The document provides an overview of the components and boot up process of a personal computer. It discusses the external components like the monitor, keyboard and case. Internally it covers the motherboard, CPU, memory, fans, hard drives and BIOS. It explains motherboard components like sockets and slots. It then details the boot up sequence from POST to loading the operating system, including the role of the BIOS, MBR and bootloader.

1. A+ HardwareSection 1.2 Introduction to Personal ComputerMade By : Gagandeep Singh

2. What you learn todayCompTIA A+ 220-701 , Section 1.2Explain the motherboard components, types and features. - I/O interfaces - Memory Slots - Processor Socket. - Bus Architecture - Bus Slots - Floppy Drives - Hard drives. - BIOS/CMOS/POST

3. Introduction to Personal ComputerThe outside - Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Computer Case.The inside - Power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory, cooling fans.Computer operation primer.

4. The Outside

5. The Inside

6. The Inside

7. SMPS

8. Motherboard

9. CPU

10. LGA VS PGA

11. Components Socket CPUHeat SinkFAN

12. Memory (RAM)

13. System FAN

14. Floppy Drive

15. Hard DiskExternal Hard DiskInternal Hard Disk

16. CMOS /BIOS

17. OS Booting Sequence Steps

18. OS Booting Sequence StepsFirst is the POST, this stands for Power On Self Test, for the computer.The computer power-on self-test (POST) tests the computer to make sure it meets the necessary system requirements and that all hardware is working properly before starting the remainder of the boot process. If the computer passes the POST the computer will have a single beep (with some computer BIOS manufacturers it may beep twice) as the computer starts and the computer will continue to start normally. However, if the computer fails the POST, the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code, which tells the user the source of the problem.

19. The steps of a POSTEach time the computer boots up the computer must past the POST. Below is the common steps a POST performs each time your computer starts.1. Test the power supply to ensure that it is turned on and that it releases its reset signal.2. CPU must exit the reset status mode and thereafter be able to execute instructions.3. BIOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.4. CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.

20. The steps of a POSTCPU must be able to read all forms of memory such as the memory controller, memory bus, and memory module.6. The first 64KB of memory must be operational and have the capability to be read and written to and from, and capable of containing the POST code.7. I/O bus / controller must be accessible.8. I/O bus must be able to write / read from the video subsystem and be able to read all video RAM.

21. The steps of a POST If the computer does not pass any of the above tests, your computer will receive an irregular POST. An irregular POST is a beep code that is different from the standard one or two beeps. This could be either no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps indicating what is causing the computer not to past the POST.

22. Original IBM POST beep codes1 short beep - Normal POST - system is OK

23. 2 short beeps - POST error - error code shown on screen

24. No beep - Power supply, system board problem, disconnected CPU, or disconnected speaker,

25. Continuous beep - Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem

26. Repeating short beeps - Power supply or system board problem or keyboard

27. 1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem

28. 1 long, 2 short beeps - Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)