This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
1. The document discusses heterosis breeding in cotton and maize. It provides details on the floral biology, breeding methods, and objectives for both crops.
2. For cotton, the goals are high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding methods include hybridization, mutation breeding, and hybrid seed production using emasculation or male sterile lines.
3. For maize, the ideal plant type has upright leaves and extended grain filling. Breeding objectives include high yield, wide adaptation, and disease resistance. Methods covered are mass selection and hybrid breeding using three-way crosses or double crosses.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
RICE
Oryza sativa (2n=24)
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. The two cultivated species of rice are i) Oryza sativa - Asian rice
ii) O. glaberrima - African rice. The three races in cultivated Asian rice are
i) indica
ii) Japonica (Sinica)
iii) Javanica.
Origin of cultivated rice.
The views regarding the origin of rice can be grouped in to two classes viz., a) Polyphyletic origin
b) Monophyletic origin.
i.Polyphyletic: Originated from several species. According to this theory, the two forms of cultivated rice viz., Asian rice O.sativa and African rice O.glaberrima have evolved independently in their respective regions from several species.
Common ancestor
South & South East Asia Tropical Africa Perennial O.rufipogon O.longistaminata Annual O.nivara Weedy annual O.barthii
O.spontanea
O.sativa O.Staffii O.glaberrima
indica japonica javanica
ii. Monophyletic : According to this theory both Asian rice and African rice arose from a common parent (O.perennis). This view is the most accepted one because both Asian rice and African rice are similar except in glume pubescence, ligule size and colour of pericarp which is red in African rice.
O.perennis
O.glaberrima O.sativa
According to polyphyletic origin the present day rice varieties have originated from several species. According to monophyletic origin a single species has given rise to all varieties of cultivated rice. Viz.,
Oryza sativa
Oryza glaberrima
most of the modern rice workers believe that origin of cultivated rice monophyletic. From oryza perennis rose the Asian rice in South East tropical Asia and African rice in the upper valley of Niger River in Africa.
Species in the genus oryza:
According to the latest view the genus oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms.
PEARL MILLET
Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)
(Cumbu, Bajra, Bulrush millet)
Origin : West Africa.
Taxonomy : The genus pennisetum is having more than 140 species. Stapf (1954) has
divided the genus pennisetum in to five sections viz.,
1. Gymnothrix
2. Eupennisetum
3. Penicillaria
4. Heterostachya
5. Brevivalvula
The cultivated Pennisetum glaucum belongs to the section penicillaria.
Origin and putative parents.
Stapf included 32 species is penicillaria. Of these 32 species found is Africa, six
annuals are considered wild and probable ancestors of the cultivated one. They are
1. Pennisetum perottettii
2. P. molllissimum
3. P. violaceum
4. P. versicolor
5. P. adonense
6. P. gymnothrix
The cultivated species of pennisetum is believed to have originated thro’
hybridization with in these six species.
Wild species utilised in breeding :
The other species in this section is P.purpureum a rhizomatus perennial having
chromosome number 2n = 28
cumbu napier hybrid = BN1
Tetraploid x Diploid - Triploid.
P. squamulatum (2n = 46) - Drought and cold resistant having apomictic line crossed
with P.glaucum to evolve superior cold resistant fodder.
P. orientale : used for transferring apomixis.
P. setaceum P. violaceum : To transfer male sterile genes to P.glaucum
Inter generic crosses :
Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris or Pennisetum ciliare utilised to cross with cumbu
for fodder improvement
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
1. The document discusses heterosis breeding in cotton and maize. It provides details on the floral biology, breeding methods, and objectives for both crops.
2. For cotton, the goals are high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding methods include hybridization, mutation breeding, and hybrid seed production using emasculation or male sterile lines.
3. For maize, the ideal plant type has upright leaves and extended grain filling. Breeding objectives include high yield, wide adaptation, and disease resistance. Methods covered are mass selection and hybrid breeding using three-way crosses or double crosses.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
RICE
Oryza sativa (2n=24)
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. The two cultivated species of rice are i) Oryza sativa - Asian rice
ii) O. glaberrima - African rice. The three races in cultivated Asian rice are
i) indica
ii) Japonica (Sinica)
iii) Javanica.
Origin of cultivated rice.
The views regarding the origin of rice can be grouped in to two classes viz., a) Polyphyletic origin
b) Monophyletic origin.
i.Polyphyletic: Originated from several species. According to this theory, the two forms of cultivated rice viz., Asian rice O.sativa and African rice O.glaberrima have evolved independently in their respective regions from several species.
Common ancestor
South & South East Asia Tropical Africa Perennial O.rufipogon O.longistaminata Annual O.nivara Weedy annual O.barthii
O.spontanea
O.sativa O.Staffii O.glaberrima
indica japonica javanica
ii. Monophyletic : According to this theory both Asian rice and African rice arose from a common parent (O.perennis). This view is the most accepted one because both Asian rice and African rice are similar except in glume pubescence, ligule size and colour of pericarp which is red in African rice.
O.perennis
O.glaberrima O.sativa
According to polyphyletic origin the present day rice varieties have originated from several species. According to monophyletic origin a single species has given rise to all varieties of cultivated rice. Viz.,
Oryza sativa
Oryza glaberrima
most of the modern rice workers believe that origin of cultivated rice monophyletic. From oryza perennis rose the Asian rice in South East tropical Asia and African rice in the upper valley of Niger River in Africa.
Species in the genus oryza:
According to the latest view the genus oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms.
PEARL MILLET
Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)
(Cumbu, Bajra, Bulrush millet)
Origin : West Africa.
Taxonomy : The genus pennisetum is having more than 140 species. Stapf (1954) has
divided the genus pennisetum in to five sections viz.,
1. Gymnothrix
2. Eupennisetum
3. Penicillaria
4. Heterostachya
5. Brevivalvula
The cultivated Pennisetum glaucum belongs to the section penicillaria.
Origin and putative parents.
Stapf included 32 species is penicillaria. Of these 32 species found is Africa, six
annuals are considered wild and probable ancestors of the cultivated one. They are
1. Pennisetum perottettii
2. P. molllissimum
3. P. violaceum
4. P. versicolor
5. P. adonense
6. P. gymnothrix
The cultivated species of pennisetum is believed to have originated thro’
hybridization with in these six species.
Wild species utilised in breeding :
The other species in this section is P.purpureum a rhizomatus perennial having
chromosome number 2n = 28
cumbu napier hybrid = BN1
Tetraploid x Diploid - Triploid.
P. squamulatum (2n = 46) - Drought and cold resistant having apomictic line crossed
with P.glaucum to evolve superior cold resistant fodder.
P. orientale : used for transferring apomixis.
P. setaceum P. violaceum : To transfer male sterile genes to P.glaucum
Inter generic crosses :
Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris or Pennisetum ciliare utilised to cross with cumbu
for fodder improvement
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the relative resistance of 10 soybean cultivars against sucking insect pests in Pakistan. Researchers recorded populations of whiteflies, jassids, and thrips on the cultivars over the growing season. They found that thrips populations were highest overall, followed by jassids then whiteflies. The cultivars E-91-270 and AGS-109 were most susceptible, with the highest recorded populations of thrips and jassids, respectively. PR-142 and AGS-9 were most resistant. Climate factors like temperature and humidity correlated with whitefly and thrips populations but not jassids.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
Gene pool of pearl millet is classified into primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools based on their crossability with cultivated pearl millet. The primary gene pool includes P. glaucum and its wild relatives that can naturally cross with it. The secondary gene pool includes species like P. purpureum that can be crossed with difficulty. The tertiary gene pool includes more distantly related species that cannot be crossed or produce sterile hybrids. ICRISAT genebank conserves over 22,000 pearl millet accessions including 750 wild species accessions from 24 Pennisetum species collected from 51 countries.
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
This document summarizes a presentation on germplasm collection activities. It discusses the importance of germplasm collection for conservation and breeding purposes. It describes different sources and types of germplasm collection, as well as methods, components, and techniques for collection. Key institutions for germplasm storage in Pakistan and internationally are also outlined. Both merits such as conservation of genetic diversity and risks like disease entry are reviewed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of collection to avoid loss of indigenous germplasm.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Agoyi, E.E., Afutu, E. et al 2016 Screening soybean genotypes for promiscuou...Dr. Emmanuel Afutu
1) Researchers screened 65 soybean genotypes for their ability to form symbiotic relationships with Bradyrhizobium strains to fix nitrogen.
2) Plants were inoculated with either a cowpea-type or soybean-type Bradyrhizobium strain, or a non-inoculated control. Significant differences were found between genotypes in nodule formation.
3) Twelve genotypes formed over 10 nodules per plant and had over 50 mg dry weight of nodules, showing high responsiveness to the cowpea-type Bradyrhizobium strain. These 12 genotypes are proposed as potential parents for breeding promiscuous soybean varieties.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
El documento trata sobre la discapacidad visual, incluyendo la baja visión y la ceguera. Define estas condiciones y explica las causas, grados de minusvalía, clasificaciones y estadísticas sobre la prevalencia. Menciona factores como la agudeza visual, el campo visual, y las principales patologías que causan ceguera.
El resumen del documento en 3 oraciones o menos es:
El Comando Radioeléctrico Policial detuvo a 15 jóvenes por tenencia de marihuana. La Comisaría Primera investiga el suicidio de un joven de 26 años. Varias dependencias policiales informaron sobre accidentes de tránsito y otros incidentes menores.
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the relative resistance of 10 soybean cultivars against sucking insect pests in Pakistan. Researchers recorded populations of whiteflies, jassids, and thrips on the cultivars over the growing season. They found that thrips populations were highest overall, followed by jassids then whiteflies. The cultivars E-91-270 and AGS-109 were most susceptible, with the highest recorded populations of thrips and jassids, respectively. PR-142 and AGS-9 were most resistant. Climate factors like temperature and humidity correlated with whitefly and thrips populations but not jassids.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
Gene pool of pearl millet is classified into primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools based on their crossability with cultivated pearl millet. The primary gene pool includes P. glaucum and its wild relatives that can naturally cross with it. The secondary gene pool includes species like P. purpureum that can be crossed with difficulty. The tertiary gene pool includes more distantly related species that cannot be crossed or produce sterile hybrids. ICRISAT genebank conserves over 22,000 pearl millet accessions including 750 wild species accessions from 24 Pennisetum species collected from 51 countries.
This study screened 90 castor genotypes to identify early maturing varieties. A wide range of variability was found across 13 measured traits. 26 genotypes matured within 150 days while 64 matured after 151 days. Significant positive correlations were found between days to maturity and plant height and number of internodes. However, days to maturity was negatively correlated with number of racemes and seed yield per plant. Several promising early maturing and high yielding genotypes were identified that could be further selected to develop varieties that are both early maturing and high yielding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
This document summarizes a presentation on germplasm collection activities. It discusses the importance of germplasm collection for conservation and breeding purposes. It describes different sources and types of germplasm collection, as well as methods, components, and techniques for collection. Key institutions for germplasm storage in Pakistan and internationally are also outlined. Both merits such as conservation of genetic diversity and risks like disease entry are reviewed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of collection to avoid loss of indigenous germplasm.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Agoyi, E.E., Afutu, E. et al 2016 Screening soybean genotypes for promiscuou...Dr. Emmanuel Afutu
1) Researchers screened 65 soybean genotypes for their ability to form symbiotic relationships with Bradyrhizobium strains to fix nitrogen.
2) Plants were inoculated with either a cowpea-type or soybean-type Bradyrhizobium strain, or a non-inoculated control. Significant differences were found between genotypes in nodule formation.
3) Twelve genotypes formed over 10 nodules per plant and had over 50 mg dry weight of nodules, showing high responsiveness to the cowpea-type Bradyrhizobium strain. These 12 genotypes are proposed as potential parents for breeding promiscuous soybean varieties.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
El documento trata sobre la discapacidad visual, incluyendo la baja visión y la ceguera. Define estas condiciones y explica las causas, grados de minusvalía, clasificaciones y estadísticas sobre la prevalencia. Menciona factores como la agudeza visual, el campo visual, y las principales patologías que causan ceguera.
El resumen del documento en 3 oraciones o menos es:
El Comando Radioeléctrico Policial detuvo a 15 jóvenes por tenencia de marihuana. La Comisaría Primera investiga el suicidio de un joven de 26 años. Varias dependencias policiales informaron sobre accidentes de tránsito y otros incidentes menores.
Este documento presenta información sobre la normativa ambiental en España. Comienza con los antecedentes legislativos internacionales sobre medio ambiente desde 1872, y continúa describiendo la creación de organismos ambientales de Naciones Unidas en la década de 1970. Luego resume la normativa ambiental española establecida en la Constitución de 1978 y el desarrollo de leyes como la de evaluación de impacto ambiental. Finalmente, detalla algunos delitos ambientales descritos en el Código Penal español.
El documento resume las principales noticias de la Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Comenzaron las clases en el Centro Universitario de La Toma. La Física Médica fue incluida en la Clasificación Internacional Uniforme de Ocupaciones. La Facultad participa en proyectos del Programa de Movilidad Estudiantil MERCOSUR y en redes financiadas por la Comunidad Europea.
La Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales aprobó la primera Cátedra Libre de la facultad sobre Emprendedorismo. El Museo Interactivo de Ciencias abrirá sus puertas al público de lunes a viernes por la mañana y algunas tardes. Se anunció un curso para docentes sobre el uso de pizarras digitales en el aula.
Este documento contiene anuncios de varios eventos académicos que tendrán lugar en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis y otras instituciones de la región, incluyendo conferencias, seminarios, cursos de posgrado y la reunión anual de la Asociación Argentina de Economía Agraria.
How Augmented Reality via Mobile Devices Aids Real World Learning - CoSN 2014...Heidi Larson
Presentation and Augmented Reality Experience given by Chris Dede (Harvard Graduate School of Education), Matt Dunleavy (Radford University & FreshAiR), and Heidi Larson (EDC) at the Consortium for School Networking Conference in March, 2014
El documento describe la Honorable Cámara de Senadores de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Explica que la Cámara tiene la función principal de legislar y enumera sus atribuciones. Detalla la composición del cuerpo de senadores, el funcionamiento de las sesiones y comisiones, y los pasos para la formación de leyes. También resume la distribución de áreas, el circuito de información, y las relaciones con la Cámara de Diputados y el Poder Ejecutivo provincial.
Ijoear jul-20Influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval development of C.maculatus. The influences of three secondary host plants were compared to the influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the primary host plant in the life cycle of C. maculatus. For the experiments, C.maculatus adults were extracted from cowpea seeds and transferred to the seeds of the two secondary host plants used in this study: striped or white Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Transferred insects were maintained for two years on the seeds of these plants by regular rearings before being used in each of the different experiments. To determine embryonic development time, couples were brought into contact with different seeds for laying. The eggs that were laid were then observed until they hatched. To identify the different larval stages and determine their respective development time, the seeds were first infested and then dissected at specific intervals in time. The results show a reduction in the embryonic development time in white Bambara groundnut seeds compared to the seeds of the other plants. Development time of the two early instars for all strains was significantly long on the three secondary host plant seeds than on cowpea seeds. However the opposite trend was observed for the pupalstage. Of the three plants used in this experiment, pigeon pea provides the worst conditions for larval and pupalinstar development. These results lead to better understanding of post-embryonic development of C. maculates occurring within the seeds of secondary host plants. This research provides valuable insight into developing appropriate methods for pest control.
Among the biotic stresses that affect cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) productivity, infestation by cowpea bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) is a major problem, causing yield losses of up to 100 %. To alleviate this problem, use of resistant varieties is a feasible approach for small-scale farmers. In Zambia, there are no reported sources of resistance to C. maculatus. The objectives of this study were: i) to evaluate certain cowpea mutants, generated at the University of Zambia, for resistance to C. maculatus; ii) to cluster the tested genotypes based on height, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, yield ha-1, number of eggs laid and adult emergence; and iii) to evaluate the candidate mutants for protein content. Experiments were conducted at three locations in 2014/15. The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, were found to be resistant to C. maculatus across locations and they out-performed their respective parents (p< 0.05) in the degree of resistance to C. maculatus. Cluster analysis, using selected agronomic parameters, showed that the selected resistant mutants (cluster B) were more similar to each other (95 %) than to Namuseba and Msandile (included as susceptible genotypes), which clustered at a similarity level of 78 % (cluster A). The mutants, LT 11-5-2-2, BB 7-9-7-5 and BB-14-16-22, showed resistance to C. maculatus, but their protein content was similar to their parents, indicating that this crucial trait had been maintained in the mutants.
Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survivalAlexander Decker
1) The study surveyed cotton farms from 2001-2005 to determine alternate host plants, hibernation sites, and survival strategies of Cylas puncticollis, a cotton pest.
2) C. puncticollis was found on 8 plant families including Malvaceae. The highest damage ratings were on Ipomoea eriocarpa and related plants. Field trials found it preferentially fed on Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) over cotton, okra, and roselle.
3) Hibernation sites included cotton plant debris, exposed roots, and cracked soils up to 75cm deep. Pupae and adults were collected from soil depths up to 15
Resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and ...Premier Publishers
This experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (40 X 10m plot) to evaluate cacao clones for resistance and tolerance against Meloidogyne incognita in infested field. The ten cocoa clones evaluated are MXC67, T86/2, PA150, LCTEEN, T12/11, T53/5, T101/15, T65/7, ICS1 and AMAZ 15-15. Pre-planting survey revealed ten genera of phytonematodes, these were; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. Paralongidorus spp., Eutylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Hemicyclophora spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Anguillulina spp., Psilenchus spp., and Tetylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence and highest population in 250g soil (40 and 28,234 respectively), Paralongidorus spp. was next in population. Based on gall index, nematode reproduction factor and growth parameters, MXC67, T86/2, PA150, T101/15 and T53/5 were susceptible to the nematode. Two other clones, T65/7 and ICS1 were tolerant. A high degree of resistance was exhibited by LCTEEN, T12/11 and AMAZ 15-15. Compared with F3 Amazon and Amelonado varieties, the two most famous cocoa varieties in Nigeria, four clones (LCTEEN, T65/7, ICSI and AMAZ 15-15) were superior to F3 Amazon and Amelonado. This study showed that planting of resistance/tolerant cacao clones in nematode infested soil will drastically reduce seedling failure experienced by farmers. This tolerant and resistant clones identified should be included in breeding programme for resistance.
Recent advancement in rust resistence in wheat,dayanand, 01986SDAU
This document provides information about a seminar on recent advancements and current strategies in rust resistance in wheat. It introduces the speaker, Dayanand, and his advisors. The content sections will cover topics like the types and characteristics of rust fungi, milestones in rust research, the importance of rust fungi, conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing rust resistance in wheat, and case studies.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
The Efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf Powder on Cowpea Beetle, Callosobru...Premier Publishers
The efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia leaf powder was investigated against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea in the laboratory. The tested leaf powder was added as admixtures to 20 g of cowpea grains at the following rates of at 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5g % (w/w) while in the control treatment there was no plant material added. Each of the treatments was tested by exposing five pairs of adult beetles in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess oviposition deterrent and egg hatching suppression by the plant material. The results showed that oviposition and percentage egg hatched were significantly (P <0.05) suppressed on seeds treated with higher dosage level of the powder. Leaf powder with the concentration of 5g% (w/w)/20g cowpea seeds was most effective in suppressing oviposition and egg hatched. Thus, the result revealed that A. cordifolia leaf powder has oviposition deterrent and ovicidal properties and as such can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling C. maculatus infestation on stored cowpea grains. Therefore A. cordifolia leaf powder can be incorporated into traditional storage pest management as well as integrated pest management and it may strongly recommended in developing countries.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Occurrence and Extent of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Cultivars in SomaliaPremier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the disease incidence and severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat cultivar commonly cultivated in Somalia. To execute this study, four commonly grown wheat cultivars e.g., edessa, ceyhann99, kasifbey, and gündaş were cultivated in two different seasons (winter and summer) maintaining the good agricultural practices. Results revealed that the highest percent of Fusarium head blight disease incidence was observed in kasifbey (65%) cultivar followed by edessa (40.13%), ceyhann99 (28.75%) and gündaş (13.75%). The disease severity and disease index of Fusarium head blight was varied significantly among the wheat cultivars and the highest percent was recorded on the kasifbey cultivar as 61.63% and 39.50%, respectively while the lowest was observed on the gündaş (13.18% and 1.88%, respectively). The maximum grain severity among the cultivars was recorded on the edessa (4.01%) whereas the minimum was on the gündaş (0.92%). The gündaş was experienced to yield better than the other cultivars and performed better resistance against the Fusarium head blight disease of wheat, however, special intervention should be taken to protect the wheat from Fusarium head blight disease.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This document provides information on breeding methods for French beans. It discusses the center of origin, distribution, breeding objectives, and different breeding procedures used, including pedigree selection, bulk breeding, backcrossing, and marker-assisted selection. The document also covers breeding for disease resistance, insect resistance, environmental stress tolerance, canning quality, and yield improvement. It reviews molecular tools used in bean breeding, such as markers, genomics, and QTL mapping. Finally, it discusses current developments and issues regarding genetically modified beans.
This report summarizes the presentation of a student on the cassava crop. It discusses the botanical classification of cassava, listing its scientific name as Manihot esculenta Crantz. It describes cassava's botanical characteristics such as its coned-shaped roots, erect stems, large palmate leaves, and flowers/fruit. The report also covers cassava's economic importance as a staple food and source of income in many countries, as well as its optimal climatic and soil conditions for production.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of terminalia superba eng...Innspub Net
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Activity of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
on selected bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.)
landraces and breeding lines
Cebisile N. Magagula1* Yahanja T.Maina2
1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland Kwaluseni. Swaziland.
2. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri. PMB, 1069.
Maiduguri, Borno State. Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: cebisile@uniswa.sz
Abstract
Bambara groundnut, an indigenous African legume crop, is cultivated as a subsistence crop by resource poor
farmers. In storage, yield losses are compounded through damage by insect pests, with Callosobruchus
maculatus, being a leading one. The development of a variety with minimum susceptibility to this insect is thus
desirable for the improvement of this nutritious crop. The study was carried out to determine the susceptibility of
three bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and three landraces (Uniswa red, AS17, OM1) to
attack by the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus and their germination success after damage. 20g of
seeds of each variety, replicated four times, were used in the experiment. Physical characteristics of the seeds
were noted and each replicate was infested with five pairs of C. maculatus and kept in a breeding chamber at
30°C. After an oviposition period of 7 days, the adult pairs were removed and number of eggs laid was counted.
Subsequently, the developmental pattern of the insects, the amount of damage caused by the insects as well as
susceptibility of the seeds to the insect were determined. The breeding lines were significantly larger and heavier
than the landraces (p<0.05). The number of C. maculatus eggs laid were significantly different between the
treatments (p=0.0012), with SSD8 and OM1 having significantly higher numbers laid. While % adult emergence
was lower in SSD5, this was not significantly different between the varieties (p=0.1416). The susceptibility
index was significantly different between varieties (p=0.0192) as well as between landraces and breeding lines
(p=0.0255). On average, the landraces had higher SI (17.928 ± 2.4523) than the breeding lines (13.448 ± 5.9939).
Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces than the breeding lines (48.333
± 18.007%). Results indicated that SSD5, SSD9 and AS17 were the most resistant to C. maculatus attack, while
SSD8 and OM1 were the most susceptible. However, due to reduced germination success after damage, the
breeding lines (SSD5 and SSD9) were not suitable for planting after storage while the landrace (AS17) was the
most suitable due to its higher viability after C. maculatus damage.The results indicate that there is variability in
resistance of the bambara groundnut varieties against the cowpea weevil. The use of resistant varieties could
offer the simplest and cheapest way of improving bambara groundnuts production, especially if these maintain
their viability after insect damage. The variability also emphasises the need for the maintenance of genetic
diversity when selecting for desired traits.
Keywords: C. maculatus, Vigna subterranea, bambara groundnut, susceptibility, landraces, breeding lines
1. Introduction
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an indigenous African legume crop which is cultivated
throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the drier parts of the continent. It is produced mainly as a
subsistence crop, usually by small-scale female farmers. They are a rich source of minerals, energy and protein,
with as much as 25.2% protein, 65% carbohydrates and 6% lipid, on a dry weight basis. Its tolerance to drought
and poor soils makes it ideally suited to production in marginal areas where low-input arable agriculture is the
norm (Doku, 1996; Maina et al., 2006; Amarteifo et al., 2006). In most African countries, its importance comes
after cowpeas and groundnuts (Doku, 1996; Sesay et al., 1999).
In tropical subsistence agriculture, several leguminous crops in storage are prone to attack by insect pests,
with bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) being the key pests (Sallam, M. H., 1999; Yakubu et al., 2012). In
bambara groundnut, the cowpea weevil, i.e. Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), causes major losses in storage (Keals
et al., 1997; Lale and Kolo, 1998; Rees, 2004). It is a field-to-store pest, ranked as the principal postharvest pest
of stored pulses, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The cowpea weevil can cause as much as 99% yield loss in
susceptible grain legumes. Damage includes reduction in kernel weight, caused by the burrowing larvae as they
feed, and diminished market value due to the presence of insects inside the kernels. Bruchid infestation also
decreases the germination potential of the kernel (Munthali and Sondashi, 2004; Maina et al., 2006; Rees, 2004).
As with the majority of unimproved African crops, bambara groundnut is still cultivated using landraces, with
67
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
farmers selecting seeds of landraces that are suitable for their local environment and possessing desirable traits
such good taste, short cooking time, tolerance to drought and diseases (Lawn, 1989; Khonga et al., 2004; Sesay
et al., 1999). The study was thus carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of 3 landraces and 3 breeding lines of
local Bambara groundnuts to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus as well to evaluate viability of bambara
groundnut seeds that have been damaged by Callosobruchus maculatus.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Sources of seed and preparation of culture
All seed used was obtained under the auspices of the BAMFOOD project. Three pure breeding lines (SSD5,
SSD8 and SSD9) were produced by a combination of artificial hybridization and selection using the single-seed
descent (SSD) (Sesay et al., 2004a). These, in addition to 3 landraces (AS17, OM1 and Uniswa red), constitute
the basis for bambara groundnut improvement in Swaziland. All varieties used were selected for high yield per
plant and large pod size.
2.2 Determination of the physical characteristics of Bambara groundnuts
The diameter of ten kernels was measured from each variety using venier calipers and the average diameter
calculated for each variety to obtain the seed size. Additionally, another 10 seeds from each variety were
weighed and the average of the seed mass was calculated to obtain the individual seed mass. 10g bambara seeds
from each variety were then placed in a petri-dish, dried in an oven at 130° C for 16 hours. They were then
removed and re-weighed, to obtain the percentage moisture content. Testa and eye colour were determined by
observation of the physical appearance of all the bambara groundnut varieties.
An insect culture was established by infesting clean bambara groundnuts seeds, in 750ml glass jars, with C.
maculatus. They were then placed in a breeding chamber at 30°C.After 1 week, the adult weevils were removed
and the seeds left for a further 3weeks. Newly emerged adult weevils, of uniform age, were then used for the
experiment.
2.3 Infestation of seeds
20g of seeds of each variety were weighed and counted into 100ml glass jars, with each variety replicated four
times. 5 pairs of newly emerged weevils were introduced to each jar and then stored in a breeding chamber at
30°C. After 1week, the adults were removed and the number of eggs laid in each jar recorded. Observation of
adult emerging was initiated after one week and continued on a daily basis until no adults emerged. Newly
emerged adults were removed. Additionally, seeds with emergence holes were counted and used to calculate the
severity of damage in each replicate. This was calculated as:
Severity of damage = No. of adult progenies ÷ No. of damaged seeds
Additionally, the susceptibility index (SI) was calculated as follows:
SI=LogeF1 x 100/D
where F1 was the total number of emerging adults and D was the median developmental period, which was
calculated as the time from mid-ovipositon period to 50% emergence of F1 generation (Maina, 2006).
2.4 Effect on Germination
Ten seeds, damaged by C. maculatus, of each variety were planted and monitored in flower pots. Another set of
undamaged seeds was also planted, with each variety replicated 4 times. Germination success was determined
after two weeks and expressed as a percentage of the seeds planted.
3. Result
The physical parameters and lineage of the landraces and breeding lines used are shown in Table 1. SSD5 had
the highest weight and this differed significantly from SSD8, OM1 and Uniswa red (p=0.0002). Kernel size also
differed significantly, with SSD5 again having the significantly larger kernel size (p=0.0000). Analysis of means
revealed that Uniswa red, AS17, OM1 and SSD8 differed significantly from SSD5. Uniswa red also differed
significantly from OM1. On average, the landraces had significantly lower weights (p = 0.0000) and size (p =
0.0006) compared to the breeding lines. Moisture content was not significantly different between the varieties
assessed, with an average of 9.5296 ± 0.7718% (p = 0.0633).
There were significant differences in the number of eggs laid between the varieties (p = 0.0012) (Table 2).
The highest number of eggs were laid on SSD8 (96.3 ± 15.1) and this was significantly higher than those laid on
SSD9 (24.5 ± 13.1) and SSD5 (16.0 ± 10.8). OM1, with 73.0 ± 27.7 eggs, also differed significantly from SSD5.
Adult emergence was also not uniform between the varieties assessed, with significant differences observed
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between them (p = 0.135). Further comparison of means indicated that SSD8 had a significantly higher number
of adults emerging. However, these differences were not significant when comparison of percent emergence was
carried out (p = 0.1416). Percent seed damaged was also not significantly different between the varieties (p =
0.1767) nor between landraces and breeding lines (p = 0.1015). The susceptibility index (SI) was significantly
different between the varieties (p = 0.0192). Further analysis indicated that the SI for OM1 was significantly
higher than that for SSD5. The SI also differed significantly between the landraces and breeding lines (p =
0.0255), with the land races having higher indices on average (mean = 17.928 ± 2.4523) than the breeding lines
(mean = 13.448 ± 5.9939). However, the severity of damages was significantly different between the varieties (p
= 0.0162). SSD8 suffered significantly higher levels of damage compared to SSD9, AS17 and SSD5. There were
no significant differences in severity of damage between the landraces and breeding lines (p = 0.6611). There
was a significant correlation between the number of eggs laid and the severity of damage (σ = 0.6852, p = 0.0003)
while none was observed between the severity of damage and SI (σ = 0.1133, p = 0.6069).
In the undamaged seed, germination success was significantly different between treatments (p=0.0002),
with further analysis of means indicating that Uniswa red had significantly higher germination success than
SSD8 (Fig. 1). However, there were no significant differences in germination success between the breeding lines
(85.714 ± 13.469%) and landraces (92.462 ± 8.7235%) (p=0.1522). Assessment of germination success of the
damaged seeds indicated that there were also significant differences between the varieties assessed (p = 0.0214;
Fig. 2). Further comparison of means indicated that SSD5 had a significantly lower germination success than
AS17. There were significant differences between the landraces and breeding lines (p = 0.0037), with the
landraces having notably higher germination success of the insect damaged seeds than the breeding lines.
Damaged seeds had significantly lower germination success than undamaged seed (p=0.0002), with 35.355 ±
23.447% success compared to 89.088 ± 11.621% in the latter.
4. Discussion
The breeding lines had larger seeds compared to the landraces, as seen by the bigger and heavier seeds. These
characteristics were considered as desirable by local farmers interviewed during a survey (Sesay et al. 2004b).
Seed sizes of at least 1.69cm in diameter were considered as large, e.g. SSD5 and SSD9 in this experiment.
However, earlier studies have indicated that differences in physical characteristics such as testa thickness, seed
mass and seed size, did not play a major role in conferring resistance to seeds of different cereal and legume
cultivars to attack by insect pests (Maina et al., 2006). This was confirmed by the non-significant differences in
the physical parameters of the seed assessed. Differences may therefore be attributed to their biochemical
properties (Munthali and Sondashi, 2004). Seed colour can influence resistance of bambara groundnut varieties
to infestation by C. maculatus. Red coloured seeds, e.g. SSD5, SSD9 and Uniswa red, tend to have higher iron
content which contributes to their increased resistance while resistant cream coloured seeds, such as AS17, also
had lower phosphorus and copper levels than susceptible kernels of the same colour, e.g. OM1 (Munthali and
Sondashi, 2004). Lower levels of phosphorus and copper could result in poor development of the weevil.
Adult emergence ranged from 87.56 to 54.23%. A number of factors could have contributed to the less than
100% emergence in all the seeds. Grain legumes contain toxic chemical factors in their seed coat, which act as a
basis for resistance against bruchid attack. In bambara groundnuts, there is a trypsin inhibitor known to occur at
higher levels in raw bambara groundnuts. This trypsin inhibitor may contribute to high oviposition deterrence
and high larval mortality culminating in reduced progeny development (Maina et al., 2006). SSD5 and SSD9,
with the lowest number of eggs laid and adult emergence, may have higher levels of chemical deterrents which
resulted in reduced progeny development for the cowpea weevil. Other factors contributing to reduced
developmental success include bruchins (Doss et al., 2000), larval competition and resource suitability, e.g.
SSD8, Uniswa red and OM1, which despite high number of eggs laid, had lower % adult emergence than AS17.
Resource limitations within the seed would result in fewer progeny surviving to adulthood, e.g. OM1 and SSD8.
A resistant variety is expected to have relatively lower adult progenies emerging from the seeds or lower
number of eggs laid on the seeds than a susceptible variety (Munthali and Ramoranthudi, 2004). From the results
obtained, SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest number of C. maculatus eggs laid as well as % adult emergence,
indicating that these two breeding lines were less susceptible to C. maculatus attack. This was confirmed by
these two breeding lines having the lowest SI. SSD5 also had the lowest severity of damage observed. On the
other hand, SSD8 and OM1 are more susceptible and less resistant to C. maculatus attack because they had a
higher number eggs laid per seed, high adult emergence as well as severity of damage than the other four
Bambara groundnut varieties. Susceptibility, however, does not translate to actual damage as observed in AS17
which had the second lowest severity of damage, suggesting that this landrace was resistant to C. maculatus
damage despite its high susceptibility index.
Infestation and damage of Bambara groundnuts by C. maculatus was expected to have an effect on the
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germination potential of the seeds and this was confirmed by the results obtained. In the damages seeds, only
AS17 seeds had a germination percentage above 50%. Internally feeding larvae damage essential parts such as
the plumule thus impeding germination. Results indicated that the landraces had a higher germination percentage
than the breeding lines after C. maculatus damage, while no such difference was observed in undamaged seeds.
Landraces have a mixture of genotypes with high diversity both between and within populations while breeding
lines are selected for a particular attribute, which in this study was yield. Individuals within a landrace
population therefore vary in their environmental responses and are more robust to adversity than breeding lines,
thus the higher performance after insect damage. This is an advantageous attribute since the landraces were
observed to be more susceptible to C. maculatus attack than the breeding lines.
The significant difference in susceptibility indices and severity of damage of the six bambara groundnuts to
infestation to C. maculatus shows that there is variability in resistance of the bambara groundnut varieties used.
The use of resistant varieties such as SSD5 could offer the simplest and cheapest way of improving bambara
groundnuts for resource poor subsistence farmers. Based on results of this study, AS17, SSD5 and SSD9 were
the most resistant to damage by the cowpea weevil. These had the fewer eggs laid on them and the lowest
severity of damage scores. The breeding lines (SSD5 and SSD9), however, had reduced viability due to this
damage and may not be suitable for planting after storage and C. maculatus damage, while the land race (AS17)
proved to have high germination success even after insect damage. This emphasises the need for the maintenance
of genetic diversity when selecting for desired traits.
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120
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Figure 1. Germination success of undamaged kernels
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Figure 2. Germination success of kernels damaged by Callosobruchus maculatus
Table 1. Physical characteristics of the breeding lines and landraces used
Breeding % Moisture Pedigr
line/Landraces Seed weight (g) Seed size (mm) Number of seeds content Seed description ee
Cream testa, red
SSD 8 0.7200 ± 0.0919 9.4430 ± 0.5580 32.6 ± 3.79 10.200 ± 0.6160 butterfly-like eye OM 1
SSD 9 0.8600 ± 0.1776 11.1670 ± 1.3738 27.7 ± 1.26 9.0976 ± 0.6971 Red, no eye NTSR
SSD 5 0.9100 ± 0.1197 12.0970 28.0 ± 1.41 9.7690 ± 0.9285 Red, no eye NTSR
Cream testa, black
OM 1 0.7200 ± 0.0919 8.6890 ± 0.6186 35.2 ± 1.71 10.1660 ± 0.6277 butterfly-like eye
Cream testa with black
AS17 0.7200 ± 0.1033 9.3620 ± 0.5813 35.5 ± 2.38 9.1774 ± 0.4685 stripes
Uniswa red 0.6900 ± 0.738 9.7620 ± 0.5153 33.7 ± 0.96 8.7675 ± 0.1311 Dark red, no eye
Breeding lines 0.8300 ± 0.1535 10.9020 ± 1.5385 30.417 ± 4.0104 9.6888 ± 0.8145
Landraces 0.7100 ± 0.0885 9.2710 ± 0.7133 34.833 ± 1.8007 9.3704 ± 0.7386
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