1. The study guide covers 10 chapters on American history from early civilizations like the Aztecs to the early administrations under Washington. 2. Key topics include European exploration and colonization, the development of distinct regional colonies, conflicts with Native Americans, the causes and events of the American Revolution, and the creation of the US governmental system under the Constitution. 3. Challenges in the early decades included developing a national economy, tensions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over the scope of federal power, and maintaining neutrality in European conflicts.

1. AP History Exam Study GuideBy Will Erickson

2. Chapter 1!

3. AztecsGreat mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology

4. Corn/ MaizeCritical to early lifeTurned nomads into settlers

5. Christopher ColumbusPersuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)

6. Columbian ExchangePlants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoesAnimals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horsesGerms to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs)To Caribbean: Sugar Cane

7. Treaty of TordesillasDivided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain

8. Hernan CortesEntered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture

9. Chapter 2!

10. Sir Walter RaleighCreated colony in North Carolina

11. Roanoke IslandEngland’s FIRST colony, later vanished

12. 3 Things Needed To Colonize1: Popular Monarch2: Religious Unity3: Nationalism

13. PrimogenitureOnly eldest sons could inherit land

14. Joint-Stock CompanyAllowed younger siblings chance for land

15. Surplus PopulationEngland was very overcrowded

16. Virginia Company of LondonColonized in North America for gold

17. JamestownVirginia Company of England’s colonyNasty conditions

18. Three D’s1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

19. Tobacco/ John RolfeJohn Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

20. House of BurgessesFirst government in colony

21. Act Of TolerationProtected Catholics from Protestants

22. Barbados Slave CodeReduced risk of slave rebellion

23. GeorgiaSavannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

24. Chapter 3!

25. John CalvinLeader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

26. Visible SaintsMost devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints

27. Mayflower CompactAgreement signed to hold governmentColonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority

28. Great Migration70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

29. Roger WilliamsQuestioned legality of colony’s charterWilliams was forced to leave colony Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom)Built settlements in Rhode Island

30. Fundamental OrdersConstitution for Connecticut river colony

31. New HavenNew settlementGoal: Grand Seaport

32. New England Confederation4 colonies founded to defend enemies

33. English Navigation LawsGoal: Make trade more efficientSmuggling= Result

34. Dominion of New EnglandIncluded NY, East + West NJBlow to Massachusetts

35. Salutary NeglectNavigation laws- weakly enforced

36. Pennsylvania/ PennQuakers arise in mid 1600’sWilliam Penn- earns large amount of land (Pennsylvania)

37. Chapter 4!

38. Women/ ChesapeakeSettlers faced many diseasesLife Expectancy downImmigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

39. Indentured ServantsTobacco labor upWhite slaves worked for certain amount of money and time

40. Headright SystemWhoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land

41. Bacon’s RebellionNathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. BerkleyBacon + other men attacked Indians and BerkleyBacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers

42. Middle PassageThe voyage to Americas from Africa

43. Southern Social StructureSocial Structure Ladder…Rich Planters (owned slaves + land)Small farmers (1-2 slaves)Landless whites (Indentured Servants)Black Slaves

44. Salem20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

45. Yankee IngenuityProud national trait of New England

46. Chapter 5!

47. Ethnic MakeupAmerica: Melting PotGermans: 6%Scots/Irish: 7%Other Euro Countries: .5%Africa: 20%Most mixed in world

48. Social Structure vs. Great BritainAmerica= OpportunityStarted to look more like EuropeBlack slaves- No Rights

49. Workaday America90% of people- AgricultureFishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores

50. Triangular TradeTrade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa

51. Molasses Act1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies

52. Benjamin FranklinWalked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence

53. TavernsSocial place for all statuses

54. Religion & LocationChurch of England: Official religion of 6 colonies

55. Great AwakeningReligion- DownJonathan Edwards: Stated the need for complete dependence on God’s graceThree lasting effects# Of Churches: UpEncouraged missionary work among Indians and some slaves1st spontaneous mass movement of America

56. Schools & ReligionNew England most interested in educationMostly male leaders were educatedEmphasis: Religion and Language

57. John Peter ZengerReported on government being corrupt, almost jailedAchievement for reporter’s freedom

58. 3 Types Of ColoniesAppointed by KingAppointed by themselvesThemselves under self-governing charters

59. Chapter 6!

60. New FranceQuebec founded in CanadaFrench gain complete control over New FranceValuable resource = beaverFrench goal- block Spain

61. Result of wars in N.A.England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded landSpanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King

62. Ohio ValleyEngland: ventured westwardFrance: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

63. Congress of AlbanyOnly 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show upGoal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France

64. Seven Years’ WarFought around worldFrederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armiesFrance- Wasted strength

65. Proclamation of 1763Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains

66. Chapter 7!

67. MercantilismWealth- PowerGold- More exported then imported

68. Navigation LawsAimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

69. Sugar ActIncreased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

70. Quartering ActRequired America to supply food and housing to troops

71. Stamp ActTax on most paper items

72. Stamp Act Congress27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act

73. Declaratory ActReaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases

74. Townshend ActSmall import tax, colonists still enraged

75. Boston MassacreColonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

76. First Continental Congress12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

77. Lexington & ConcordEngland troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at ConcordENG + U.S.A officially at war

78. Positives/ Negatives of ENGPOSITIVESPopulation: 3-1 over U.S.NEGATIVESCockiness2nd rate generalsNo desire to kill colonists

79. Positives/Negatives of U.S.POSITIVESG. Washington + Ben. Frank.- Great leadersFighting for freedomNEGATIVESSoldiers- Disorganized

80. Chapter 8!

81. Olive Branch Petition1775- Avoided war with EnglandReaffirmed America’s faith to England

82. Common SenseThomas PaineArgued for American freedom from EnglandWritten so that common people could understand

83. Declaration Of IndependenceDeclared that 13 British colonies were now independentPrimarily written by Thomas Jefferson

84. SaratogaAmericans wonTurning point for U.S.

85. YorktownAmerican + French forces force English surrender

86. Treaty Of ParisEnded Revolutionary WarAmerica gained freedom

87. Chapter 9!

88. VA Statute For Religious FreedomSeparated church and stateWritten by Thomas Jefferson

89. Republican MotherhoodThe crucial role of women in a free America

90. State ConstitutionsCreated to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

91. Lack of TradingEngland: Made own goodsAmerica couldn’t trade with England or French West Indies

92. Articles of ConfederationWritten constitution for U.S.States get landEach state= 1 vote

93. Northwest OrdinanceTerritorial stages, 60,000 people = statePath to Statehood

94. Articles of Confederation+: Form of government, outlined constitution-: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program

95. Land OrdinanceNW land bought- National Debt

96. Ugly DucklingU.S. + ENG: TensionENG: Kept trading posts in U.S.Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + FloridaFrench- Wanted debts payed off

97. Shay’s RebellionFarmers demanded lighter taxesDaniel Shay raised small armyRebellion crushed

98. MobocracyFear of mass public disorder

99. Constitutional ConventionHeld in PhiladelphiaSaved by Alexander HamiltonHeld in secrecyEach state= 1 voteMeant to agree on Constitution

100. C.C. Delegate Make-UpMost delegates- lawyers55 DelegatesAll rich, young, but experiencedGoals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

101. Small/Large State Plan“Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population“Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size

102. Great CompromiseEqual representation2 senators/ state

103. Electoral CollegeElects the president

104. 3/5th CompromiseSlavery citizenship debated3/5th of a vote per slave

105. “We The People”First words of constitution

106. Anti vs. FederalistsAnti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’tFederalists: Influence of- rich-

107. Federalist PapersIn favor of ConstitutionSupported federalists

108. Ratification ProcessBitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn4 final states join

109. Chapter 10!

110. Population/ 25 YearsDoubledCities emerge + grew

111. The CabinetNot in ConstitutionEvolved by George WashingtonMembers: Thomas Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)

112. Rural/ Urban PopulationRural: 90%

113. Judiciary Act of 1789Organized Supreme CourtChief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates

114. Bill Of RightsProtection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment

115. Hamilton/ “funding at par”Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest

116. Customs Duties/ Excise TaxHow to get/collect money? – Taxes 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

117. Bank of the U.S.Government- major stockholder + print $Useful, but constitutional?

118. Strict vs. Loose ConstructionismStrict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson)Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)

119. Whiskey RebellionSW PennsylvaniaTarred + Feathered revenue officersCollections came to a halt13,000 citizens rally to crush rebellion

120. Reign of TerrorFrench king killed, church attackedDaily hangingsFrench Revolution

121. Neutrality ProclamationU.S. neutral to war in FranceSelf- Interest

122. Fallen TimbersNative Americans defeated, give up land

123. Treaty of GreenvilleU.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

124. Jay’s TreatyEngland: Left posts, paid ship damageAmerica: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)

125. Pickney’s TreatyU.S. + SpainAmerica gained Florida and Mississippi

126. XYZ AffairSecret French officials demand $32 million $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister

127. Convention of 1800Peace between France + U.S.Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

128. Alien & Sedition ActAlien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforcedSedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison

129. NullificationRight to refuse lawsNo other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court

130. Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs