Here are some ways employers can motivate employees to comply with health and safety procedures:
- Provide regular training and reminders on procedures to increase awareness and understanding of why they are important.
- Lead by example by modeling safe behaviors themselves and prioritizing safety in decision making.
- Recognize and reward safe behaviors through incentives like bonuses, time off, or public praise to positively reinforce compliance.
- Involve employees in safety committees and discussions to give them ownership over procedures and make compliance feel more voluntary than mandatory.
- Clearly communicate how compliance protects not only their own safety but that of coworkers to appeal to team and community values.
- Cite real accident examples to demonstrate the very real risks
A Risk Assessment is simply a careful examination of whatever, in your work or workplace, could cause harm to people, so that you can determine what precautions or controls are necessary to prevent harm.
MSDS is a document that contains information on the potential health effects of exposure to chemicals, or other potentially dangerous substances, and on safe working procedures when handling chemical products
A Risk Assessment is simply a careful examination of whatever, in your work or workplace, could cause harm to people, so that you can determine what precautions or controls are necessary to prevent harm.
MSDS is a document that contains information on the potential health effects of exposure to chemicals, or other potentially dangerous substances, and on safe working procedures when handling chemical products
Mechanical & machinery hazards & their controlSalman Ahmed
A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.
Mechanical hazards are those associated with power-driven machines, whether automated or manually operated.
In an industry, people interact with machines that are designed to drill, cut, shear, punch, etc. If appropriate safeguards are not in place or if workers fail to follow safety precautions, these machines can apply the same procedures to humans. Which can cause major human injuries.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also
commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety
(WHS) is an area concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.
The new standard is designed to help organisations around the world ensure the health and safety of the people who make their business possible.
This standard is set to replace the popular OHSAS 18001 standard, with the overall purpose remaining the improvement of occupational health and safety performance. ISO 45001 will more easily integrate with other ISO Management Systems standards including ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015.
ISO 45001 will require an organization to look beyond its immediate health and safety issues and take into account what the wider society expects of it. Organisations will have to think about their contractors and suppliers, as well as the effects their activities have on neighbouring communities.
As globalisation and global trade continue to escalate, organisations’ stakeholders are expecting organisations to be ethical in every aspect of their business, especially in the way they treat employees. ISO 45001 will give organisations an internationally recognised occupational health and safety standard to follow. This standard provides the specification for formal, systematic analysis and management of risk, management of regulatory compliance, promotion of safer work practices, and evaluation of occupational health and safety performance. This systematic approach facilitates a decrease in the number of incidents and ultimately less disruption to business.
In order to comply with international needs and requirements, more than 50 countries and organisations including the International Labour Organization (ILO) have been involved in the creation of ISO 45001. The aim is to provide a tool that can be used by any organisation, in any industry, anywhere in the world.
Organisations currently certified to OHSAS 18001, can remain so through the transition period offered after the publication of the ISO 45001 standard.
The webinar covers:
• Ways to Identify Hazard
• Risk Assessment
• Hierarchy of Control
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Mr. David Mutuna, PECB Trainer, who is also the Founder SHEQ and Food Safety Management Systems.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/9twKT0wc1xc
Mechanical & machinery hazards & their controlSalman Ahmed
A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.
Mechanical hazards are those associated with power-driven machines, whether automated or manually operated.
In an industry, people interact with machines that are designed to drill, cut, shear, punch, etc. If appropriate safeguards are not in place or if workers fail to follow safety precautions, these machines can apply the same procedures to humans. Which can cause major human injuries.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also
commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety
(WHS) is an area concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.
The new standard is designed to help organisations around the world ensure the health and safety of the people who make their business possible.
This standard is set to replace the popular OHSAS 18001 standard, with the overall purpose remaining the improvement of occupational health and safety performance. ISO 45001 will more easily integrate with other ISO Management Systems standards including ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015.
ISO 45001 will require an organization to look beyond its immediate health and safety issues and take into account what the wider society expects of it. Organisations will have to think about their contractors and suppliers, as well as the effects their activities have on neighbouring communities.
As globalisation and global trade continue to escalate, organisations’ stakeholders are expecting organisations to be ethical in every aspect of their business, especially in the way they treat employees. ISO 45001 will give organisations an internationally recognised occupational health and safety standard to follow. This standard provides the specification for formal, systematic analysis and management of risk, management of regulatory compliance, promotion of safer work practices, and evaluation of occupational health and safety performance. This systematic approach facilitates a decrease in the number of incidents and ultimately less disruption to business.
In order to comply with international needs and requirements, more than 50 countries and organisations including the International Labour Organization (ILO) have been involved in the creation of ISO 45001. The aim is to provide a tool that can be used by any organisation, in any industry, anywhere in the world.
Organisations currently certified to OHSAS 18001, can remain so through the transition period offered after the publication of the ISO 45001 standard.
The webinar covers:
• Ways to Identify Hazard
• Risk Assessment
• Hierarchy of Control
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Mr. David Mutuna, PECB Trainer, who is also the Founder SHEQ and Food Safety Management Systems.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/9twKT0wc1xc
When people don’t want to follow safetyTerry Penney
In a company we would all like to think folks would like to learn about Health and safety but if you dont want to then you can learn about THANATOLOGY and what take place for those who dont!
1) High risk activities and accident control measures
2) How to Prevent Accidents in the Workplace.
3) Risk Assessment & Mitigation measures at Highway projects
4) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
5) WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT/ or AN INCIDENT?
6) Job Safety Analysis
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. The Nature and Scope of health
and Safety
• The Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Health
and Safety,
Chemistry and physic
Biological sciences
Engineering
Psychology
Sociology
The Law
3. Obstacles to Good
Standards of Health & Safety
• Complexity
- The cause of a problem
- Process & Technology
- Requirements & Regulations
• Competing & Conflicting Demands
- Productivity & Cost
- External Customer Oriented
- Competing
• Behavioural Issues
- Unsafe Act
- Ignorance, Carelessness or Incompetence
- Work Culture
4. Health and Safety Foundations
Why ?
Humane – harm to people
Economical Impact- expensive
Legal – compliance to legal requirement
Reputation – societal expectation
5. Meanings and Distinctions
• Health , Safety , Welfare and Environmental
Protection
►Health relates to the physical condition of both body
and mind of all people at the workplace,
►Safety relates to the conditions at the workplace and
applies to the pursuit of a state where the risk of harm
has been eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level
►Welfare relates to the general well-being of workers at
the workplaces,
►Environmental protection can be seen as comprising
two types
6. Health & Safety Foundation
– Types :-
• The workplace environment, which relates to the
general conditions in the immediate area of the
workplace itself-
• The external environment, which relates to
pollution of , damage to, the air , land , water and
living creatures outside of the workplace, insofar
as they may be affected by workplace activities,
7. Accidents and other Events
Definitions in relations to health and safety.
☻Incident: an event –include accident and near miss.
☻Accident: undesired event
☻Near-miss: could have resulted injury but did not
☻Occupational accident
☻Occupational diseases
Basically accidents are caused by two factors:
• 1) Unsafe Behavior/Act
• 2) Unsafe Condition
8. 90% Behavior
30,000 Hazards
At Risk Acts/Conditions
10% Conditions
Reactive Safety
Management
Proactive BBS
Accident Prevention
Approach
1 Fatality
30
Majors
300
Recordable
3000
Near Miss
Statistics based on
200 companies
10. Definitions
• Risk:
A risk is the likelihood of harm occurring.
The degree of risk is based both on the
likelihood and severity of outcome (type of
injury, number involved..)
11. Example
Hazard Position of Cable
Magnitude of Risk
(Likelihood x Severity)
Tripping over cable
And falling
Fastened to wall Zero
Trailing around edge
of room
Low
Trailing across the
floor
Medium
Trailing across head
of stairway
High
Identification of hazards and the assessment of associated risks has
become the cornerstone of modern health and safety law
16. General Hierarchy of Hazard
Control
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Engineering
• Administration
• PPE
17. The Moral, Legal and Economic
Reasons For Health and Safety
• Legislation Requirement-Minimum
• Vicarious Liability-defense Negligence
• Moral Obligations- Take cares of
neighbours
• Fines for non-compliance
• Economical impact- accidents and ill
health very expensive-direct and indirect
costs,
18. Size of the problem
ILO statistics shows the scale of the problem:-
There are 270 million occupational accident and 160
million occupational diseases each year,
2 million people die every year from occupational
accidents and occupational diseases,
4% of the world’s GDP (gross domestic product) is lost
each year through the cost of injury, death, absence ,
etc
Around 355,000 on-the job fatalities each year-half from
agriculture – others construction and fishing industries
19. Costs of Accidents and Ill-Health
• Direct costs
• Indirect costs
• Iceberg Theory
• Insurance , Costs and Liabilities
20. Safe Systems of Work
• It is not sufficient to stop at the provision of safe
premises and plant and equipment. Employer
must provide safe procedures in the used of
equipment:-
• The system of work should be reasonably safe in all
circumstances, procedures must cover all foreseeable
possibilities
• Workers must be fully aware of and competent in carrying
out the safe system of work (properly trained, instructed, and
given information necessary is made available)
• There is a need to review , planning and control in ensuring
that working methods are safe,
21. Training and Supervision and
Competency of Staff
• It is also become the duty of employer to ensure , that
staff are equipped with the knowledge, experience, skills
and training necessary to carry out their work in a safe
manner,
– This starts with recruitment, appointment and selection of
personnel has all the necessary abilities to do the job safely
(Competent)
– All staff need to be provided with the specific knowledge
required to operate safely in the particular workplace,
machinery ,plant according to recognized safe system of work ,
through training, instruction, information is a major responsibility
of employer.
22. • Employers should take reasonable
practical steps to ensure that:-
– Staff follows all the correct procedures
– And are actually operating safely,
– Around 60% of workplace accidents are the
result of human actions and are preventable,
– Adequate supervision , can reinforce
adherence to procedures.
Training and Supervision and
Competency of Staff
23. To provide and maintain workplaces, machinery
and equipment, and use work methods, which
are as safe and without risk to health as is
reasonably practicable;
To give necessary instructions and training,
taking account to the functions and capacities of
different categories of workers;
The Employer’s Basic
responsibilities
24. General Duties of
Employee/Workers
To take care of his own safety and the safety of
others,
Comply with established safe systems of work
and rules,
To use protective equipment provided while
carrying out the work requiring them,
To report to supervisors, unsafe condition, tools,
that equipment are in good repair
To report all accidents, for lesson learnt
25. Consequences of Non-Compliance
• Breach of health and safety legislation –
criminal offence
• Civil liability may also arise – compensation
resulted from negligence,
• Negligence – is probably the most important
in terms of the number of cases and the
amount of damages which may be awarded
for serious injury
26. Negligence
• Breach of the legal duty to exercise
reasonable care towards others-resulting
causing harm to someone to whom you
owed a duty of care as result of something
you did OR failed to do. (foreseeable
harm)
• In health and safety terms, the same
applies to employers, who are under a
duty of care towards their workers and
others
27. Role of Enforcing Authorities and other
External Agencies
• Government makes laws and courts
decides on guilt and pass sentence on
those who are guilty – in between the two
various agencies who can enforce laws,
investigate, provide advice and so on.
Typical Agencies might includes:-
Enforcement Agencies
Fire Authorities
Insurance Companies
28. The Role of International Standards
and Conventions
• Countries has their own specific laws, developed
over the years to tackle their own specific issues .
E,g OSHA 514 for Malaysia (1981 draft – 1994 Feb
24.implemented with out grace period.)
• The prime mover in the area of International
Standards in Health and Safety is the United
Nations (UN) specifically- ILO – a large number of
countries are members of ILO.
29. Sources Of Information
(Internal and External)
• External data sources includes:-
• Internal data source includes:-
Exercise ( List down source of information
available to consult on Health and Safety )
33. Discussion
• Choose a hazard and apply it on this schedule.
Hazard Condition of Hazard
Magnitude of Risk
(Likelihood x Severity)
Zero
Low
Medium
High
34. DISCUSSION
• Discuss the ways in which employers
might motivate their employees to comply
with health and safety procedures
Editor's Notes
Obstacles to Good Standards of health and Safety
Complexity of the Problem
The cause-and-effect relationship
Work processes and activities
Extent of the problem
Competing and Conflicting Demands
Organization
Regarded as a non-productive costs
It may be seen as conflicting with the need to increase production or to cut costs,
Employer takes little responsibilities for the protection of his workers, health and safety ,resulting serious workplace accidents, injuries , diseases
Behavioural Issues
Conflicts between individual or group goals and the requirements of health and safety
Individual characteristics and suitability for the job,
The satisfaction of need through achievements at work,