the
impermeability of the seed coat have been shown to shorten dormancy and result in
germination in a relatively short time. For instance, Lupinus hispanicus seed has been
reported to have long dormancy due to the seed coat (Centenera et al., 1999).
174
Nattapong Chanchula, Anchalee Jala, and Thunya Taychasinpitak
5. Figure 2: Young Globba winitii (commercial white) seed which treat by trimming at
different parts of seed after culturing 3 weeks.
(A) Naked embryo, (B) Trimmed one side at the base across micropyle,
(C) Trimmed at the middle seed, (D) Trimmed at the end across micropyle,
(E) Trimmed one side of the micropyle (F) Trimmed at the micropyle side,
(G) Trimmless (Whole seed - no trimmed), and (H) Young plantlets from embryo.
In the present study, scarification (by way of trimming) resulted in the greatest
imbibition, germination percentage, seedling establishment and also the highest values of
seedling growth characteristics compared with untreated (control) seeds. However, partially
trimming the seed did not improve the seed coat permeability much, and resulted in a low
germination percentage (Table 1). The methods of trimming at the middle of the seed or
trimming at one part of the micropyle gave the lowest percentages of germination at 1.33%
and 34.9%, respectively. One possible explanation for this is that trimming at the middle of
the seed may destroy or injure the embryo. From research by Eeckhaut et al. (2007), had
done on Rhododendon which harvested 10 weeks after pollination and initiated in vitro,
showed that seeds from inter-generic crosses had larger endosperm and the number of rescued
embryos that germinated into new plantlets was greater. This research was similar to a report
by Lili et al. (2008) on hybrid seedless grape (Emerald Seedless x Beichun), in which hybrid
fruits were harvested 3 days after pollination and young embryos were cultured on WPM
(woody plant medium, Lloyd and McCown, 1980). They obtained a high survival rate and
new hybrid plants.
In the second week of this study, the germination index was again higher for the
treatment groups of trimmed globba seeds than for the untrimmed control. This is compatible
with results from the research of Jala (2011), Ellis and Robert (1981), Hangarter (1996),
Warpeha and Kaufman (1989) and Winslow (1999), who reported that many plant species
respond to the environment with optimal growth and development according to the
availability of light, water and oxygen. In our experiment, the final germination percentage
*Corresponding author (A. Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5644440-59 Ext. 2450. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/171-178.pdf
175
6. was higher for the bare embryo seed group than for either trimmed or intact seeds, with a
statistically significantly difference among treatments (naked >trimmed >intact).
Partially trimming the seed coat or completely removing the seed coat apparently relieved
any mechanical restraint and/or barriers to gas exchange, as these treatments greatly improved
germination, just as they did of Genesis in a report by Duval and Ne Smith (2000).
Comparing the mean germination rates of each seed coat trimming treatment, we found
statistically significant differences. The group of seeds that was partially trimmed at the
micropyle part and the group that was trimmed on one side across the micropyle both gave
similar results, as shown in Table1. This result indicates that the seed coat was the major
obstacle to seed germination. This is probably because the thick seed coat prevents water and
oxygen from entering into the seeds. When the seed coat was removed, there was nothing to
shield the inside. Water and oxygen could enter, stimulating the metabolism of the embryo to
germinate into a seedling. When the germination index of each treatment was calculated,
significant differences were found. Naked embryos had the highest germination index at
22.06 and the control group with intact seed coats had the lowest. In addition, the highest
speed of emergence was recorded for the naked seed group, which was 100%. Data for speed
of emergence followed the same trend as for germination index. This research agrees with
Jala (2012) research on Nepenthes mirabilis. The speeds of emergence in young seeds which
were trimmed at the micropyle part and those that were trimmed on one side at the base across
the micropyle were the next fastest after the naked seed group.
5. Conclusion
Young embryos could be induced to germinate by trimming the young seeds at 20 days
after pollination to break seed coat dormancy. Immature embryos could germinate within the
first week and naked embryos with the seed coat entirely removed showed the highest
germination percentage, germination index and seed emergence rate at 98.03%, 22% and
100%, respectively. But, Trimming at the micropyle side of the Globba seeds is the best
method for enhance germination and got shot time which the same as the naked embryos.
Explants from globba varieties cultured on MS medium supplemented with difference BA
gave non significance difference in this experiment. But, Khao Burma cultured on MS
medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA gave the highest average number of new shoots at 4.33
shoots, while varieties G-75, G-52, G-08 and commercial white cultured on MS medium
supplemented with 5 mg/l BA gave the highest average number of new shoots at 8.66, 5.33,
176
Nattapong Chanchula, Anchalee Jala, and Thunya Taychasinpitak
7. 5.33, and 5.33 shoots, respectively.
6. References
Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA) (1991) Seed Vigor Testing Handbook.
Contribution. No.32 to the handbook on Seed Testing, published by AOSA and SCST,
USA.
Centenera, E., C. Cuadra, C. de la, de la Cuadra and G.D. Hill. (1999) Control of seed
viability in Lupinus hispanicus. Towards to 21st Century. Proceedings of the 8th
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Chien, H. and T.P. Lin, (1994) Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide in improving the
germination of Cinnamomum camphora seed. Seed Sci. Technol. 22: 231-236.
Duval, J.R., and D. S. Ne Smith, (2000) Treatment with hydrogen peroxide and seed coat
removal or clipping improve germination of “Genesis” triploid watermelon,
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Eeckhaut, T., E. D. Keyser, J. V. Huylenbroeck, J. D. Riek, and E. V. Bockstaele. (2007)
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University Press, New York, New York, USA.
Hangarter R.P. (1996) Gravity light and plant form. Plant Cell Environment. 20: 796-800.
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) (1996) International rules for seed testing.
Seed Sci Technol, 24: 155-202.
Jala, A. (2011) Role of BA and NAA on callus and shoot induction of Globba winitii L., The
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*Corresponding author (A. Jala). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5644440-59 Ext. 2450. E-mail address:
anchaleejala@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/171-178.pdf
177
8. Larsen, K., J. M. Lock, H. Mass, and P. J. M. Maas. (1998) Zingiberaceae. In K. Kubitzki
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Dr.Anchalee JALA is an Associate Professor in Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumtani , THAILAND. Her teaching is in the areas
of botany and plant tissue culture. She is also very active in plant tissue culture research.
Thunya TAYCHASINPITAK is an Associate Professor in Department of Horticulture, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen, Bangkok, THAILAND. He is teaching and researching in
floriculture and floriculture crop improvement.
Nattapong CHANCHULA is a PhD candidate in Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Kasetsart University, Bangkhen, Bangkok, THAILAND. His main research is in floriculture crop
improvement.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
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Nattapong Chanchula, Anchalee Jala, and Thunya Taychasinpitak