This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleopteraAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
1. The document discusses heterosis breeding in cotton and maize. It provides details on the floral biology, breeding methods, and objectives for both crops.
2. For cotton, the goals are high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding methods include hybridization, mutation breeding, and hybrid seed production using emasculation or male sterile lines.
3. For maize, the ideal plant type has upright leaves and extended grain filling. Breeding objectives include high yield, wide adaptation, and disease resistance. Methods covered are mass selection and hybrid breeding using three-way crosses or double crosses.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
- Maize originated in Mexico from a wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte is considered the wild progenitor of maize because it has the same chromosome number and similar genetic constitution.
- Maize evolved from a direct domestication of an annual Mexican teosinte around 6000-10,000 years ago. Early maize had many differences from modern maize in appearance but was genetically similar.
- Cytogenetic evidence also supports maize's evolution from teosinte. Teosinte and maize have the same chromosome number, can hybridize and produce fertile offspring, while other grasses like tripsacum have different chromosome numbers and are more distantly related.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleopteraAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
1. The document discusses heterosis breeding in cotton and maize. It provides details on the floral biology, breeding methods, and objectives for both crops.
2. For cotton, the goals are high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding methods include hybridization, mutation breeding, and hybrid seed production using emasculation or male sterile lines.
3. For maize, the ideal plant type has upright leaves and extended grain filling. Breeding objectives include high yield, wide adaptation, and disease resistance. Methods covered are mass selection and hybrid breeding using three-way crosses or double crosses.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
- Maize originated in Mexico from a wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte is considered the wild progenitor of maize because it has the same chromosome number and similar genetic constitution.
- Maize evolved from a direct domestication of an annual Mexican teosinte around 6000-10,000 years ago. Early maize had many differences from modern maize in appearance but was genetically similar.
- Cytogenetic evidence also supports maize's evolution from teosinte. Teosinte and maize have the same chromosome number, can hybridize and produce fertile offspring, while other grasses like tripsacum have different chromosome numbers and are more distantly related.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
RICE
Oryza sativa (2n=24)
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. The two cultivated species of rice are i) Oryza sativa - Asian rice
ii) O. glaberrima - African rice. The three races in cultivated Asian rice are
i) indica
ii) Japonica (Sinica)
iii) Javanica.
Origin of cultivated rice.
The views regarding the origin of rice can be grouped in to two classes viz., a) Polyphyletic origin
b) Monophyletic origin.
i.Polyphyletic: Originated from several species. According to this theory, the two forms of cultivated rice viz., Asian rice O.sativa and African rice O.glaberrima have evolved independently in their respective regions from several species.
Common ancestor
South & South East Asia Tropical Africa Perennial O.rufipogon O.longistaminata Annual O.nivara Weedy annual O.barthii
O.spontanea
O.sativa O.Staffii O.glaberrima
indica japonica javanica
ii. Monophyletic : According to this theory both Asian rice and African rice arose from a common parent (O.perennis). This view is the most accepted one because both Asian rice and African rice are similar except in glume pubescence, ligule size and colour of pericarp which is red in African rice.
O.perennis
O.glaberrima O.sativa
According to polyphyletic origin the present day rice varieties have originated from several species. According to monophyletic origin a single species has given rise to all varieties of cultivated rice. Viz.,
Oryza sativa
Oryza glaberrima
most of the modern rice workers believe that origin of cultivated rice monophyletic. From oryza perennis rose the Asian rice in South East tropical Asia and African rice in the upper valley of Niger River in Africa.
Species in the genus oryza:
According to the latest view the genus oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms.
5. effect of stage of fruit pickings on seed quality in leaf curl resistant t...Vishwanath Koti
This study examined the effect of fruit picking stage on seed quality in tomato varieties resistant to leaf curl virus across different seasons. Seeds from earlier pickings (1st-3rd) generally showed higher seed quality parameters like weight, germination, and vigor index compared to later pickings (4th-5th). Specifically, the 3rd picking yielded the highest quality seeds in kharif and rabi seasons, while the 2nd picking performed best in summer. Across varieties and seasons, seeds from the 3rd picking consistently demonstrated maximum 1000 seed weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index. Therefore, fruits from earlier pickings are best suited for seed production due to their superior seed quality, while later pick
This document summarizes a presentation on germplasm collection activities. It discusses the importance of germplasm collection for conservation and breeding purposes. It describes different sources and types of germplasm collection, as well as methods, components, and techniques for collection. Key institutions for germplasm storage in Pakistan and internationally are also outlined. Both merits such as conservation of genetic diversity and risks like disease entry are reviewed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of collection to avoid loss of indigenous germplasm.
Ijoear jul-20Influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval development of C.maculatus. The influences of three secondary host plants were compared to the influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the primary host plant in the life cycle of C. maculatus. For the experiments, C.maculatus adults were extracted from cowpea seeds and transferred to the seeds of the two secondary host plants used in this study: striped or white Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Transferred insects were maintained for two years on the seeds of these plants by regular rearings before being used in each of the different experiments. To determine embryonic development time, couples were brought into contact with different seeds for laying. The eggs that were laid were then observed until they hatched. To identify the different larval stages and determine their respective development time, the seeds were first infested and then dissected at specific intervals in time. The results show a reduction in the embryonic development time in white Bambara groundnut seeds compared to the seeds of the other plants. Development time of the two early instars for all strains was significantly long on the three secondary host plant seeds than on cowpea seeds. However the opposite trend was observed for the pupalstage. Of the three plants used in this experiment, pigeon pea provides the worst conditions for larval and pupalinstar development. These results lead to better understanding of post-embryonic development of C. maculates occurring within the seeds of secondary host plants. This research provides valuable insight into developing appropriate methods for pest control.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
PEARL MILLET
Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)
(Cumbu, Bajra, Bulrush millet)
Origin : West Africa.
Taxonomy : The genus pennisetum is having more than 140 species. Stapf (1954) has
divided the genus pennisetum in to five sections viz.,
1. Gymnothrix
2. Eupennisetum
3. Penicillaria
4. Heterostachya
5. Brevivalvula
The cultivated Pennisetum glaucum belongs to the section penicillaria.
Origin and putative parents.
Stapf included 32 species is penicillaria. Of these 32 species found is Africa, six
annuals are considered wild and probable ancestors of the cultivated one. They are
1. Pennisetum perottettii
2. P. molllissimum
3. P. violaceum
4. P. versicolor
5. P. adonense
6. P. gymnothrix
The cultivated species of pennisetum is believed to have originated thro’
hybridization with in these six species.
Wild species utilised in breeding :
The other species in this section is P.purpureum a rhizomatus perennial having
chromosome number 2n = 28
cumbu napier hybrid = BN1
Tetraploid x Diploid - Triploid.
P. squamulatum (2n = 46) - Drought and cold resistant having apomictic line crossed
with P.glaucum to evolve superior cold resistant fodder.
P. orientale : used for transferring apomixis.
P. setaceum P. violaceum : To transfer male sterile genes to P.glaucum
Inter generic crosses :
Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris or Pennisetum ciliare utilised to cross with cumbu
for fodder improvement
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in India and other parts of the world as it is drought tolerant and a source of protein and nutrients. It has a genome size of 858 million base pairs. The first draft genome sequence of the popular pigeonpea variety Asha was completed in 2012 using 454 sequencing, assembling over 500 million base pairs across 11 chromosome pairs. A new reference genome was published in 2018 using Illumina sequencing, assembling over 605 million base pairs across 72.7% of the 833 million base pair genome. The new genome provides insights into drought tolerance genes and will help improve pigeonpea varieties.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Among the biotic stresses that affect cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) productivity, infestation by cowpea bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) is a major problem, causing yield losses of up to 100 %. To alleviate this problem, use of resistant varieties is a feasible approach for small-scale farmers. In Zambia, there are no reported sources of resistance to C. maculatus. The objectives of this study were: i) to evaluate certain cowpea mutants, generated at the University of Zambia, for resistance to C. maculatus; ii) to cluster the tested genotypes based on height, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, yield ha-1, number of eggs laid and adult emergence; and iii) to evaluate the candidate mutants for protein content. Experiments were conducted at three locations in 2014/15. The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, were found to be resistant to C. maculatus across locations and they out-performed their respective parents (p< 0.05) in the degree of resistance to C. maculatus. Cluster analysis, using selected agronomic parameters, showed that the selected resistant mutants (cluster B) were more similar to each other (95 %) than to Namuseba and Msandile (included as susceptible genotypes), which clustered at a similarity level of 78 % (cluster A). The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, showed resistance to C. maculatus, but their protein content was similar to their parents, indicating that this crucial trait had been maintained in the mutants.
Resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and ...Premier Publishers
This experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (40 X 10m plot) to evaluate cacao clones for resistance and tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita in infested field. The ten cocoa clones evaluated are MXC67, T86/2, PA150, LCTEEN, T12/11, T53/5, T101/15, T65/7, ICS1 and AMAZ 15-15. Pre-planting survey revealed ten genera of phytonematodes, these were; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. Paralongidorus spp., Eutylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Hemicyclophora spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Anguillulina spp., Psilenchus spp., and Tetylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence and highest population in 250g soil (40 and 28,234 respectively), Paralongidorus spp. was next in population. Based on gall index, nematode reproduction factor and growth parameters, MXC67, T86/2, PA150, T101/15 and T53/5 were susceptible to the nematode. Two other clones, T65/7 and ICS1 were tolerant. A high degree of resistance was exhibited by LCTEEN, T12/11 and AMAZ 15-15. Compared with F3 Amazon and Amelonado varieties, the two most famous cocoa varieties in Nigeria, four clones (LCTEEN, T65/7, ICSI and AMAZ 15-15) were superior to F3 Amazon and Amelonado. This study showed that planting of resistance/tolerant cacao clones in nematode infested soil will drastically reduce seedling failure experienced by farmers. This tolerant and resistant clones identified should be included in breeding programme for resistance.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
RICE
Oryza sativa (2n=24)
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. The two cultivated species of rice are i) Oryza sativa - Asian rice
ii) O. glaberrima - African rice. The three races in cultivated Asian rice are
i) indica
ii) Japonica (Sinica)
iii) Javanica.
Origin of cultivated rice.
The views regarding the origin of rice can be grouped in to two classes viz., a) Polyphyletic origin
b) Monophyletic origin.
i.Polyphyletic: Originated from several species. According to this theory, the two forms of cultivated rice viz., Asian rice O.sativa and African rice O.glaberrima have evolved independently in their respective regions from several species.
Common ancestor
South & South East Asia Tropical Africa Perennial O.rufipogon O.longistaminata Annual O.nivara Weedy annual O.barthii
O.spontanea
O.sativa O.Staffii O.glaberrima
indica japonica javanica
ii. Monophyletic : According to this theory both Asian rice and African rice arose from a common parent (O.perennis). This view is the most accepted one because both Asian rice and African rice are similar except in glume pubescence, ligule size and colour of pericarp which is red in African rice.
O.perennis
O.glaberrima O.sativa
According to polyphyletic origin the present day rice varieties have originated from several species. According to monophyletic origin a single species has given rise to all varieties of cultivated rice. Viz.,
Oryza sativa
Oryza glaberrima
most of the modern rice workers believe that origin of cultivated rice monophyletic. From oryza perennis rose the Asian rice in South East tropical Asia and African rice in the upper valley of Niger River in Africa.
Species in the genus oryza:
According to the latest view the genus oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms.
5. effect of stage of fruit pickings on seed quality in leaf curl resistant t...Vishwanath Koti
This study examined the effect of fruit picking stage on seed quality in tomato varieties resistant to leaf curl virus across different seasons. Seeds from earlier pickings (1st-3rd) generally showed higher seed quality parameters like weight, germination, and vigor index compared to later pickings (4th-5th). Specifically, the 3rd picking yielded the highest quality seeds in kharif and rabi seasons, while the 2nd picking performed best in summer. Across varieties and seasons, seeds from the 3rd picking consistently demonstrated maximum 1000 seed weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index. Therefore, fruits from earlier pickings are best suited for seed production due to their superior seed quality, while later pick
This document summarizes a presentation on germplasm collection activities. It discusses the importance of germplasm collection for conservation and breeding purposes. It describes different sources and types of germplasm collection, as well as methods, components, and techniques for collection. Key institutions for germplasm storage in Pakistan and internationally are also outlined. Both merits such as conservation of genetic diversity and risks like disease entry are reviewed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of collection to avoid loss of indigenous germplasm.
Ijoear jul-20Influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval development of C.maculatus. The influences of three secondary host plants were compared to the influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the primary host plant in the life cycle of C. maculatus. For the experiments, C.maculatus adults were extracted from cowpea seeds and transferred to the seeds of the two secondary host plants used in this study: striped or white Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Transferred insects were maintained for two years on the seeds of these plants by regular rearings before being used in each of the different experiments. To determine embryonic development time, couples were brought into contact with different seeds for laying. The eggs that were laid were then observed until they hatched. To identify the different larval stages and determine their respective development time, the seeds were first infested and then dissected at specific intervals in time. The results show a reduction in the embryonic development time in white Bambara groundnut seeds compared to the seeds of the other plants. Development time of the two early instars for all strains was significantly long on the three secondary host plant seeds than on cowpea seeds. However the opposite trend was observed for the pupalstage. Of the three plants used in this experiment, pigeon pea provides the worst conditions for larval and pupalinstar development. These results lead to better understanding of post-embryonic development of C. maculates occurring within the seeds of secondary host plants. This research provides valuable insight into developing appropriate methods for pest control.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
PEARL MILLET
Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)
(Cumbu, Bajra, Bulrush millet)
Origin : West Africa.
Taxonomy : The genus pennisetum is having more than 140 species. Stapf (1954) has
divided the genus pennisetum in to five sections viz.,
1. Gymnothrix
2. Eupennisetum
3. Penicillaria
4. Heterostachya
5. Brevivalvula
The cultivated Pennisetum glaucum belongs to the section penicillaria.
Origin and putative parents.
Stapf included 32 species is penicillaria. Of these 32 species found is Africa, six
annuals are considered wild and probable ancestors of the cultivated one. They are
1. Pennisetum perottettii
2. P. molllissimum
3. P. violaceum
4. P. versicolor
5. P. adonense
6. P. gymnothrix
The cultivated species of pennisetum is believed to have originated thro’
hybridization with in these six species.
Wild species utilised in breeding :
The other species in this section is P.purpureum a rhizomatus perennial having
chromosome number 2n = 28
cumbu napier hybrid = BN1
Tetraploid x Diploid - Triploid.
P. squamulatum (2n = 46) - Drought and cold resistant having apomictic line crossed
with P.glaucum to evolve superior cold resistant fodder.
P. orientale : used for transferring apomixis.
P. setaceum P. violaceum : To transfer male sterile genes to P.glaucum
Inter generic crosses :
Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris or Pennisetum ciliare utilised to cross with cumbu
for fodder improvement
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in India and other parts of the world as it is drought tolerant and a source of protein and nutrients. It has a genome size of 858 million base pairs. The first draft genome sequence of the popular pigeonpea variety Asha was completed in 2012 using 454 sequencing, assembling over 500 million base pairs across 11 chromosome pairs. A new reference genome was published in 2018 using Illumina sequencing, assembling over 605 million base pairs across 72.7% of the 833 million base pair genome. The new genome provides insights into drought tolerance genes and will help improve pigeonpea varieties.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Among the biotic stresses that affect cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) productivity, infestation by cowpea bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) is a major problem, causing yield losses of up to 100 %. To alleviate this problem, use of resistant varieties is a feasible approach for small-scale farmers. In Zambia, there are no reported sources of resistance to C. maculatus. The objectives of this study were: i) to evaluate certain cowpea mutants, generated at the University of Zambia, for resistance to C. maculatus; ii) to cluster the tested genotypes based on height, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, yield ha-1, number of eggs laid and adult emergence; and iii) to evaluate the candidate mutants for protein content. Experiments were conducted at three locations in 2014/15. The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, were found to be resistant to C. maculatus across locations and they out-performed their respective parents (p< 0.05) in the degree of resistance to C. maculatus. Cluster analysis, using selected agronomic parameters, showed that the selected resistant mutants (cluster B) were more similar to each other (95 %) than to Namuseba and Msandile (included as susceptible genotypes), which clustered at a similarity level of 78 % (cluster A). The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, showed resistance to C. maculatus, but their protein content was similar to their parents, indicating that this crucial trait had been maintained in the mutants.
Resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and ...Premier Publishers
This experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (40 X 10m plot) to evaluate cacao clones for resistance and tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita in infested field. The ten cocoa clones evaluated are MXC67, T86/2, PA150, LCTEEN, T12/11, T53/5, T101/15, T65/7, ICS1 and AMAZ 15-15. Pre-planting survey revealed ten genera of phytonematodes, these were; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. Paralongidorus spp., Eutylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Hemicyclophora spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Anguillulina spp., Psilenchus spp., and Tetylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence and highest population in 250g soil (40 and 28,234 respectively), Paralongidorus spp. was next in population. Based on gall index, nematode reproduction factor and growth parameters, MXC67, T86/2, PA150, T101/15 and T53/5 were susceptible to the nematode. Two other clones, T65/7 and ICS1 were tolerant. A high degree of resistance was exhibited by LCTEEN, T12/11 and AMAZ 15-15. Compared with F3 Amazon and Amelonado varieties, the two most famous cocoa varieties in Nigeria, four clones (LCTEEN, T65/7, ICSI and AMAZ 15-15) were superior to F3 Amazon and Amelonado. This study showed that planting of resistance/tolerant cacao clones in nematode infested soil will drastically reduce seedling failure experienced by farmers. This tolerant and resistant clones identified should be included in breeding programme for resistance.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Toxic Effects of some Pungent Smelling Seed Extracts and Powders on Sitophilu...Premier Publishers
Sitophilus zeamais is a notorious field-to-store pest of maize in the Tropic. The use of chemical insecticides, regardless of its adverse effects has been the major means of managing this pest. In this study, bio-insecticides of plant origin was used to control maize weevil in the store. The dry fruits of Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta were extracted with ethanol, using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts and powders were evaluated on S. zeamais Motschulsky for mortality, oviposition and adult emergence. The long term storage of the treated maize was also investigated. The results obtained shows that all extracts and powders from C. frutescens and P. guineense caused 100 % mortality by day 12 of exposure with all extract concentrations and doses of powder applied. Powders of A. melegueta was able to achieve 100 % mortality only by day 12 of exposure. The extracts also suppressed oviposition and subsequent adult emergence. Extracts and powders of A. melegueta and P. guineense completely prevented infestation and hence damage of the treated maize grains for a period of three months. The result obtained suggests that extracts and powders of the test plants most especially that of P. guineense and C. frutescens can be utilized in protecting stored maize grains from infestation by S. zeamais.
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of terminalia superba eng...Innspub Net
The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Recent advancement in rust resistence in wheat,dayanand, 01986SDAU
This document provides information about a seminar on recent advancements and current strategies in rust resistance in wheat. It introduces the speaker, Dayanand, and his advisors. The content sections will cover topics like the types and characteristics of rust fungi, milestones in rust research, the importance of rust fungi, conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing rust resistance in wheat, and case studies.
This report summarizes the presentation of a student on the cassava crop. It discusses the botanical classification of cassava, listing its scientific name as Manihot esculenta Crantz. It describes cassava's botanical characteristics such as its coned-shaped roots, erect stems, large palmate leaves, and flowers/fruit. The report also covers cassava's economic importance as a staple food and source of income in many countries, as well as its optimal climatic and soil conditions for production.
Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survivalAlexander Decker
1) The study surveyed cotton farms from 2001-2005 to determine alternate host plants, hibernation sites, and survival strategies of Cylas puncticollis, a cotton pest.
2) C. puncticollis was found on 8 plant families including Malvaceae. The highest damage ratings were on Ipomoea eriocarpa and related plants. Field trials found it preferentially fed on Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) over cotton, okra, and roselle.
3) Hibernation sites included cotton plant debris, exposed roots, and cracked soils up to 75cm deep. Pupae and adults were collected from soil depths up to 15
Assessment of the curative potency of some plant materials on cowpea seeds wi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ability of various plant materials to control an established infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) in stored cowpeas. Cowpeas were infested for 5 weeks before applying plant powders or the pesticide Actellic. Data was collected over 10 weeks on adult emergence, mortality, and seed damage. The most effective plant materials in reducing adult emergence were Moringa oleifera, Piper guineense, and Ocimum gratissimum. Actellic caused the highest insect mortality. At week 10, M. oleifera, P. guineense and O. gratissimum had weevil perforation indexes
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Combining Ability and Heterosis for Grain Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in...Premier Publishers
A varietal diallel of eight parents (3 sweet corn, 1 popcorn and 4 field corn) was evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farms of College of Agriculture, Lafia and Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi respectively, to estimate combining ability, heterosis and gene action. The experiments were laid out as 8x8 α-lattice design with three replications in both locations during the 2018 rain-fed cropping season. Data was collected on emergence count, chlorophyll content, days to tasselling, days to silking, plant height, ear height and grain yield. A significant difference (p≤ 0.05 and p≤ 0.01) in the General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific Combining Ability (SCA) and Reciprocals was observed, with apparent additivity for all the traits. Both negative and positive GCA, SCA and Reciprocal effects and heterosis were observed for all the traits studied. Recurrent selection in TZY-sh2-Y, MAW-sh2-W, SAMMAZ 39, TZEE 2009 and MAY-PC-Y for earliness, dwarfism, vigour and yield was recommended for further breeding towards the improvement of these genotypes in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
This document discusses advances in breeding fruit crops, specifically focusing on bananas. It provides details on the history, genetics, breeding objectives and techniques used for banana breeding. Some key points:
- Banana breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like disease resistance, dwarf stature, high yield, and abiotic stress tolerance.
- Techniques used include hybridization between diploid and tetraploid parents to produce triploid hybrids, as well as mutation breeding and tissue culture.
- Challenges in banana breeding include its vegetative propagation, parthenocarpy, polyploidy and long generation time.
- Popular varieties developed through breeding include Grand Nain, Lady Finger, and
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
Similar to Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected bambara groundnut (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected bambara groundnut
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
Activity of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
on selected bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.)
landraces and breeding lines
Magagula, C.N. (Corresponding author)
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland. Email: Cebisile@uniswa.sz
Maina, Y.T.
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno
State, Nigeria. Email: ytmaina@yahoo.corn
ABSTRACT
Bambara groundnut, an indigenous African legume crop, is cultivated as a subsistence crop by resource poor
farmers. In storage, yield losses are compounded through damage by insect pests, with Callosobruchus
maculatus, being a leading one. The development of a variety with minimum susceptibility to this insect is thus
desirable for the improvement of this nutritious crop. The study was carried out to determine the susceptibility of
three bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and three landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to
attack by the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus and their germination success after damage. 20g of
seeds of each variety replicated four times were used in the experiment. Physical characteristics of the seeds
were noted and each replicate was infested with five pairs of C. maculatus and kept in a breeding chamber at
30°C. After an oviposition period of 7 days, the adult pairs were removed and number of eggs laid was counted.
Subsequently, the developmental pattern of the insects, the amount of damage caused by the insects as well as
susceptibility of the seeds to the insect was determined. The breeding lines were significantly larger and heavier
than the landraces (p<0.05). The number of C. maculatus eggs laid were significantly different between the
treatments (p=0.0012), with SSD8 and OM1 having significantly higher numbers laid. While % adult emergence
was lower in SSD5, this was not significantly different between the varieties (p=0.l4l6). The susceptibility index
was significantly different between varieties (p=0.0192) as well as between landraces and breeding lines
(p=0.0255). On average, the landraces had higher SI (17.928 ± 2.4523) than the breeding lines (13.448 ±
5.9939). Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces than the breeding lines
(48.333± 18.007%). Results indicated that SSD5, SSD9 and AS17 were the most resistant to C. maculatus
attack, while SSD8 and OM1 were the most susceptible. However, due to reduced germination success after
damage, the breeding lines (SSD5 and SSD9) were not suitable for planting after storage while the landrace
(AS17) was the most suitable due to its higher viability after C. maculatus damage. The results indicate that
there is variability in resistance of the bambara groundnut varieties against the cowpea weevil. The use of
resistant varieties could offer the simplest and cheapest way of improving bambara groundnuts production,
especially if these maintain their viability after insect damage. The variability also emphasizes the need for the
maintenance of genetic diversity when selecting for desired traits.
Keywords: C.maculatus, Vigna subterranea, bambara groundnut, susceptibility, landraces, breeding lines
67
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
1. INTRODUCTION
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an indigenous African legume crop which is cultivated
throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the drier parts of the continent. It is produced mainly as a
subsistence crop, usually by small-scale female farmers. They are a rich source of minerals, energy and protein,
with as much as 25.2% protein, 65% carbohydrates and 6% lipid, on a dry weight basis. Its tolerance to drought
and poor soils makes it ideally suited to production in marginal areas where low- input arable agriculture is the
norm (Doku, 1996; Maina et al., 2006; Amarteifio et al., 2006). In most African countries, its importance comes
after cowpeas and groundnuts (Doku, 1996; Sesay et al., 1999).
In tropical subsistence agriculture, several leguminous crops in storage are prone to attack by insect pests, with
bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) being the key pests (Sallam, 1999; Yakubu et al., 2012). In bambara
groundnut, the cowpea weevil, i.e. Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), causes major losses in storage (Keals et al.,
1997; Lale and Kolo, 1998; Rees, 2004), it is a field-to-store pest, ranked as the principal postharvest pest of
stored pulses, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The cowpea weevil can cause as much as 99% yield loss in
susceptible grain legumes. Damage includes reduction in kernel weight, caused by the burrowing larvae as they
feed, and diminished market value due to the presence of insects inside the kernels. Bruchid infestation also
decreases the germination potential of the kernel (Rees, 2004; Munthali and Sondashi, 2004; Magagula et al.,
2004; Maina et al., 2006). As with the majority of unimproved African crops, bambara groundnut is still
cultivated using landraces, with farmers selecting seeds of landraces that are suitable for their local environment
and possessing desirable traits such as good taste, short cooking time, tolerance to drought and diseases (Lawn,
1989; Khonga et al., 2004; Sesay et al., 1999). The study was thus carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of 3
landraces and 3 breeding lines of local bambara groundnuts to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus as well
to evaluate viability of bambara groundnut seeds that have been damaged by Callosobruchus maculatus.
2.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Sources of seed and preparation of culture
All seed used was obtained under the auspices of an international collaborative research project (BAMFOOD).
Three pure breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8 and SSD9) were produced by a combination of artificial hybridization
and selection using the single-seed descent (SSD) (Sesay et al., 2004a). These, in addition to 3 landraces (AS17,
OM1 and Uniswa red), constitute the basis for bambara groundnut improvement in Swaziland. All varieties used
were selected for high yield per plant and large pod size.
2.2 Determination of the physical characteristics of Bambara
groundnuts
The diameter of ten kernels was measured from each variety using venier calipers and the average diameter
calculated for each variety to obtain the seed size. Additionally, another 10 seeds from each variety were
weighed and the average of the seed mass was calculated to obtain the individual seed mass. 10g bambara seeds
from each variety were then placed in a petri-dish, dried in an oven at 130° C for 16 hours. They were then
removed and re-weighed, to obtain the percentage moisture content. Testa and eye colour were determined by
observation of the physical appearance of all the bambara groundnut varieties. An insect culture was established
68
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
by infesting clean bambara groundnuts seeds in 750ml glass jars, with C. maculatus. They were then placed in a
breeding chamber at 30°C. After 1 week, the adult weevils were removed and the seeds left for further 3 weeks.
Newly emerged adult weevils of uniform age were then used for the experiment.
2.3 Infestation of seeds
20g of seeds of each variety were weighed and counted into 100ml glass jars, with each variety replicated four
times. 5 pairs of newly emerged weevils were introduced to each jar and then stored in a breeding chamber at
30°C. After 1week, the adults were removed and the number of eggs laid in each jar recorded. Observation of
adult emerging was initiated after one week and continued on a daily basis until no adults emerged. Newly
emerged adults were removed. Additionally, seeds with emergence holes were counted and used to calculate the
severity of damage in each replicate. This was calculated as:
Severity of damage = No. of adult progenies ÷ No. of damaged seeds. Additionally, the susceptibility index (SI)
was calculated as follows:
SI=LogeF1 X 100/D, where F1 was the total number of emerging adults and D was the median developmental
period, which was calculated as the time from mid-ovipositon period to 50% emergence of F1 generation (Maina
et al., 2006).
2.4 Effect on Germination
Ten seeds, damaged by C. maculatus of each variety were planted and monitored in flower pots. Another set of
undamaged seeds was also planted, with each variety replicated 4 times. Germination success was determined
after two weeks and expressed as a percentage of the seeds planted.
3.0 RESULTS
The physical parameters and lineage of the landraces and breeding lines used are shown in Table 1. SSD5 had
the highest weight and this differed significantly from SSD8, OM1 and Uniswa red (p=0.0002). Kernel size also
differed significantly, with SSD5 again having the significantly larger kernel size (p=0.0000). Analysis of means
revealed that Uniswa red, AS17, OM1 and SSD8 differed significantly from SSD5. Uniswa red also differed
significantly from OM1. On average, the landraces had significantly lower weights (p=0.0000) and size
(p=0.0006) compared to the breeding lines. Moisture content was not significantly different between the varieties
assessed, with an average of 9.5296 ± 0.7718% (p=0.0633).
Table1. Physical characteristics of the lines and landraces used
Breeding Seed weight Seed size Number of % Moisture Seed description Pedigree
line/landraces (g) (mm) seeds content
SSD 8 0.07200± 9.4430± 10.200± Cream testa, red OM 1
0.0919 0.5580 32.6±3.79 0.6160 Butterfly-like eye
SSD 9 0.8600± 11.1670± 9.0976± NTSR
0.1776 1.3738 27.7±1.26 0.6971 Red, no eye
SSD 5 0.9100± 9.7690± NTSR
0.1197 12.0970 28.0±1.41 0.9285 Red, no eye
OM 1 0.7200± 8.6890± 10.1660± Cream testa, black
0.0919 0.6186 35.2±1.71 0.6277 Butterfly-like eye
AS 17 0.7200± 9.3620± 9.1774± Cream testa with
69
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
0.1033 0.5813 35.5±2.38 0.4685 black stripes
Uniswa Red 0.6900± 9.7620± 8.7675±
0.738 0.5153 33.7±0.96 0.1311 Dark red, no eye
Breeding lines 0.8300± 10.9020± 30.417± 9.6888±
0.1535 1.5385 4.0104 0.8145
Landraces 0.7100± 9.2710± 34.833± 9.3704±
0.0885 0.7133 1.8007 0.7386
There were significant differences in the number of eggs laid between the varieties (p = 0.0012) (Table 2).
The highest number of eggs were laid on SSD8 (96.3 ± 15.1) and this was significantly higher than those laid on
SSD9 (24.5 ± 13.1) and SSD5 (16.0 ± 10.8). OM1 with 73.0 ± 27.7 eggs also differed significantly from SSD5.
Adult emergence was also not uniform between the varieties assessed, with significant differences observed
between them (p=0.135). Further comparison of means indicated that SSD8 had a significantly higher number of
adults emerging. However, these differences were not significant when comparison of percent emergence was
carried out (p=0.1416). Percent seed damaged was also not significantly different between the varieties (p =
0.1767) nor between landraces and breeding lines (p=0.1015). The susceptibility index (SI) was significantly
different between the varieties (p=0.0192). Further analysis indicated that the SI for OM1 was significantly
higher than that for SSD5. The SI also differed significantly between the landraces and breeding lines (p =
0.0255), with the land races having higher indices on average (mean = 17.928 ± 2.4523) than the breeding lines
(mean = 13.448 ± 5.9939). However, the severity of damages was significantly different between the varieties (p
= 0.0 162). SSD8 suffered significantly higher levels of damage compared to SSD9, AS17 and SSD5. There
were no significant differences in severity of damage between the landraces and breeding lines (p=0.6611).
There was a significant correlation between the number of eggs laid and the severity of damage ( = 0.6852, p
= 0.0003) while none was observed between the severity of damage and SI ( = 0.1133, p=0.6069).
Table2. Susceptibility parameters of the breeding lines and landraces
Used
70
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
In the undamaged seed, germination success was significantly different between treatments (p=0.0002), with
further analysis of means indicating that Uniswa red had significantly higher germination success than SSD8
(Fig. 1). However, there were no significant differences in germination success between the breeding lines
(85.714 ± 13.469%) and landraces (92.462 ± 8.7235%) (p=0.l522). Assessment of germination success of the
damaged seeds indicated that there were also significant differences between the varieties assessed (p=0.02 14;
Fig. 2). Further comparison of means indicated that SSD5 had a significantly lower germination success than
AS17. There were significant differences between the landraces and breeding lines (p=0.0037), with the
landraces having notably higher germination success of the insect damaged seeds than the breeding lines.
Damaged seeds had significantly lower germination success than undamaged seed (p=0.0002), with 35.355 ±
23.447% success compared to 89.088 ± 11.621% in the latter.
Variety
Figure 1: Germination success of undamaged kernels
Variety
Figure 2: Germination success of kernels damaged by Callosobruchus maculatus
4.0 DISCUSSION
The breeding lines had larger seeds compared to the landraces, as seen by the bigger and heavier seeds. These
characteristics were considered as desirable by local farmers interviewed during a survey (Sesay et al., 2004b).
71
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
Seed sizes of at least 1.69cm in diameter were considered as large, e.g. SSD5 and SSD9 in this experiment.
However, earlier studies have indicated that differences in physical characteristics such as testa thickness, seed
mass and seed size, did not play a major role in conferring resistance to seeds of different cereal and legume
cultivars to attack by insect pests (Maina and Lale, 2004; Maina et al., 2006). This was confirmed by the non
significant differences in the physical parameters of the seed assessed. Differences may therefore be attributed to
their biochemical properties (Munthali and Sondashi, 2004). Seed colour can influence resistance of bambara
groundnut varieties to infestation by C. maculatus. Red coloured seeds, e.g. SSD5, SSD9 and Uniswa red, tend
to have higher iron content which contributes to their increased resistance while resistant cream coloured seeds,
such as AS17, also had lower phosphorus and copper levels than susceptible kernels of the same colour, e.g.
OM1 (Munthali and Sondashi, 2004). Lower levels of phosphorus and copper could result in poor development
of the weevil.
Adult emergence ranged from 87.56 to 54.23%, a number of factors could have contributed to the less than
100% emergence in all the seeds. Grain legumes contain toxic chemical factors in their seed coat, which act as a
basis for resistance against bruchid attack. In bambara groundnuts, there is a trypsin inhibitor known to occur at
higher levels in raw bambara groundnuts. This trypsin inhibitor may contribute to high oviposition deterrence
and high larval mortality culminating in reduced progeny development (Maina and Lale, 2004; Maina et al.,
2006). SSD5 and SSD9, with the lowest number of eggs laid and adult emergence may have higher levels of
chemical deterrents which resulted in reduced progeny development for the cowpea weevil. Other factors
contributing to reduced developmental success include bruchins (Doss et al., 2000), larval competition and
resource suitability, e.g. SSD8, Uniswa red and OM1, which despite high number of eggs laid, had lower %
adult emergence than AS17. Resource limitations within the seed would result in fewer progeny surviving to
adulthood, e.g. OM1 and SSD8.
A resistant variety is expected to have relatively lower adult progenies emerging from the seeds or lower number
of eggs laid on the seeds than a susceptible variety (Munthali and Ramoranthudi, 2004). From the results
obtained, SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest number of C. maculatus eggs laid as well as % adult emergence,
indicating that these two breeding lines were less susceptible to C. maculatus attack. This was confirmed by
these two breeding lines having the lowest SI. SSD5 also had the lowest severity of damage observed. On the
other hand, SSD8 and OM1 are more susceptible and less resistant to C. maculatus attack because they had a
higher number eggs laid per seed, high adult emergence as well as severity of damage than the other four
Bambara groundnut varieties. Susceptibility, however, does not translate to actual damage as observed in AS17
which had the second lowest severity of damage, suggesting that this landrace was resistant to C. maculatus
damage despite its high susceptibility index. Infestation and damage of Bambara groundnuts by C. maculatus
was expected to have an effect on the germination potential of the seeds and this was confirmed by the results
obtained. In the damaged seeds, only AS17 seeds had a germination percentage above 50%. Internally feeding
larvae damage essential parts such as the plumule thus impeding germination. Results indicated that the
landraces had a higher germination percentage than the breeding lines after C. maculatus damage, while no such
difference was observed in undamaged seeds. Landraces have a mixture of genotypes with high diversity both
between and within populations while breeding lines are selected for a particular attribute, which in this study
72
7. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
was yield. Individuals within a landrace population therefore vary in their environmental responses and are more
robust to adversity than breeding lines, thus the higher performance after insect damage. This is an advantageous
attribute since the landraces were observed to be more susceptible to C. maculatus attack than the breeding lines.
The significant difference in susceptibility indices and severity of damage of the six bambara groundnuts to
infestation to C. maculatus shows that there is variability in resistance of the bambara groundnut varieties used.
The use of resistant varieties such as SSD5 could offer the simplest and cheapest way of improving bambara
groundnuts for resource poor subsistence farmers. Based on results of this study, AS17, SSD5 and SSD9 were
the most resistant to damage by the cowpea weevil. These had the fewer eggs laid on them and the lowest
severity of damage scores. The breeding lines (SSD5 and SSD9), however, had reduced viability due to this
damage and may not be suitable for planting after storage and C. maculatus damage, while the land race
(AS17) proved to have high germination success even after insect damage. This emphasizes the need for the
maintenance of genetic diversity when selecting for desired traits.
REFERENCES
Amarteifo, J.O., Tibe, 0. and Njogu, R.M. (2006). The mineral composition of bambara groundnut (Vigna
subterrenea) (L.) (Verdc.) grown in southern Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(23): 2408-2411
Doku, V. E. (1996). Problems and prospects for the improvement of Bambara groundnut. In: Proceedings of the
International Groundnut Symposium. University of Nottingham, United Kingdom 19-37
Doss, R.P., Oliver, E.J. Proebsting, W.M., Potter, S.W. Kuy. S. Clement, S.L., Williamson, R.T., Carney, J.R.
and DeVilbiss, E.D. (2000). Bruchins: Insect-derived plant regulators that stimulate neoplasm formation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97: 6218 —6223
Keals, N., Hardie, D.C. and Emery, R.N. (1997). Bruchids: Secret seed eaters. In: Proceedings of the Australian
Postharvest Technical Conference, CSIRO Conference Centre, CSIRO Headquarters, Limestone Avenue,
Canberra, Australia 26-29 May 1998.
Lale, N.E.S and Kolo, A.A. (1998). Susceptibility of eight genetically improved local cultivars of cowpea to
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management
44(1): 25-27
Lawn, R. J. (1989). Agronomic and physiological constraints to the productivity of tropical grain legumes and
prospects for improvement. Experimental Agriculture 25: 509-528.
Maina, Y.T and Lale, N.E.S. (2004). Comparative Resistance of Local Cultivars of Sorghum and Improved
Varieties of Maize to Sitophilus zeamais Infestation in Storage. Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied
Biology 6(1): 6 1-64
Maina, Y.T., Sastawa, B.M. and Bidliya, B.S. (2006). Susceptibility of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.
Walpers) cultivars to Callosobruchus maculatus infestation in storage. UNISWA Research Journal of
Agriculture, Science and Technology 9(2): 159-163
Magagula, C.N., Mansuetus, A.B., Sesay, A. and Kunene, I. S. (2004). Yield loss associated with pests and
diseases of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in Swaziland. In Proceedings of the International
Symposium on bambara groundnut. CICE, Botswana College of Agriculture, 8 – 12 September, 2003. Gaborone,
Botswana. 95-105.
73
8. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
Khonga, E.B., Karikari, S.K. and Machacha, S. (2004). Agronomic performance of nine landraces of bambara
groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in Botswana, In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bambara
Groundnut, Botswana College of Agriculture, 8-12 September, 2003. 27-46.
Munthali, D.C. and Ramoranthudi, M. (2004). Susceptibility of bambara groundnut landraces to Hilda patruelis.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bambara Groundnut, Botswana College of Agriculture, 8-12
September, 2003.85-93.
Munthali, D.C. and Sondashi, M.N. (2004). Evaluation of Vigna unguiculata and Combretum imberbe ashes,
Bacillus thuringiensis and actellic powder for the control of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus in
stored Bambara groundnut. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on bambara groundnut, CICE,
Botswana College of Agriculture, 8 - 12 September, 2003. Gaborone, Botswana.107-114.
Rees, D. (2004). Insects of stored products. Manson Publishing. UK Sallam, Mohamed N. (1999) Insect damage:
Damage on Post-harvest. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
Sesay, A., Kunene, I. S. and Earnshaw, D. M. (1999). Farmers’ knowledge and cultivation of bambara groundnut
(Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in Swaziland. UNISWA Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and
Technology 3: (1) 27-37.
Sesay, A., Mabuza, P. E. Z. and Simelane, D. (2004a). Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Improvement
by the BAMFOOD Research Project in Swaziland. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bambara
Groundnut, Botswana College of Agriculture, 8-12 September, 2003. pp 239-242.
Sesay, A., Edje, 0. T. and Magagula, C. N. (2004b). Working with farmers on the bambara groundnut research
project in Swaziland. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bambara Groundnut, Botswana
College of Agriculture, 8-12 September, 2003. pp 3-15.
Yakubu, B. L., Mbonu, O.A. and Nda, A.J. (2012) Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) pest control methods in storage
and recommended practices for efficiency: A review. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 2 (2): 27-
33.
74
9. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar