Hybrid Seeds in Farming
โขDownload as PPTX, PDFโข
1 likeโข1,856 views
CortAnholtz graduated from Kansas State University with an aviation degree and now works as a farmer in northwest Kansas, growing corn, sorghum, and wheat. He has been farming his whole life and selling hybrid seeds for NC+ for the past 4 years. Hybrid seeds have dramatically changed farming over the past century through innovations in cross-pollination techniques developed by companies like Monsanto to increase yields. Hybrids provide benefits to farmers like higher crop yields, lower pesticide needs, and drought resistance, but also have disadvantages like requiring new seeds annually and increasing production costs for farmers.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![CortAnholtz ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Hybrid seed technology
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
Principles of hybrid seed production
Seed, Seed production, Hybrid seed production, Hybrid, Genetic purity, Germination, sowing, Isolation, Staggering, Roguing, row ratio, planting ratio, synchronization, emasculation, pollination, crossing, supplementary pollination, CMS Line, A Line, Restorer line, R Line, pre-requisite for hybrid seed production, anthesis, ginning, delinting, plant processing, storage, key issues in hybrid seed production
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvement
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Two line breeding in RICE
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
Exploitation of hybrid seed production in Vegetables by Atma ram meena
The document discusses the history and development of hybrid seed production in vegetables. It notes that the first hybrid eggplant was developed in 1924 in Japan, followed by hybrids of other crops in subsequent decades. Methods for large-scale hybrid seed production were established using mechanisms like cytoplasmic male sterility, self-incompatibility, and gynoecious lines. These methods are now commercially used for many vegetable crops and have increased yields, uniformity, and stress resistance compared to open-pollinated varieties. The global hybrid vegetable seed market continues to grow due to rising world population and seed demand.
Heterosis Breeding in Rice (Hybrid Rice)
Hybrid rice is the crop grown from F1 seeds of cross between two genetically dissimilar parents.Importance of Hybrid Rice
Heterosis Breeding in Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
128 ASSIGNMENT 1
1) Hybrid wheat has the potential to boost yields but requires male sterility systems like chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) or cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) to prevent self-pollination. CHAs induce sterility by interfering with pollen development while CMS relies on mitochondrial DNA rearrangements.
2) Developing genetically distinct heterotic pools is important for exploiting heterosis in wheat. Genes controlling floral architecture are being studied to modify flower structure and promote outcrossing.
3) Other sterility systems studied include genic male sterility involving mutations in nuclear genes and transgenic approaches like a barnase/barstar system used in canola. Overall, developing an effective and reliable fertility control system
Recommended
Hybrid seed technology
Hybrid seed technology involves crossing two pure parental lines that have desirable traits to produce hybrid seeds that exhibit superior traits compared to the parents. It requires developing inbred lines, identifying suitable parental lines, and developing systems for pollen control. Major challenges include maintaining parental lines and separating male and female reproductive organs. Hybrid seeds allow for higher yields than open pollinated varieties and can be produced economically at large scale. Male sterility techniques like cytoplasmic male sterility are important for facilitating hybrid seed production in self-pollinating crops.
Principles of hybrid seed production
Seed, Seed production, Hybrid seed production, Hybrid, Genetic purity, Germination, sowing, Isolation, Staggering, Roguing, row ratio, planting ratio, synchronization, emasculation, pollination, crossing, supplementary pollination, CMS Line, A Line, Restorer line, R Line, pre-requisite for hybrid seed production, anthesis, ginning, delinting, plant processing, storage, key issues in hybrid seed production
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvement
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Two line breeding in RICE
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
Exploitation of hybrid seed production in Vegetables by Atma ram meena
The document discusses the history and development of hybrid seed production in vegetables. It notes that the first hybrid eggplant was developed in 1924 in Japan, followed by hybrids of other crops in subsequent decades. Methods for large-scale hybrid seed production were established using mechanisms like cytoplasmic male sterility, self-incompatibility, and gynoecious lines. These methods are now commercially used for many vegetable crops and have increased yields, uniformity, and stress resistance compared to open-pollinated varieties. The global hybrid vegetable seed market continues to grow due to rising world population and seed demand.
Heterosis Breeding in Rice (Hybrid Rice)
Hybrid rice is the crop grown from F1 seeds of cross between two genetically dissimilar parents.Importance of Hybrid Rice
Heterosis Breeding in Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
128 ASSIGNMENT 1
1) Hybrid wheat has the potential to boost yields but requires male sterility systems like chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) or cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) to prevent self-pollination. CHAs induce sterility by interfering with pollen development while CMS relies on mitochondrial DNA rearrangements.
2) Developing genetically distinct heterotic pools is important for exploiting heterosis in wheat. Genes controlling floral architecture are being studied to modify flower structure and promote outcrossing.
3) Other sterility systems studied include genic male sterility involving mutations in nuclear genes and transgenic approaches like a barnase/barstar system used in canola. Overall, developing an effective and reliable fertility control system
Self incompatibility sudha s
This document discusses self-incompatibility in plants, including its definition, types, mechanisms and limitations for plant breeding. It describes gametophytic and sporophytic self-incompatibility systems, comparing their genetic control, site of gene action, pollen structure and other factors. Measures to overcome self-incompatibility include bud pollination and irradiation. The document also covers plant breeder's rights and farmer's rights under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of India. It outlines the objectives of the Act, rights protected by plant breeder's rights, benefits and disadvantages. Farmer's rights refer to rights arising from past and future contributions to conserving and improving genetic resources.
03 Methods to Improve Crops
Methods to genetically modify crops to improve vitamin A content and yield were described. Rice was genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in the grain through the insertion of genes from daffodil and bacteria. Genes could be directly inserted into rice cells using gene guns. Wheat was also discussed, having evolved from hybridization events to become a hexaploid crop. Polyploidy in plants can be induced to create hardier varieties. Maize breeding involved inbreeding, hybridization, and selection to develop high-yielding, uniform varieties with desirable traits.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives โmajor breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat ย
present, past and future prosepcts of castor and its hybrid seed production
This document summarizes the present status, history, and techniques for hybrid seed production of castor. It discusses that India is the leading producer of castor, with Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh being the major growing states. It then describes the two main techniques for hybrid seed production in castor - genetic male sterility and pistillate mechanisms. The pistillate mechanisms include N-type, S-type, and NES pistillate lines. The document concludes by outlining future needs for castor such as developing high yielding hybrids with improved traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Sex expression in castor
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
Pure and Hybrid Seed Production
The document discusses pure line seed production. Pure line selection involves selecting individual plants from a population, growing out their progeny separately, and evaluating the progeny for traits like yield and disease resistance. The best progeny is selected and released as a new variety. Pure line selection is useful for developing uniform varieties in self-pollinated crops, but it is labor intensive and does not provide wide adaptability.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties ppt
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Breeding of Triticum durum
Triticum durum, introduction, uses, breeding methods, heterosis, hybrid breeding, difficulties in hybrid breeding, varieties released
Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Groundnut isn't a true nut but it's a legume
known as monkey nut
called as wonder legume
Autotetraploid n=4x=40
Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots
This presentation gives an idea of utilization of male sterility in crop improvement in monocots and dicots
Breeding for Quality traits in Groundnut
Groundnut is an important crop grown for food, feed, and oil. The document discusses various quality traits that are important in groundnut breeding programs, including morphological, physical, organoleptic, biological, and biochemical traits. It provides details on the genetics and breeding methods used to improve traits like seed size, shape, color, oil content, protein content, and resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Conventional breeding methods like selection and hybridization as well as modern techniques like genetic engineering are used to develop new groundnut varieties with enhanced quality.
H c p tomato seed production 31.10.2018
This document summarizes advances in seed production methodology for tomato hybrids. It discusses the need for high-yielding hybrid varieties with multiple stress resistances. Methods for developing hybrids include using lines resistant to diseases like Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and breeding lines. Hybrids like Arka Samrat and Arka Rakshak have been developed using this method. They have high yields, resistance to diseases, and good marketability. Male sterility systems help reduce the labor for hybrid seed production. Methods discussed include use of thermosensitive genetic male sterility and positional sterility mutants. The document outlines the process for hybrid seed production including isolation distances, emasculation, pollination and seed extraction. It provides details on
Hybrid seed production of castor and maize
This document provides information on seed production techniques for castor and maize. It discusses topics such as field preparation, isolation distances, seeding ratios, fertilizer application, rouging, harvesting, and standards. For castor, it describes the three pistillate mechanisms and hybrid development. For maize, it explains flowering patterns, types of hybrids, detasseling procedures, and inspection stages. Proper techniques are needed to maintain isolation and genetic purity during seed production.
Genetic transformation in mango
In vitro regeneration is required for incorporation of gene of
interest in order to genetically modify mango. With the development of rDNA technology, plant breeders have
access to a large number of genes that can be integrated into the plant genome.
Caster pollination
This document discusses harnessing sex expression and pollination mechanisms in castor to enable commercial exploitation of heterosis. It describes:
1) Manipulating varied sex expressions in castor by controlling environmental factors like temperature and nutrition to promote female or male flowering.
2) Exploiting pistillate sex expression in female parent lines and maintaining them by controlling environmental conditions.
3) Developing male sterile lines by isolating male parents and cross pollinating them.
4) Conducting hybrid seed production trials of various castor hybrids like GCH-7 and observing pollen behavior, including potential for self-pollination.
5) Studying pollination mechanisms and finding
Foundation and certified seed production of castor
1. Foundation and certified seed production of castor varieties and hybrids requires careful management of sex expression to maintain genetic purity. Isolation distances of 300m for varieties and 150-300m for hybrids are needed.
2. Production of female lines for hybrids uses either a conventional method allowing 25% male plants or a refined method removing all male plants. Multiple roguings are done to eliminate off-types.
3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
Foundation and certified seed production of Mesta
1. The document discusses seed production of Mesta, a crop in the hibiscus family.
2. Key requirements for the seed production field include being free of volunteer plants, well-drained soil rich in humus, and isolation distances of 10m between varieties of different species, 200m between foundation seeds, and 100m between certified seeds.
3. Cultural practices for Mesta seed production include using certified class seed, a seeding rate of 10-12.5 kg/ha, a spacing of 30cm between rows and 15cm between plants, and taking prophylactic measures to raise a good crop.
Breeding methods of cowpea(vigna unguiculata l
This document discusses breeding methods used for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), including selection, mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization through intervarietal and interspecific crosses, pedigree selection, bulk population method, single seed descent method, and mutation breeding. Selection involves identifying genotypes with desirable traits, while mass selection develops homogenous but heterogeneous varieties from mixed populations. Pure line selection isolates pure lines. Hybridization combines traits between parents. Pedigree selection tracks ancestry of selected plants. Bulk population grows segregating populations in bulk with optional selection. Single seed descent uses a single seed per plant between generations. Mutation breeding induces variation for crop improvement.
Maize breeding in east africa region presentation
This document discusses maize breeding in East Africa. It aims to overcome challenges like low yield, diseases, pests, and drought. Breeding programs in the region work to develop hybrid and open-pollinated varieties using conventional methods like selection, hybridization, and germplasm collection as well as modern techniques such as doubled haploid breeding which can produce homozygous lines faster. The document provides information on various maize breeding methods and programs in countries in East Africa.
Hybrid seed production and two line production (1)
The objective of any hybridization system is to enforce cross-pollination between inbred lines. Most crop plants are hermaphroditic, that is, possess male and female organs on the same flower, and, therefore, undergo some degree of self-pollination during flowering. To make hybrids, you must eliminate self-pollination on the female parent line and force pollination by the selected male parent. One way to do this is to make the female line male-sterile, which can be accomplished mechanically or genetically.
Pocket K13 (English).pdf
This document discusses conventional plant breeding techniques used over thousands of years by farmers and more recently by plant breeders to develop improved crop varieties. It describes how early farmers selected desirable traits from local varieties to save and replant, while modern plant breeders use genetics knowledge to cross plants with desired traits. The result is either open-pollinated varieties that breed true, or hybrid varieties produced by crossing pure parent lines to yield high-performing first generation offspring, though hybrid seeds must be repurchased annually. Conventional breeding has significantly increased global food production but has limitations; new techniques like mutation breeding and biotechnology further expand options.
Illegal Vegetables and How to Grow Them
The document discusses the author's experience growing and saving seeds from a variety of beans called the "Melbourne Mini". Seed saving allows plant varieties to evolve and adapt to local conditions, but many older varieties are becoming extinct as commercial seed companies focus on varieties suited for mass production and marketing. The Heritage Seed Library works to preserve older non-commercial varieties by lending seeds to gardeners and having some volunteer as "Seed Guardians" to replenish stocks. The author is characterizing the Melbourne Mini bean variety as part of preserving it for future generations.
More Related Content
What's hot
Self incompatibility sudha s
This document discusses self-incompatibility in plants, including its definition, types, mechanisms and limitations for plant breeding. It describes gametophytic and sporophytic self-incompatibility systems, comparing their genetic control, site of gene action, pollen structure and other factors. Measures to overcome self-incompatibility include bud pollination and irradiation. The document also covers plant breeder's rights and farmer's rights under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act of India. It outlines the objectives of the Act, rights protected by plant breeder's rights, benefits and disadvantages. Farmer's rights refer to rights arising from past and future contributions to conserving and improving genetic resources.
03 Methods to Improve Crops
Methods to genetically modify crops to improve vitamin A content and yield were described. Rice was genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in the grain through the insertion of genes from daffodil and bacteria. Genes could be directly inserted into rice cells using gene guns. Wheat was also discussed, having evolved from hybridization events to become a hexaploid crop. Polyploidy in plants can be induced to create hardier varieties. Maize breeding involved inbreeding, hybridization, and selection to develop high-yielding, uniform varieties with desirable traits.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives โmajor breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat ย
present, past and future prosepcts of castor and its hybrid seed production
This document summarizes the present status, history, and techniques for hybrid seed production of castor. It discusses that India is the leading producer of castor, with Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh being the major growing states. It then describes the two main techniques for hybrid seed production in castor - genetic male sterility and pistillate mechanisms. The pistillate mechanisms include N-type, S-type, and NES pistillate lines. The document concludes by outlining future needs for castor such as developing high yielding hybrids with improved traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Sex expression in castor
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
Pure and Hybrid Seed Production
The document discusses pure line seed production. Pure line selection involves selecting individual plants from a population, growing out their progeny separately, and evaluating the progeny for traits like yield and disease resistance. The best progeny is selected and released as a new variety. Pure line selection is useful for developing uniform varieties in self-pollinated crops, but it is labor intensive and does not provide wide adaptability.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties ppt
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Breeding of Triticum durum
Triticum durum, introduction, uses, breeding methods, heterosis, hybrid breeding, difficulties in hybrid breeding, varieties released
Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Groundnut isn't a true nut but it's a legume
known as monkey nut
called as wonder legume
Autotetraploid n=4x=40
Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots
This presentation gives an idea of utilization of male sterility in crop improvement in monocots and dicots
Breeding for Quality traits in Groundnut
Groundnut is an important crop grown for food, feed, and oil. The document discusses various quality traits that are important in groundnut breeding programs, including morphological, physical, organoleptic, biological, and biochemical traits. It provides details on the genetics and breeding methods used to improve traits like seed size, shape, color, oil content, protein content, and resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Conventional breeding methods like selection and hybridization as well as modern techniques like genetic engineering are used to develop new groundnut varieties with enhanced quality.
H c p tomato seed production 31.10.2018
This document summarizes advances in seed production methodology for tomato hybrids. It discusses the need for high-yielding hybrid varieties with multiple stress resistances. Methods for developing hybrids include using lines resistant to diseases like Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and breeding lines. Hybrids like Arka Samrat and Arka Rakshak have been developed using this method. They have high yields, resistance to diseases, and good marketability. Male sterility systems help reduce the labor for hybrid seed production. Methods discussed include use of thermosensitive genetic male sterility and positional sterility mutants. The document outlines the process for hybrid seed production including isolation distances, emasculation, pollination and seed extraction. It provides details on
Hybrid seed production of castor and maize
This document provides information on seed production techniques for castor and maize. It discusses topics such as field preparation, isolation distances, seeding ratios, fertilizer application, rouging, harvesting, and standards. For castor, it describes the three pistillate mechanisms and hybrid development. For maize, it explains flowering patterns, types of hybrids, detasseling procedures, and inspection stages. Proper techniques are needed to maintain isolation and genetic purity during seed production.
Genetic transformation in mango
In vitro regeneration is required for incorporation of gene of
interest in order to genetically modify mango. With the development of rDNA technology, plant breeders have
access to a large number of genes that can be integrated into the plant genome.
Caster pollination
This document discusses harnessing sex expression and pollination mechanisms in castor to enable commercial exploitation of heterosis. It describes:
1) Manipulating varied sex expressions in castor by controlling environmental factors like temperature and nutrition to promote female or male flowering.
2) Exploiting pistillate sex expression in female parent lines and maintaining them by controlling environmental conditions.
3) Developing male sterile lines by isolating male parents and cross pollinating them.
4) Conducting hybrid seed production trials of various castor hybrids like GCH-7 and observing pollen behavior, including potential for self-pollination.
5) Studying pollination mechanisms and finding
Foundation and certified seed production of castor
1. Foundation and certified seed production of castor varieties and hybrids requires careful management of sex expression to maintain genetic purity. Isolation distances of 300m for varieties and 150-300m for hybrids are needed.
2. Production of female lines for hybrids uses either a conventional method allowing 25% male plants or a refined method removing all male plants. Multiple roguings are done to eliminate off-types.
3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
Foundation and certified seed production of Mesta
1. The document discusses seed production of Mesta, a crop in the hibiscus family.
2. Key requirements for the seed production field include being free of volunteer plants, well-drained soil rich in humus, and isolation distances of 10m between varieties of different species, 200m between foundation seeds, and 100m between certified seeds.
3. Cultural practices for Mesta seed production include using certified class seed, a seeding rate of 10-12.5 kg/ha, a spacing of 30cm between rows and 15cm between plants, and taking prophylactic measures to raise a good crop.
Breeding methods of cowpea(vigna unguiculata l
This document discusses breeding methods used for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), including selection, mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization through intervarietal and interspecific crosses, pedigree selection, bulk population method, single seed descent method, and mutation breeding. Selection involves identifying genotypes with desirable traits, while mass selection develops homogenous but heterogeneous varieties from mixed populations. Pure line selection isolates pure lines. Hybridization combines traits between parents. Pedigree selection tracks ancestry of selected plants. Bulk population grows segregating populations in bulk with optional selection. Single seed descent uses a single seed per plant between generations. Mutation breeding induces variation for crop improvement.
Maize breeding in east africa region presentation
This document discusses maize breeding in East Africa. It aims to overcome challenges like low yield, diseases, pests, and drought. Breeding programs in the region work to develop hybrid and open-pollinated varieties using conventional methods like selection, hybridization, and germplasm collection as well as modern techniques such as doubled haploid breeding which can produce homozygous lines faster. The document provides information on various maize breeding methods and programs in countries in East Africa.
Hybrid seed production and two line production (1)
The objective of any hybridization system is to enforce cross-pollination between inbred lines. Most crop plants are hermaphroditic, that is, possess male and female organs on the same flower, and, therefore, undergo some degree of self-pollination during flowering. To make hybrids, you must eliminate self-pollination on the female parent line and force pollination by the selected male parent. One way to do this is to make the female line male-sterile, which can be accomplished mechanically or genetically.
What's hot (20)
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...
Study in respect to origin distribution of species โwild relatives- and forms...
ย
present, past and future prosepcts of castor and its hybrid seed production
present, past and future prosepcts of castor and its hybrid seed production
ย
Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
ย
Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots
Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots
ย
Foundation and certified seed production of castor
Foundation and certified seed production of castor
ย
Hybrid seed production and two line production (1)
Hybrid seed production and two line production (1)
ย
Similar to Hybrid Seeds in Farming
Pocket K13 (English).pdf
This document discusses conventional plant breeding techniques used over thousands of years by farmers and more recently by plant breeders to develop improved crop varieties. It describes how early farmers selected desirable traits from local varieties to save and replant, while modern plant breeders use genetics knowledge to cross plants with desired traits. The result is either open-pollinated varieties that breed true, or hybrid varieties produced by crossing pure parent lines to yield high-performing first generation offspring, though hybrid seeds must be repurchased annually. Conventional breeding has significantly increased global food production but has limitations; new techniques like mutation breeding and biotechnology further expand options.
Illegal Vegetables and How to Grow Them
The document discusses the author's experience growing and saving seeds from a variety of beans called the "Melbourne Mini". Seed saving allows plant varieties to evolve and adapt to local conditions, but many older varieties are becoming extinct as commercial seed companies focus on varieties suited for mass production and marketing. The Heritage Seed Library works to preserve older non-commercial varieties by lending seeds to gardeners and having some volunteer as "Seed Guardians" to replenish stocks. The author is characterizing the Melbourne Mini bean variety as part of preserving it for future generations.
Food Justice & Seeds
Saving heirloom seeds promotes food justice and sovereignty by allowing farmers and communities to maintain seed diversity and not be reliant on corporations that make seed saving illegal. Heirloom seeds are self-reproducing, more resilient, nutritious and flavorful than hybrid or GMO seeds that must be repurchased annually and rely on chemical inputs. Supporting organizations focused on seed saving and sharing helps preserve heirloom varieties and food independence.
Proceedings from the 4th Organic Seed Growers Conference
- The document summarizes the work of Dave Christensen to develop high quality drought-resistant corn varieties using indigenous strains from the American West.
- Christensen has collected and bred native corn varieties for 31 years to create the most stress-hardy corn in the world, focusing on genetics that evolved over thousands of years to thrive in desert highlands.
- His goal is to develop corn suited to regional conditions to help farmers, indigenous groups, and address challenges of climate change and depleted soils.
Small-Scale Organic Seed Production
This document summarizes a manual about small-scale organic seed production. It acknowledges those who helped fund and produce the manual. It then provides brief biographies of the author, Patrick Steiner, and the farmers interviewed for their experiences with seed production. The introduction outlines the goals of expanding local seed production to meet growing demand from organic farmers. It discusses the benefits of seed production for farm ecology, economics, and biodiversity. The first chapter shares reasons farmers choose to grow seeds and benefits it provides for their operations based on interviews. Farmers cited adapting seeds to their conditions, ensuring variety availability, and reducing costs. Seed production was also found to support farm ecology through crops in rotations and providing food for beneficial insects. The chapter closes
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
This document provides guidelines for organic seed production in Florida. It discusses the increasing demand for organic vegetables and seeds due to regulations requiring organic seed sources. Commercial seed production typically occurs in western states with ideal climates, but demand is increasing production in other regions. Selection of crops suitable for the local environment is important. Organic seed production requires following guidelines for land selection, soil preparation without chemicals, planting, and managing weeds, insects and diseases organically. Harvest and post-harvest handling depends on the specific crop and whether it produces wet or dry seeds. Biological controls can help manage pests organically.
Conley Peterson Profile, 09 06 10
1) Crop rotation involves planting different crops in sequential seasons to replenish soil nutrients and limit pests.
2) An INTSORMIL researcher in Uganda found crop rotating between cowpeas and sorghum increased sorghum yields by 60-70% compared to continuous sorghum, cutting costs for farmers.
3) Crop rotation provides risk management benefits by helping ensure decent yields each year, even during natural disasters, which is important where fertile soil and water are scarce.
Crop Rotation Gibson, Cj Edit
1) Crop rotation involves planting different crops in sequential seasons to replenish soil nutrients and limit pests.
2) An INTSORMIL researcher in Uganda found crop rotating between cowpeas and sorghum increased sorghum yields by 60-70% compared to continuous sorghum, cutting costs for farmers.
3) Crop rotation provides risk management benefits by helping ensure decent yields each year, even during natural disasters, which is important where fertile soil and water are scarce.
Heirloom Information, Companion Planting
This document provides information on companion planting and heirloom seeds. It discusses how companion planting can attract beneficial insects while discouraging pests. Specific examples of companion plants are given, such as the "three sisters" - corn, beans, and squash. The document also mentions how companion planting can increase food production by 250% according to a study in South Africa. A list of companion planting books is included at the end.
Seeds for Life: Scaling up Agro-Biodiversity
This document discusses the importance of seed diversity for ensuring resilient and nutritious food production in the face of climate change. It outlines how agricultural biodiversity has declined dramatically due to the loss of traditional seed varieties and knowledge. However, reviving seed diversity through supporting local seed systems, networks, and farmers' rights is key to building climate resilience. The document presents case studies from countries taking innovative approaches to enhancing seed diversity and agriculture through collaboration with small-scale farmers.
Hybrid corn2014new
This is an updated version of a presentation that I developed for my Intro to Sustainable Agriculture class at Western Illinois University
Agricultural biotechnology
All living organisms have the ability
to improve themselves through
natural means in order to adapt to
changing environmental conditions.
However, it takes hundreds of years
before any detectable improvement
is obtained. Man then learned how
to domesticate and breed plants
in order to develop crops to his
own liking and needs using various
means including biotechnology.
Biotechnology is defined as
a set of tools that uses living
organisms (or parts of organisms)
to make or modify a product,
improve plants, trees or animals,
or develop microorganisms
for specific uses. Agricultural
biotechnology is the term used in
crop and livestock improvement
through biotechnology tools. This
monograph will focus only on
agricultural crop biotechnology.
Biotechnology encompasses a
number of tools and elements of
conventional breeding techniques,
bioinformatics, microbiology,
molecular genetics, biochemistry,
plant physiology, and molecular
biology.
The biotechnology tools that
are important for agricultural
biotechnology include:
- Conventional plant breeding
- Tissue culture and
micropropagation
- Molecular breeding or marker
assisted selection
- Genetic engineering and GM
crops
- Molecular Diagnostic Tools
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
GM soybeans โ The on-farm facts
Our farm is in the western part of the state of Iowa in the mid-west of the United States of America. It was first farmed in 1880 when my husbandโs great grandfather bought the land and started farming it.
You too Can Be a Seed Saver: A Guide to Seed Saving
This document provides an overview of seed saving and discusses various types of seeds including open pollinated seeds, hybrid seeds, genetically engineered seeds, and terminator seeds. It notes that open pollinated seeds have been developed by farmers over many years, while hybrid and genetically engineered seeds require purchase from companies each year. The document also summarizes the impacts and issues associated with the Green Revolution, including increased pesticide use, loss of biodiversity, and negative environmental and social consequences. It discusses concepts like seed sovereignty, intellectual property rights, biopiracy, and the pressures farmers face regarding what seeds they can grow.
Open Source Seed Systems ~ Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
The document discusses open source seed systems as an alternative to the commercial proprietary seed model. It proposes applying open source principles of free sharing and reuse to seed varieties, so that farmers are not restricted in saving, selecting, exchanging, and selling seeds. Key points:
1. Open source seeds would be freely available and farmers could reuse seeds through saving, selecting, and sharing with others.
2. This could help conserve traditional seed varieties and encourage participatory plant breeding to develop new varieties suited to farmers' needs.
3. An open source seed network and community seed banks would help coordinate open source variety development and seed distribution.
ACS-Summer-2016
This newsletter provides information on maintenance tasks, soil health best practices, and pest management for CAFOs. The first article lists key maintenance items for the summer including taking manure samples, updating records, and preparing for changes to regulations. The second discusses the benefits of improved soil health such as organic matter and nutrient balance to help farms withstand variable weather. The third outlines scouting and treatment thresholds for Japanese beetles in corn and soybeans. Research updates are also provided on nitrogen response trials in corn and ongoing fungicide studies.
Gmo presentation
The document discusses the debate around genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture. It notes that while scientists argue GMOs could help address issues like climate change, land use, and poverty, many members of the public remain unconvinced of their safety and value. The rapid adoption of GMO crops by farmers is also examined. Specific concerns raised include the control Monsanto has over global seed supply, increased pesticide and herbicide use, risks of genetic pollution, impacts on small farmers, and lack of GMO labeling. Overall, the document advocates that more independent research is still needed on the impacts of GMOs.
Seed Production and Variety Development for Organic Systems
Breeding crop plants specifically for organic production is still in its early stages. While some universities and seed companies are developing varieties suited for organic systems through public breeding programs and farmer collaboration, no commercially available seeds have been bred exclusively for organic use. There is debate around whether organic seed production should be mandated and whether the benefits of exclusively organic seeds outweigh the increased costs and limited availability that a requirement could create for farmers during the initial years. Many in the organic industry believe variety development for organics needs to go beyond just using existing varieties under organic conditions, and instead focus on breeding new varieties tailored to the specific challenges of organic agriculture.
Similar to Hybrid Seeds in Farming (20)
Proceedings from the 4th Organic Seed Growers Conference
Proceedings from the 4th Organic Seed Growers Conference
ย
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
ย
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
ย
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
ย
You too Can Be a Seed Saver: A Guide to Seed Saving
You too Can Be a Seed Saver: A Guide to Seed Saving
ย
Open Source Seed Systems ~ Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
Open Source Seed Systems ~ Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
ย
Seed Production and Variety Development for Organic Systems
Seed Production and Variety Development for Organic Systems
ย
Recently uploaded
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
In this webinar, member learned how to stay in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for restricted grants.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!ย
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/nrwz52lilmrw6m5kqeqn83q6vbdp8yzpย
Recently uploaded (20)
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
ย
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
ย
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
ย
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
ย
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
ย
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
ย
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
ย
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
ย
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
ย
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 8 - Cแบข NฤM - FRIENDS PLUS - NฤM HแปC 2023-2024 (B...
ย
Hybrid Seeds in Farming
- 1. Hybrid Seeds and Farming - A look at the world of farming and how it has been changed though the introduction of hybrid seeds. - An interview with CortAnholtz Michael Maroney
- 3. Works as a local farmer in Northwest KS near Bird City KS
- 4. Farms Corn, Sorgum (Milo), Wheat
- 5. Has soldseed for NC+ for 4 years
- 7. Hybrid Seeds Farming has dramatically changed over the past century due to the innovation of new strands of crops and cross pollination techniques. Monsanto is the industry leader in the development of seeds variations both genetically and through cross pollination. The best strands of the crop for that year are selected and cross breed in a laboratory for best possible product for the year to come. The seeds can be bred for immunity to certain harmful insects or to increase crop yields. The strands become specific to dry or wet climates and can have different grow times, otherwise known as relative maturity rates. The farmers can save money with hybrid seeds due to the decrease in pesticides needed and diesel fuel used on farm equipment.
- 8. This shows the trend of hybrid corn used in Iowa over the past decade. Use of these hybrids is rising and will continue to do so with the demand for higher crop yields pressures farmers.
- 9. Advantages Increased Yields โJust as 1963 was the first year area farmers cracked the 100 bushel/acre mark, 2009 saw many farmers breaking the 200 bushel/year markโ (Dolan) Less pesticides needed An increase in the price of oil creates an increase in fertilizer costs. (Dolan) Drought resistant crops Disadvantages Farmers need new seed variations each year. Over-dominance becomes a problem in the crops. They seed companies are owned and managed by a large corporation which gives farmers little say about prices of seeds and pesticides. โAn unknown cost included in the price of each bag of seed is the tech fee, or the royalty that the manufacturers add for the genetic technology used to produce the hybrid corn.โ (Dolan) The farmers have to plant a section of the field without hybrid seeds to lure insects to that section instead of main crops. They then spray that with pesticides. Refuge crops
- 10. Although many people around the world may struggle from the introduction of hybrid seeds into agriculture, local farmers continue to use them and support what the benefits they bring to there business. The hybrid seeds cause higher crop yields due to modifications in the pollination process of the plants. New seeds are sold each year which can cause a spike in the cost of production for the farmers but in many cases that cost is made up through higher yields. Monsanto is a powerhouse in the agriculture industry and like any corporation could very easily treat is consumers better than it does. They have taken over the seed and chemical parts of agriculture around the world and continue to raise prices of their products causing many farmers to become in debt to the company. In America, smaller scale farmers use the hybrid seeds created by Monsanto and other large seed corporations because it truly is the only way that they can make money of the agriculture business today. Over all these companies pride themselves on making work easier on farmers with the idea that โno one disagrees on the need for better seeds and more choices in technologyโ (BS Reporter) although the often look past the rising costs of there products.
- 11. Bibliography Anholtz, Cort. Personal Interview by Michael Maroney. 25 Apr 2010. Dolan, Ross. (2010, April 26). Cost outlook mixed as spring planting begins. Daily Republic. Elmore, R, Gassmann, A, & Hodgson, E. (2010). Compliance or complacency: corn producers and bt refuge. Wallace"s Farmer. Reporter, BS. (2010). Monsanto looks beyond btbrinjal.Sifyfinance, Retrieved from http://sify.com/finance/ monsanto-looks-beyond-bt-brinjal-news-news- keybEqhdhch.html