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2014 staar review
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- 2. Names for England -England - Great Britain - Britain - British - English
- 3. 1. Reasons forEnglish Colonization • Social- • Economic- • Religious- (Glory) (Gold) (God)
- 4. 8. Mercantilism • Economicsystem where colony can only trade with Mother Country (England). Hurt the colony’s economy
- 5. 2. Jamestown, Virginia-1607 • First permanent English settlement in North America. Hardships - Undrinkable Water - Disease - Swampy Land - Indian Attacks - Starvation (FAMINE)
- 6. 3. Virginia Houseof Burgesses • First representative assembly in the colonies. Representative = Someone who is selected to speak for the people
- 7. 5. Representative Government •Power is held by the people who elect representatives to look out for their interests.
- 8. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut •Wrote by Thomas Hooker • The first CONSTITUTION written in the Colonies Constitution= a plan for how your government works
- 9. 4. 1620 • Foundingof Plymouth Bay Colony • Pilgrims escape religious persecution • They signed the Mayflower Compact- Early example of self government. Persecution= being treated badly because of your beliefs
- 10. Religion in the Colonies Massachusetts– The Pilgrims were PURITANS and did not allow any other beliefs. Rhode Island – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson created a colony of RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. (Est. future principle) Pennsylvania – The Quakers lead by William Penn believed in PEACE no matter what Maryland – CATHOLICS came here so they could practice there beliefs.
- 11. Triangular Trade • Buyingand selling of humans for forced labor. Middle Passage The terrible journey for slaves from Africa to America. Packed, dirty ships with little food.
- 12. 10. Colonial Economies •Northern- Industrial, ship building, fishing. • Southern- Agricultural. Economy: crops like cotton, indigo, corn, tobacco, grain, rice WHY? Rich soil and flat lands Economy: Factories Textiles, Lumber, Merchants (trading) WHY? Rocky soil and hills
- 13. 6. Plantations • Largefarms that usually grow one kind of cash crop. • Like small cities with a Church, butcher, and everything you need • Used slaves as main labor
- 14. 7. Cash Crops •Grown in large fields to make money. Harvested by slaves.
- 15. 11. Free Enterprise •Economic system where there is competition between businesses with little governmental control.
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- 17. Causes of War: 1.Colonist wanted to move west into French land. 2. Made France mad. 3. War started French and IndiansVS British and Colonists French and Indian War
- 18. - Wrote by Benjamin Franklin -Colonies unite to Fight French Albany Plan of Union
- 19. Effect of theFrench and Indian War • England Wins • Doubles size of Colonial Land • England has HUGE debt
- 20. Problems from French& Indian War Proclamation of 1776 Proclamation Line = England’s war debt means higher taxes for colonies.
- 21. “Taxation Without Representation” Colonieswere most angry about not having a representative in Parliament. Parliament= England’s representatives. They decide taxes and laws.
- 22. 13. King GeorgeIII • King of England during the American Revolution.
- 23. 1.Navigation Acts 2.Proclamation of1763 3.Sugar Act (Tax) 4.Stamp Act (Tax on paper) 6.Boston Massacre 5.Townshend Acts (Group of Taxes) 7. Tea Act 8.Boston Tea Party 9.Intolerable Acts (Blockade on Massachusetts) “Taxation without representation!” Causes of American Revolution
- 24. Boston Massacre Bloody Massacre •Violence in Boston killed Crispus Attucks and fueled the fire for revolution.
- 25. Two types ofColonists Loyalist Patriot Stay with ENGLAND!! REVOLUTION! Revolution= A major change
- 26. 15. Samuel Adams •Opposed British taxation. • Helped form the Sons of Liberty. Sons of Liberty= a group who wanted REVOLUTION. Responsible for the Boston Tea Party
- 27. 16. Patrick Henry Knownfor his “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” speech.
- 28. 17. Thomas Paine •Wrote “Common Sense” which gave reasons to fight for independence.
- 29. Declaration of Independence(1776) - Letter to the King from the Colonies - A break up letter Listed the Grievances: 1. Tax w/out Reps 2. King has all power 3. Protesting Illegal 4. Search w/no warrant 5. Quartering of troops 6. No trial by jury
- 30. 18. Thomas Jefferson •Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776. • Believed all humans had Unailienable Rights: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
- 31. Unalienable Rights • Rightsthat cannot be taken away. • All people’s God given rights when they are born. • In the Declaration of Independence they are- “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”
- 32. 20. George Washington •Commander of the Continental Army.
- 33. Battle of Lexingtonand Concord • Opening battles of the American Revolution. • Looking for Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Weapons • “Shot heard around the world” Start of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR (1775)
- 34. Battle of Saratoga •Battle which was the turning point of the revolution. • France began to help the colonies after this victory. Victory
- 35. 23. Benjamin Franklin •Helped convince France to help the colonists fight the British.
- 36. Winter at ValleyForge • Where Washington’s army spent a difficult winter but emerged a stronger force. • Training = Stronger Army
- 37. Battle of Yorktown •Ended the American Revolution. • Cornwallis (British General) surrenders
- 38. Treaty of Paris(1781) •British recognized American independence. • Mississippi River became the western border of the U.S. United States
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- 40. Articles of Confederation •1st U.S. Constitution • Weak National government. Enforce laws Power to tax National Courts National Army Remember: Constitution means a plan for how the government works
- 41. Northwest Ordinance • Setup an orderly system to bring in new states.
- 42. Shays’ Rebellion Events: 1. Farmersrebel because of taxes 2. Federal Government cannot stop them 3. Congress realizes Articles of Confederation sucks.
- 43. Convention of 1787 PhiladelphiaConvention • Called to revise the Articles of Confederation • Trashed the Articles of Confederation • New Constitution was written.
- 44. -Wrote the Virginia Plan -Fatherof the Constitution James Madison -Studied for a whole year about history and politics
- 45. Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan -3 Branches - # of Reps based on population - 3 Branches - Equal #of reps for all states Two different plans for New Constitution
- 46. Great Compromise: 1787 (Mixedthe Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan) This is bi-cameral: Two houses of Congress Article 1 Article 2 Article 3
- 47. Makes Laws Makes Taxes CongressLegislativeBranch: Job:
- 48. Enforce Laws/Command Army PresidentExecutiveBranch: Job:
- 49. Interpret (explain) thelaws All courtsJudicial Branch: Job: Highest Court: Supreme Court Highest Judge: Chief Justice
- 50. Three-Fifths Compromise • Settledhow slaves would be counted for taxation and representation purposes. • Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 people in population
- 51. 1787 2 Groups foughtover the ratification of the Constitution Federalist Anti-Federalist • Liked the Constitution as it waswritten • Believed in a stronger Federal government • Against the Constitution. • Feared a loss of states rights • Wanted a Bill of Rights
- 52. Federalist Papers Written bythese guys to convince anti-federalist to ratify the Constitution James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay
- 53. Patrick Henry -Gave speechesagainst RATIFICATION -Did not go to the Constitutional Convention because he “smelled a rat” George Mason -Leader of the Anti- Federalist -Believed in restricting the federal governments power -Wanted a Bill of Rights for peoples protection -Virginia Delegate Anti-Federalist
- 54. Bill of Rights •First 10 Amendments to the Constitution. • Protects Unalienable rights. 1. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, petition 2. Right to bear arms 3. No quartering of soldiers 4. No search and seizure w/out warrant 5. Right to due process / remain silent 6. Right to a speedy trial 7. Right to a trial by jury 8. No cruel and unusual punishment 9. You have more rights then these 10. Rights not given to the Federal government is given to the states
- 55. 7 principles ofthe Constitution
- 56. 1. Limited Government •All authority figures must obey the law.
- 57. 40. Republicanism • Peoplehold the power through the election of representatives. People Elect Representatives
- 58. 41. Checks andBalances • Prevents one branch of the government from becoming too powerful. EXAMPLES:
- 59. 42. Federalism • Thesharing of power between a national government and states.
- 60. 43. Separation ofPowers • Each branch of the government is assigned specific powers. L Make Laws E Carries out Laws J Court System
- 61. 44. Popular Sovereignty •Political power rests with the people. • Exercised through voting. Power of the People
- 62. 2/3 of States-OR- Ratified by ¾States Amendment Process 2/3 of Congress
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- 64. 1789 George Washington -Sets Precedents -Creates cabinet -Neutrality -FarewellAdress First president-
- 66. Hamilton’s - 4part Financial plan Part 1: Pay off War Debt Part 2: Whisky Tax Part 3: Protective Tariffs Part 4: Create a National Bank
- 67. 48. Bank ofthe United States • Bank chartered by the National government to provide bank notes to be used as money and to regulate state banks. • A big fight between Jefferson and Hamilton
- 68. Whisky Rebellion • Americansnear Pennsylvania angered by the tax on Whisky • Stopped by the Federal Government (Different then Shay’s Rebellion)
- 69. A Fight Started V.S. Americasays, “Neutrality! ”
- 70. Washington’s Farewell Address •Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements, regional differences, and having a debt. 1. Alliances that will drag us to war 2. Political parties that will tear us a part 3. Sectionalism or Geographical differences 4. Getting into Debt
- 71. John Adams -2nd President -XYZ Affair - Sedition Acts
- 72. XYZ Affair 3. -American’swant war - Adam’s wants peace 1. France stealing US ship cargo 2. Adams sends reps to France 4. Adams signs treaty 5.Americans write bad stuff about Adams
- 73. Alien and Sedition ActsAdams hascongress make a law that makes it illegal to speak against the government. Against 1st Amendment right.
- 74. Thomas Jefferson -3rd President -LouisianaPurchase -Louis and Clark - Embargo act of 1807 -Believed in Neutrality
- 75. • Thomas Jeffersonbuys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. • Doubled the size of the U.S. Louisiana Purchase - 1803
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- 77. British ships startedto stop American ships to look for soldiers who ran away from Britain. They also started to kidnap US sailors and force them to fight with them. Impressments
- 78. Embargo Act To stop thisfrom happening Jefferson made the.... This act said that ships could not trade with anybody from Europe. This act did not work and really hurt the Economy
- 79. Marburyv Madison • JohnMarshall-Supreme Court case which est. Judicial Review. ( Constitutionality of the Law) • Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional. M&M’s = Jolly Ranchers Marbury vs. Madison = Judicial Review
- 80. James Madison -4thPresident -War of1812 1st to declare war
- 81. Causes of theWar of 1812 1. Impressments 2. England encouraging Indian attacks 3. England blocking trade with France 4. Warhawks – Like Calhoun
- 82. U.S. win theWar of 1812 This starts the Era of Good Feelings
- 83. James Monroe -5th President -MonroeDoctrine -Missouri Compromise
- 84. 53. James Monroe •His doctrine stated European countries were to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.
- 85. Missouri Compromise (1820) •Missouri- slave state. Maine free state. • First sectional issue between the North and South. • More states mean more power in Congress.
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- 88. 56. Industrial Revolution •Production of goods and products in factories by machines. • Led to more goods being produced at lower prices.
- 89. 57. Urbanization • Majormovement of people from rural (Countryside) to cities (urban).
- 90. 58. Interchangeable Parts •Eli Whitney. • Parts are made exactly the same to make it easier to replace defective parts.
- 91. 59. Agricultural Inventions •Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney- Created a demand for slaves. • Steel Plow- John Deere- Increased agricultural production. • Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick- Increased grain production.
- 92. 60. Transportation • Steamboat-Robert Fulton. Decreased travel time on water. • Canals- Man made waterways found mainly in the Northeast. Connected cities by water. • Railroads- Fastest form of transportation on land. Led to growth of cities and westward expansion.
- 93. 61. Commerce • McCullochv. Maryland- Supreme Court case which stated Congress had the power to carry out its power stated in the Constitution. • Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court case which stated Congress could regulate interstate commerce. Maryland, you can’t tax the Bank of the U.S.
- 94. 62. Improvement in Communication •Telegraph- Samuel Morse. Allowed people to communicate over long distances.
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- 96. 63. Manifest Destiny •Belief that the U.S. was destined to run from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
- 97. 64. U.S.-Mexican War •Occurred over the annexation (addition) of Texas. • After its victory, the U.S. acquired most of the present day American Southwest (Mexican Cession).
- 98. Age of Jackson andReform Movements
- 99. 65. Andrew Jackson •His election was one for the Common Man. • Believed in a strong national government. • Hero of the Battle of New Orleans.
- 100. 66. Democratic Party •Revolved around the beliefs of Jackson. • Strong Federal Government. • Supported by Southerners and slave owners.
- 101. 67. Daniel Webster •Represented the viewpoint of the North. • Believed in preserving the Union was most important. Remember what George Washington said about what geographical differences will do to our country.
- 102. 68. Henry Clay •“Great Compromiser”. • Worried how the spread of slavery would affect Western Territories. Lets make a deal.
- 103. 69. John C.Calhoun • Represented the South. • From South Carolina. • Believed in slavery and states’ rights. Long live slavery and states’ rights!
- 104. 70. Protective Tariff •Tax on imports meant to protect U.S. industries. • Made imports more expensive and encouraged people to buy products made in the U.S.
- 105. 71. States’ Rights •Belief that states don’t have to follow Federal law if that state feels that law violates the Constitution.
- 106. 72. Nullification Crisis •Occurred when South Carolina refused to enforce the Protective Tariff of 1828. • President Jackson threatened to enforce the tariff • South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.
- 107. 73. Indian RemovalAct of 1830 • All Indians East of the Mississippi would be moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) • The Indian’s land was wanted for farming.
- 108. 74. Trail ofTears • The Cherokee Indians were forced to march to Indian Territory. • One fourth of them died on the trip.
- 109. 75. Reform Movements •Women’s Rights- Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The “Declaration of Sentiments” from the Seneca Falls Convention called for equal rights for women.
- 110. 75 Reform Movements •Public (Common) School- Led by Horace Mann. Called for education for all students regardless of background.
- 111. 75. Reform Movements •Temperance- Against the abuse of alcohol. Believed it caused problems like family violence and poverty.
- 112. 75. Reform Movements •Abolitionist- Wanted to do away with slavery. Found in the North.
- 113. 75. Reform Movements •Mental Illness and Prison Reform- Dorothea Dix. Wanted to improved conditions for the mentally ill and better treatment of prisoners.
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- 115. 55. Sectionalism • Whenone part of the country looks out for its own interests.
- 116. 76. Frederick Douglass •Former slave who spoke against slavery and for human rights.
- 117. 77. Compromise of1850 • California admitted as a free state. • Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.
- 118. 78. Uncle Tom’sCabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. • Antislavery novel which caused many Northerners to oppose slavery.
- 119. 79. Kansas-Nebraska Act •Allowed Popular Sovereignty to determine legality of slavery in these territories. • Led to violence.
- 120. 80. Dred Scottv Sanford • Supreme Court case which stated slaves were not citizens.
- 121. 81. Election of1860 • Abraham Lincoln elected president. • Caused Southern states to secede from the Union.
- 122. 82. Lincoln’s Inaugural Addresses •First Inaugural Address- North would leave slavery alone but would act to preserve the Union. • Second Inaugural Address- Wanted to treat the Southern states without malice after the Civil War.
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- 124. 83. 1861-1865 • Yearsof the Civil War.
- 125. 84. Confederate Statesof America • Formed by former Southern states.
- 126. 85. Jefferson Davis •President of the Confederate States.
- 127. 86. Ulysses S.Grant • Commander of Union (North) forces during the Civil War.
- 128. 87. Robert E.Lee • Commander of the Confederate (South) forces during the Civil War.
- 129. 88. Fort Sumter •Opening battle of the Civil War.
- 130. 89. Battle ofGettysburg • Northern victory which was the turning point of the war in the East. • Southern troops withdrew.
- 131. 90. Gettysburg Address •Speech by Lincoln which reaffirmed the North’s commitment to winning the war.
- 132. 91. Battle ofVicksburg • Northern victory which was the turning point of the war in the West. • North controlled the Mississippi River.
- 133. 92. Emancipation Proclamation •Issued by Lincoln. • Freed the slaves in the rebelling states (south).
- 134. 93. Appomattox CourtHouse • Civil War ended with a Union victory when Lee surrendered to Grant.
- 135.
- 136. 94. Reconstruction Amendments •13th- Ended slavery and made it illegal. • 14th- Defined citizenship and gave equal protect under the law. • 15th- Granted Black men the right to vote.
- 137. 95. Andrew Johnson •Became President after Lincoln’s assassination. Wanted to treat the South leniently.
- 138. 96. Black Codes •Passed by Southern states to limit the civil rights and freedom of the freedmen. To all Freedmen: Any Freedman found without a job will be fined and possibly jailed!
- 139. 97. Freedman’s Bureau •Created to help freedmen adjust and to set up schools to educate them. They were given food, clothing and medical care.
- 140. 98. Homestead Act •Allowed any citizen to own 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it. Contributed to people moving westward.
- 141. 99. Morrill Act •Gave each state 30,000 acres of federal land times the number of its members of Congress. States could sell land to fund public colleges. Colleges Established Under the Morrill Act •Iowa State •Kansas State •Michigan State •Rutgers University •Penn State University •University of Vermont •University of Minnesota •University of Missouri •University of Wisconsin
- 142. 100. Dawes Act •Broke up Indian tribes and promoted the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. Caused Indians to lose most of their lands.
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