1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Weed control is an important agronomic practice that improves growth and maximizes yield in maize. An experiment was carried out to investigate the ‘effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the western highlands of Cameroon. The work was carried out during the 2017/2018 main cropping season from the 14th of March to the 14th of July at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Bambui experimental field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The experiment comprised of seven treatments: weedy check or control (T1), constant hand hoeing (T2), delay hand hoeing (T3), pre-emergence herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) (T4), post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T5), pre- herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) + Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T6) and delay post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T7). The white maize variety CHC 201 (“KASAI”) was used during the experiment and sown in plot sizes of 4 m x 5 m with a planting density of 80cm by 50cm with 2 plants per station with the aim of achieving a plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1. All agronomic practices were followed from planting to harvesting. The data recorded were plant height, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of gain rows per ear, number of gains per ear, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.0 Software and ANOVA was run to find the differences between the various treatments. The highest 1000 grain weight (314.13g) came from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment and did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the constant hand hoeing treatment (307.83g). The lowest 1000 grain weight (234.67g) was seen in the weedy check treatment. The constant hand hoeing had the highest grain yield (6.27 ton ha-1) and this did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment (6.07 ton ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3.18 ton ha-1) was seen in the weedy check treatment. From the study, the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application may be recommended for increasing maize yield particularly in the case of high scale production.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbicides during Transition to Conservation Ag...Premier Publishers
The difficulty of manual hoe weeding presents a major challenge to the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Herbicide use is known to reduce manual hoe weeding requirements during the season while increasing economic returns. Studies to determine the efficacy of herbicides in maize under CA were carried out in Zimbabwe. The treatments evaluated were:(i) manual hoe weeding (ii) paraquat (0.2 kg a.i. ha-1) (iii) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) (iv) atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (v) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (vi) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) + metolachlor (1.152kg a.i. ha-1). Greater efficacy of weed control was higher in herbicide treated plots compared to hoe weeding alone. Atrazine combined with other herbicides or alone significantly (P<0.05) suppressed Garlinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa and other broadleaf weeds that dominated the weed spectrum at study sites. A tank mix of glyphosate + atrazine + metolachlor had significantly higher (P<0.05) maize grain yield than hoe weeding alone. Results showed that herbicides lowered weeding time requirement and were more effective in controlling weeds than manual hoe weeding alone. Farmers are thus likely to enjoy more net economic benefits if they adopt herbicide use as a weed control strategy in CA systems.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Weed control is an important agronomic practice that improves growth and maximizes yield in maize. An experiment was carried out to investigate the ‘effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the western highlands of Cameroon. The work was carried out during the 2017/2018 main cropping season from the 14th of March to the 14th of July at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Bambui experimental field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The experiment comprised of seven treatments: weedy check or control (T1), constant hand hoeing (T2), delay hand hoeing (T3), pre-emergence herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) (T4), post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T5), pre- herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) + Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T6) and delay post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T7). The white maize variety CHC 201 (“KASAI”) was used during the experiment and sown in plot sizes of 4 m x 5 m with a planting density of 80cm by 50cm with 2 plants per station with the aim of achieving a plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1. All agronomic practices were followed from planting to harvesting. The data recorded were plant height, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of gain rows per ear, number of gains per ear, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.0 Software and ANOVA was run to find the differences between the various treatments. The highest 1000 grain weight (314.13g) came from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment and did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the constant hand hoeing treatment (307.83g). The lowest 1000 grain weight (234.67g) was seen in the weedy check treatment. The constant hand hoeing had the highest grain yield (6.27 ton ha-1) and this did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment (6.07 ton ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3.18 ton ha-1) was seen in the weedy check treatment. From the study, the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application may be recommended for increasing maize yield particularly in the case of high scale production.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbicides during Transition to Conservation Ag...Premier Publishers
The difficulty of manual hoe weeding presents a major challenge to the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Herbicide use is known to reduce manual hoe weeding requirements during the season while increasing economic returns. Studies to determine the efficacy of herbicides in maize under CA were carried out in Zimbabwe. The treatments evaluated were:(i) manual hoe weeding (ii) paraquat (0.2 kg a.i. ha-1) (iii) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) (iv) atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (v) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (vi) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) + metolachlor (1.152kg a.i. ha-1). Greater efficacy of weed control was higher in herbicide treated plots compared to hoe weeding alone. Atrazine combined with other herbicides or alone significantly (P<0.05) suppressed Garlinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa and other broadleaf weeds that dominated the weed spectrum at study sites. A tank mix of glyphosate + atrazine + metolachlor had significantly higher (P<0.05) maize grain yield than hoe weeding alone. Results showed that herbicides lowered weeding time requirement and were more effective in controlling weeds than manual hoe weeding alone. Farmers are thus likely to enjoy more net economic benefits if they adopt herbicide use as a weed control strategy in CA systems.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
A total of twenty fine grain rice cultivars including fifteen land races, three developed (Paijam, BR-49 and BR34) and two exotic (Philippine katari and Ranjit) varieties were collected from different parts of Bangladesh to identify the yield enhancing characters and to select desirable cultivars with high yield potential and high aroma emission from rice grain. The experiments were conducted in Aman season in 2013, in the Plant Breeding Research Field, HSTU, Dinajpur. Genetic variation for yield (t/ha) and other fourteen yield related characters like, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (gm), total tillers/plant, productive tillers/plant, rachilla/panicle, sterile grain/panicle, total grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), aroma content (%), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity was estimated. All the characters showed high heritability except sterile grain/panicle, indicated better progress under selection. High heritability (98.65%) was revealed by productive tillers/plant, suggested that the character would be less affected by environment. The cultivar, Ranjit produced the highest yield (4.96 t/h).The highest aroma contents in Kalozira (35%) and Kalosoru (30%) was estimated. The highest yield (4.96 t/h) was obtained from Ranjit and it was statistcally similar with the yields of Bolder (4.68 t/h), Malsira (4.25 t/h), Kalozira (4.33 t/h), BR-49 (4.26 t/h). The simultaneous consideration of yield potential and aroma emission from
rice grain, four cultivars viz. Kalozira, Radhunipagol, Badshabogh and Chinigura may be advanced for commercial cultivation by the farmers and agriculture entrepreneurs and may be incorporated in further breeding for the development of high yielding fine rice varieties but the highest amount of aroma emission (35%) and yield (4.33 t/h) indicated that Kalozira was the best aromatic rice cultivar. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
The aim of this study was to observe the influence of various intercrops on pod borers in black gram under rain fed condition. Among the different intercrops studied, marigold recorded the lowest mean population of spotted pod borer (0.74 larvaplant) and gram blue butterfly larva (0.88 larvaplant)and natural enemies like Coccinellids (2.68 beetlesplant) and spider population (1.73 spiderplant) was maximum in black gram intercropped with maize. The maximum equivalent yield was obtained from black gram intercropped with marigold (6.04 qha) followed by black gram intercropped with maize (5.24 qha).In conclusion marigold proved to be effective intercrop to control major pod borer and also enhance the population of natural enemies. Selvam. K | Dr. D. S. Rajavel"Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gram" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15908/influence-of-various-intercrops-on-pod-borers-in-black-gram/selvam-k
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
A total of twenty fine grain rice cultivars including fifteen land races, three developed (Paijam, BR-49 and BR34) and two exotic (Philippine katari and Ranjit) varieties were collected from different parts of Bangladesh to identify the yield enhancing characters and to select desirable cultivars with high yield potential and high aroma emission from rice grain. The experiments were conducted in Aman season in 2013, in the Plant Breeding Research Field, HSTU, Dinajpur. Genetic variation for yield (t/ha) and other fourteen yield related characters like, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (gm), total tillers/plant, productive tillers/plant, rachilla/panicle, sterile grain/panicle, total grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), aroma content (%), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity was estimated. All the characters showed high heritability except sterile grain/panicle, indicated better progress under selection. High heritability (98.65%) was revealed by productive tillers/plant, suggested that the character would be less affected by environment. The cultivar, Ranjit produced the highest yield (4.96 t/h).The highest aroma contents in Kalozira (35%) and Kalosoru (30%) was estimated. The highest yield (4.96 t/h) was obtained from Ranjit and it was statistcally similar with the yields of Bolder (4.68 t/h), Malsira (4.25 t/h), Kalozira (4.33 t/h), BR-49 (4.26 t/h). The simultaneous consideration of yield potential and aroma emission from
rice grain, four cultivars viz. Kalozira, Radhunipagol, Badshabogh and Chinigura may be advanced for commercial cultivation by the farmers and agriculture entrepreneurs and may be incorporated in further breeding for the development of high yielding fine rice varieties but the highest amount of aroma emission (35%) and yield (4.33 t/h) indicated that Kalozira was the best aromatic rice cultivar. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
This term paper highlights the importance and potential of Organic Farming in context of Indian agriculture. We recommend policies & initiatives in organic farming to successfully address the growing concerns in Indian agriculture sector.
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
Effect of Post Emergence Herbicides on Growth of Wheat Crop and Their Associa...ijtsrd
The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2019 20 on sandy loam soil at Agricultural Research Farm Pili Kothi , Department of Agronomy, Tilak Dhari Post Graduate College, Jaunpur U.P. . The “Effect of post emergence herbicides on growth of wheat crop and their associated weeds” The experiment comprised of nine treatment combinations and tested in randomized block design RBD with four replications. Experiment consisted of one factors, viz. seven different herbicides in different doses different time applied weed control of wheat crop analysis in superior herbicide in weed control of wheat crop t1 Sulfosulfuron at 0.03 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t2 Metribuzin at 0.2kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t3 Carfentrazone ethyl at 0.025kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t4 Carfentrazone ethyl at 0.02kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28DAS, t5 Metsulfuron methyl at 0.004kga.i ha.Post emergence 28 DAS, t6 Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron methyl at 0.03 0.004 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t7 2, 4 D at 0.500 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 32 DAS, t8 Weed free two hand weeding , t9 Weedy check and results obtained in t6 Sulfosulfuron metsulfuron methyl 0.030 0.004 kg a.i ha 28 DAS superior compare to weedy check and similar in t8 weed free plots. Application of t6 Sulfosulfuron metsulfuron methyl 0.030 0.004 kg a.i ha 28 DAS Were recorded in minimum density of weeds m2 more number of tillers, recorded crop dray matter and at remain least weeds dry matter recorded gm2 as compare to other treatments. Neeraj Prajapati | Dr. Shrish Kumar Singh "Effect of Post-Emergence Herbicides on Growth of Wheat Crop and Their Associated Weeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49687.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/49687/effect-of-postemergence-herbicides-on-growth-of-wheat-crop-and-their-associated-weeds/neeraj-prajapati
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage and
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Zero Tillage and
Intercropping on Weed Management in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Ita, B.Nyaga ; Michieka, W. Ratemo; Ariga, E.Safari and Muiru, W.Maina
Department of Plant Science and Crop protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi
Ita, B.Nyaga* e-mail alfroita@gmail.com: mobile no.+254725295113
Michieka, W. Ratemo e-mail michiekar@yahoo.com: mobile no. +254725972872
Ariga, E.Safari e-mail esariga@yahoo.co.uk: mobile no. +254729264854
Muiru, W.Maina e-mail wmmuiru27@yahoo.com: mobile no. + 254738079554
* E-mail and mobile number of the corresponding author alfroita@gmail.com: +254725295113
The research was financed through projects sponsored by ASSARECA
Abstract
Maize is an important cereal worldwide and weeds are a major constraint to production. A trial was conducted in
Kigumo, Murang’a County, Central Province of Kenya in 2010 to compare the effects of glyphosate and
intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab on weed and maize yield. Treatments comprised of DUMA SC41 and
DK8031 maize varieties, glyphosate, intercropping and weedy arranged in a randomized complete block design
in 5x3 m plots replicated three times and data collected in 3x1.5m area in each plot. Weed scores, biomass and
maize yield were recorded. Data was analysed using Gen Stat software package, treatments effects compared
using ANOVA and the means separated by Student New man Keuls. No significant differences in weed scores,
biomass weight and maize yield in both seasons between glyphosate and intercropping at P < 0.05. Intercropping
and glyphosate had similar effects on weeds and maize yield, the former can substitute herbicide use.
Key words:,,Maize, grain yield, small scale farmers, tillage methods
1. Introduction
Maize is one of the most important and popular cereals in the world and as in any other crop its productivity is
genetically controlled but other factors like climate and agronomic practices such as weed management are
crucial in determining its output (Bryan et al, 2011; FAO,2010; Mansoor,2007; Rattler et al, 2007; Dyer,1995).
Half of the world maize is produced in the developing countries where maize flour is the staple food for the poor
people while the maize stalk provide feed to their animals (Ofori et al; 2004). In the industrialized world maize
is mainly used for livestock feed and raw material for industrial products.
In Sub-Sahara Africa maize is the staple food for an estimated 50% of the population providing 50% of
carolies. In these countries the yields are low around 1.0t/ha, while in USA, Southern Ontario and Canada maize
yields are more than 12.5t/ha (Ofori et al; 2004). According to Ofori et al, (2004) maize yields currently average
1.5t/ha in Africa, slightly more than 3t/ha in Latin America, 1.7t/ha in India and 5.5-6.3t/ha in Yugoslavia.
Weeds pose a great challenge especially to the poor resource farmers not only in reducing crop productivity
as a result of competition with the crop but also in lowering profitability due to costs associated with the
management (Bremer, 2008; Plessis, 2003; Ntege at el, 1997). The weed management practices used in maize
production vary from hand weeding using simple tools such as panga and hoe, to use of draught animals, tractors,
crop rotation, intercropping and herbicides. Among these weed management practices hand weeding, crop
rotation and intercropping are most commonly used by the peasant farmers due to resource limitation like money
to pay for labour, draught animals, tractor or buy herbicide (Lavabre,1991). The objective of this study was to
compare glyphosate with intercropping of maize and Dolicos lablab in weed management.
2. Materials and methods
2.1Geographical and climatic characteristics of the study area
The experiment was conducted in Kigumo, Murang’a County, Central province of Kenya during the long and
short rain seasons in 2010. The district covers an area of approximately 293km2 with a total population of
123,766 people (KNBS, 2009) and average family and farm size of 4.4 and 0.81 ha respectively, (MOA, 2010 ).
The average annual rainfall and temperature range between 1200 -2400mm and 14-240C respectively (MOA,
2010), the soils are humic nitosols, (Jaetzold, et al, 2006). The experimental site was located in the Upper
midland agro ecological zone (UM1) formerly Upper midland zone (UM2) (Jaetzold, et al, 1983), which lies at
1800m above sea level and traversed by longitude 360 59’E and latitude 00 41.5’S.
2.2Experimental design and layout
The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial, the treatments comprised of DK8031 and DUMA SC41 maize varieties
and three weed management practices namely glyphosate, intercropping with Dolicos lablab and weedy
(control). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with plots of 5x3m in
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three replications.
2.3 Procedure
Zero tillage plots were sprayed with glyphosate 36% EC a.i at 20ml/litre, that is (4 litres of glyphosate in 200
litres of water for a hectare) five days before planting. Maize was spaced at 75 x 30 cm and paths of 1.5 m and
1.0 m were used to separate blocks and plots respectively. In intercropping plots, a row of Dolicos lablab was
factored between every two rows of maize (35cm from each maize row) and the plants spaced at 30cm apart.
Maize and Dolicos holes 5cm and 3cm deep respectively were prepared and fertilizer NPK (23:23:0) applied at
the rate of 20g per planting hole (200kg/ha). In each plot an area of 3 x 1.5m was marked for both weed and
crops’ data collection.
The number of emerged seedlings of both maize and Dolicos was counted twice at 3rd, and 5th, week after
planting and the average percentage germination of the crops determined. Weed scoring was done at 3WAP,
7WAP, 11WAP, 15WAP and 19WAP by identification of individual species and their numbers in the sampling
area of each plot by use of weed identification manuals and herbarium specimens.
After each of the first three weed counts (3WAP, 7WAP and 11WAP), zero tillage plots were sprayed with
glyphosate using a hood to protect the maize crop from herbicide injury, while the intercropped plots were hand
weeded using hoes but no weeding or spraying was done in weedy (control) plots until crop maturity. Top
dressing of maize was done with CAN 26% (200kg/ha) after second weeding while insect pests and diseases
were monitored and controlled accordingly. Weed biomass weight was taken once after the last weed scoring
(19WAP) by cutting at the ground level all weeds species inside the sampling area of each plot. All broad leaved
weeds from the marked area for sampling in each plot were put together and weighed when fresh, same was
done for all gramineae and all the sedges. They were in turn dried in an oven at 600C for 72 hrs and their dry
weight recorded. At maturity the height of each maize plant in the sampling area was measured in meters using a
tape.
Yield was assessed by harvesting and counting the number of cobs per plant and weighing them. Maize
cobs for each plot were dried separately, shelled and weighed at a moisture content of 14% which was
ascertained by a moisture meter. Mean maize grain weight for each treatment was determined and used for
translation of the maize grain yield to 90 kilogram bags and tons per hectare. The number of Dolicos branches
per plant for 23 plants in the sampling area was counted 19 weeks after planting, yield of Dolicos was
determined by counting and harvesting all the mature and dry pods from each plant in the sampling area of the
plot. The number of seeds in each pod was counted, weighed and the mean for all plots was used to translate
yield to kilograms per hectare.
All the collected data was analysed using Gen Stat computer software package (Discovery edition 12.1
PC/Windows XP Copyright 2009 by VSN International Ltd), analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess
the effects of intercropping and glyphosate on weed population and maize yield by comparing their means.
Difference between the means was separated using Student New man Keuls and the statistical difference
determined at p < 0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1Results
3.1.1 Maize and Dolicos percentage germination
In both seasons there were no significant differences in percentage germination and interactions between the two
maize varieties and the two tillage practices at p < 0.05. The percentage germination of the two maize varieties
for the two seasons ranged from 55.6 to 70% for intercrop and 53.9 to 65% for glyphosate (Table 1). During the
same period percentage germination of Dolicos lablab under both maize varieties ranged between 53.5% and
60.2% (Table 2).
3.1.2 Weed population
A total of forty one weed species were identified while another eight species could not be identified by either
common or scientific names except by local names. For the weed counts during the long rain season, there were
no significant differences between the two tillage practices in the mean number of weed species. From first to
fourth weed counts, each of the two tillage practices significantly differed with the weedy (control) in the
number of weed species but in the fifth weed count there was no significant difference between each of them and
the weedy in the number of weed species (Tables 3). For the short rain season there were no significant
differences between the two tillage practices in the mean number of weed species. For the first weed count there
was no significant difference between each of the two tillage practices respectively and the weedy in the number
of weed species but from the second to fifth weed counts each significantly differed with the weedy (Table 4).
3.1.3 Weed biomass
There were no significant differences between intercrop and glyphosate in dry weight weed biomass for broad
leaved, grasses and sedges at P < 0.05 for the two seasons (Table 5). Both tillage practices significantly differed
from the weedy in broad leaf biomass weight in both the long and short rain seasons at P < 0.05. During the long
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rains season there were no significant differences between each of the two tillage practices and the weedy
respectively in grasses biomass weight in DK8031. Each of the two tillage practices in DUMA SC41
significantly differed from the weedy in grasses biomass weight.
In the short rain season both tillage practices in the two maize varieties significantly differed from the
weedy in grasses biomass weight (Table 5). During the long rains season there were no significant differences
between each of the two tillage practices and the weedy in sedges weed biomass weight although weedy had
higher biomass. During the short rains season significant differences were observed between each of the two
tillage practices and the weedy in sedges weed biomass at P < 0.05 (Table 5). The weed biomass from the two
maize varieties differed with regard to weed management, DUMA SC41 had significantly higher weed biomass
than DK8031 in both glyphosate and intercrop (Table 5).
3.1.4 Maize yield
The maize grain yield results varied with varieties used and the seasons. In the long rain season, there was no
significant difference in grain yield weight between glyphosate and intercrop for both DK8031 and DUMA
SC41 maize varieties at p < 0.05 although intercrop had higher grain weight than glyphosate in both maize
varieties (Table 6).
In both the long and short rain seasons there were no significant differences in grain yield between the
weedy and both glyphosate and intercrop treatments respectively for DUMA SC41 variety at p < 0.05. During
the long rains season weedy significantly differed in grain yield with both glyphosate and intercrop treatments
respectively for DK8031 at p<0.05 but during the short rains season only the intercrop significantly differed in
grain yield with the weedy for the same variety at p<0.05 (Table 6). Overall there was significant difference in
yield between DUMA SC 41 and DK 8031 in both seasons at p < 0.05 (Table 6).
3.2. Discussion
The analysis of weed count showed that there was no significant difference between glyphosate and
maize/Dolicos intercropping in the number of weed species at p < 0.05, although in most of weed counts
glyphosate had higher number of weed species compared with maize/Dolicos intercrop indicating that
intercropping was more effective than glyphosate in suppressing the weeds thereby reducing their population.
This is in agreement with work done by Maina, (1997) who reported that use of herbicides and intercropping
significantly controlled the weeds, the herbicide controlled the weeds at the early stage of crop growth. The
author further reported that maize-bean and maize-potato intercrop each separately effectively suppressed weeds
such that weeds did not have any significant effect on the yields. She also observed that intercropping using the
right bean varieties and spacing replaced two weedings in one of the experimental sites and was cheaper than use
of herbicide.
The analysis of weed biomass showed that there were no significant differences between glyphosate and
maize/Dolicos intercropping in weed biomass dry weight in both seasons at p< 0.05. The ability of
maize/Dolicos intercropping to suppress weeds equally or better than glyphosate means intercropping could be
beneficial to the small scale farmers who practice it in weed management by not only reducing cost of herbicide
but also maximizing on available land by enabling the farmers to obtain yield from two crops from the same
piece of land in one season.
Intercropping can also be a useful tool in combating weed problem by eliminating drudgery associated
with weeding especially if it can replace one or two weedings in a crop’s growth period by reducing labour
requirement and time for weeding. Due to reduced labour requirement by intercropping, the cost of maize
production would be low thereby encouraging farmers to increase maize acreage leading to considerable increase
in both maize yield and net returns for them as reported by Carlson, (2008). The ability of the Dolicos lablab to
suppress the weeds emanates from its growth habit, since like most of leguminous plants it has a high leaf area
index due to massive forage that precludes light from reaching the ground where weeds are growing
(Beets,1990).
Maize and Dolicos overall germination percentages for both seasons were average (54.5% and 59.7%)
respectively, the low percentage germination was due to unfavourable weather conditions set by intermittent
rainfall during planting time in both seasons.
The maize yield in both seasons for maize/Dolicos intercropping and glyphosate were not significantly
different in grain yield at p < 0.05 although intercrop had slightly higher grain weight than glyphosate in two out
of the four cases. This conforms to other results obtained by Chui, et al, (1996) who reported that herbicide
application, intercropping maize with beans both effectively controlled weeds and their maize grain yields were
not significantly different. Also Mureithi et al, (2005) working in Kisii and Kitale on intercropping maize with
Dolicos reported increased maize yield and income per unit area for the farmers.
Chen et al,(2004) found that intercropping maize with legumes was beneficial in yield increment due to
improved soil fertility, less competition for water and nutrients between maize and weeds as the latter are
suppressed by the leguminous crop. Intercropping maize with leguminous crops was also found to be beneficial
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in improving maize yield due to reduced stem borer population when maize was intercropped with cow peas at
Katumani and also maize/bean intercrop in Embu district resulted in low stem borer population as reported by
Omlo, (1984).
The various factors that could have influenced the grain yield results were nitrogen fixation by the legume
leading to higher yield, the legume cover inhibits weed growth eliminating weed competition for resources with
the crop and minimizing soil moisture loss through evaporation reserving it for the crop. Use of intercrop would
result into environmental conservation from pollution by the herbicide and avoid weed developing resistance due
to repeated use of the same herbicide. Use of herbicide in terms of safe handling also requires technical
knowhow which is low among the small scale farmers. The variation in maize grain yield between the two
seasons was due to weather conditions that prevailed during the experimentation period. During the long rain
season the area received a total of 971.6mm of rainfall spread over 81days compared with 398.8mm received
during the short rain season spread over 28 days and hence higher yields for both varieties during the long rain
season than during the short rain season.
4. Conclusions and recommendations
Glyphosate and maize/Dolicos lablab intercrop were not significantly different in weed suppression and maize
grain yield and farmers should therefore be encouraged to intercrop maize with Dolicos or other leguminous
crops as a way of managing weeds since it is cheap, requires low technical knowhow, it is environmentally
friendly and has no chance of weed resistance build up
Acknowledgements
I would like to sincerely thank ASSARECA for financial support used for the execution of the research work
through its funding advanced to Mwangi, H.W. (Mrs) and Kinyua, Z. M. (Dr). University of Nairobi and Kenya
Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) are also acknowledged for technical and infrastructural support.
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Table 1: Percentage germination for DUMA SC41 and DK8031 maize varieties under intercropping,
glyphosate and weedy/control during the long and short rain seasons 2010
Variety Weed control Germination percentage Average
Long rains Short rains
DUMA SC41 Intercropping 55.6a 56.3a 56.0
a
Weedy/control 52.2 53.7 a 53.0
a
Glyphosate 53.9 55.0a 54.5
DK8031 Intercropping 70.0a 67.3a 68.7
a
Weedy/control 62.0 65.0 a 63.5
a
Glyphosate 65.0 62.7a 63.9
Lsd 13.4 5.8 9.6
CV% 31.1 17.4 24.3
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different
Table 2: Percentage germination for Dolicos lablab during the long and short rain seasons
Weed control Percentage germination
Long rains season Short rains season Average
DUMA SC41-Intercropping 58.0a 59.0a 58.5
a
DK8031- Intercropping 53.5 60.2a 60.3
Lsd 4.3 1.4 2.9
CV% 5.6 4.2 4.9
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different
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Table 3: Weed counts/m2 for glyphosate, intercrop and weedy during the long rain season
Maize variety Weed control Weed counts/m2 Average
7 WAP 11WAP 15WAP 19WAP
3WAP*
DUMA SC 41 Glyphosate 2.2a 8.2a 4.2a 2.0a 4.2a 4.2
Weedy/control 8.7b 25.1b 18.2b 7.1b 6.2a 13.1
Intercrop 3.8a 10.7a 2.9a 3.3a 4.4a 5.0
DK8031 Glyphosate 2.7a 8.0a 2.9a 1.6a 3.3a 3.7
Weedy/control 5.8ab 14.4ab 11.1ab 5.1b 4.2a 8.1
Intercrop 3.3a 7.6a 1.3a 2.0a 2.9a 3.4
Lsd(0.05) 3.5 15.6 12.6 2.4 NS
CV% 48.3 59.5 114.7 39.3 33.5
WAP* = Weeks After Planting;
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different.
Table 4: Weed counts/m2 for glyphosate, intercrop and weedy during the short rain season
Maize variety Weed control Weed Average
counts/m2
3WAP* 7WAP 11WAP 15WAP 19WAP
DUMA SC 41 Glyphosate 6.5a 3.4a 3.3a 0.7a 2.4a 2.9
Weedy/control 8.8a 8.0b 8.2b 9.9b 8.9b 8.8
Intercropping 5.3a 1.6a 0.8a 2.7a 2.4a 2.6
DK8031 Glyphosate 5.2a 2.5a 0.6a 1.4a 1.6a 2.2
Weedy/control 8.5a 6.2ab 6.5b 6.9b 6.0ab 6.8
Intercropping 4.3a 2.7a 0.8a 1.2a 1.4a 2.1
Lsd (0.05) NS 4.1 2.5 4.8 2.7
CV % 59.6 61.9 62.3 77.0 39.4
WAP* = Weeks After Planting
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different
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Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Table 5: Weed biomass under glyphosate, weedy and intercrop treatments during the long and short rain
seasons 2010
Variety Weed control Long rains season Short rains season Average
Weed category Weed category
Broad leaf
Broad leaf
Grasses
Grasses
Sedges
Sedges
DUMA SC41 Glyphosate 687ab 174a 0.7a 41a 109a 0.1a 168.6
Weedy/control 1,371b 2,504b 4.5a 1,262b 3,090c 9.8ab 1373.6
Intercropping 432ab 431a 0.8a 24a 12a 3.0a 150.5
DK8031 Glyphosate 271a 62a 0.4a 34a 4a 0.6a 62
Weedy/control 980ab 277a 6.3a 1,268b 1,890b 13.5b 739.1
Intercropping 152a 126a 1.4a 8a 7a 0.3a 49.1
Lsd 631.6 1011.5 9.3 675.6 619.7 10.1 591.6
CV% 39.0 103.2 139.5 105.2 54.7 133.2 115.0
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different
Table 6: DK8031 and DUMA SC41 grain yield (tons /ha) for long and short rain seasons 2010
Variety Weed management Yield tons/ha
Long rains Short rains Average
season season
DUMA SC41 Glyphosate 1.01a 0.87a 0.94
Weedy/control 0.40a 0.08a 0.24
Intercropping 1.11a 0.95a 1.03
DK8031 Glyphosate 2.19ab 1.37ab 1.78
Weedy/control 1.14a 0.36a 0.75
b
Intercropping 3.32 2.37b 2.85
Lsd 1.78 1.39 1.59
CV% 62.4 77.4 69.9
In the table means bearing the same letter along the columns are not significantly different
105