Vision charts/Eye Charts/Acuity chartsAzizul Islam
Visual acuity charts is an eye sight test charts.It is a clinical examination charts used by orthoptists, optometrists and ophthalmologists to determine a patient’s visual acuity (Near & Distance).
A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen.
Snellen chart used for visual testing. Uses, Vision testing.
Landolt C · Lea test · logMAR chart ...
Vision charts/Eye Charts/Acuity chartsAzizul Islam
Visual acuity charts is an eye sight test charts.It is a clinical examination charts used by orthoptists, optometrists and ophthalmologists to determine a patient’s visual acuity (Near & Distance).
A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen.
Snellen chart used for visual testing. Uses, Vision testing.
Landolt C · Lea test · logMAR chart ...
-IOL formula
1st generation formula : SRK, Binkhost
2nd generation formula : SRK II
3rd generation formula: Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T
4th generation formula: Haigis, Holladay 2, Olsen
-The Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and SRK/T formula are all commonly used.
-IOL formula
1st generation formula : SRK, Binkhost
2nd generation formula : SRK II
3rd generation formula: Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T
4th generation formula: Haigis, Holladay 2, Olsen
-The Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and SRK/T formula are all commonly used.
An important instrument in every day job of critical ill patients . This work shop has been performed to help clinicians to understand how to deal with direct ophthalmoscope and organize diagnostic and life saving fundoscopy findings .
Gede Pardianto - MataPedia2014 for OphthalmologistGede Pardianto
From the basic till the newest in ophthalmology
Dr. Gede Pardianto.
SMEC Jakarta Jl Pemuda 36 Rawamangun Jakarta Timur.
Sumatera Eye Center Jl Iskandar Muda 278 Medan.
Tel 628155000300.
Dark Room Procedures for undergraduates(MB,BS) in the field of Ophthalmology are explained in simple terms in this presentation. Series of lectures taken at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
Nursing assessment and assessment of eyeNEHA BHARTI
examination of eye, Examination by ophthalmoscope,
assessment of the functions of eye, . PUPILLARY RESPONSE, FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION, test for Focusing power, confrontation test, Colour sense test and visual acuity testing procedure etc
normal fundus , the retina how it works & how it is visualised is described here.
the procedure of direct ophthalmoscopy how the image is seen.
Abnormalities of retina how are they seen.
Lecture on Clinical Methods; Anterior Segment Proptosis & Ptosis examination...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
Lecture on Clinical Methods; Anterior Segment Proptosis & Ptosis examination For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr. Hussain Ahmad Khaqan
Similar to 1. Methods of eye examination.pptx (20)
Understanding the far point is essential in diagnosing and managing refractive errors of the eye. It is the distance at which objects appear in sharp focus when the eye is relaxed, and it plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses.
Retinoscopy is a valuable tool for eye doctors to diagnose and manage refractive errors and other eye conditions. It is a safe, non-invasive, and relatively quick procedure that provides important information about the health of the eye. If you have any concerns about your vision, be sure to consult with an eye doctor who can perform a retinoscopy exam and provide the appropriate treatment.
Most of the times this study confused me...so, i just put some important points in one place to easily keep them in mind..hope it will help other students as well..and inform me, if a reader find anything new to improve it further.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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3. EXTERNAL EXAMINATION:
• Look for any ptosis.
• Look for lagophthalmos
• Note any unusual growths or lesions that may require a biopsy.
• Measure proptosis or enophthalmos with an exophthalmometer.
• Perform a full cranial nerve exam for patients with diplopia or other
neurologic symptoms.
4. VISUAL ACUITY
(VA)
• Monocularly
• Un-aided VA
• VA with glasses
• BCVA (Best Corrected VA)
• Binocularly VA
• Pinhole VA (if BCVA is worse)
If patient is unable to see the biggest
optotype, the progression is:
• CF (Counting Fingers)
• HM (Hand Movement)
• Perception of Light (PL) with projection
• PL without projection
• No Light Perception (NPL)
VA is measured first for the
distance then for near. Most
commonly carried out using
a Snellen chart, with the
subject reading the chart
from the standard distance.
Steps for evaluating VA:
5. • Children who are too young to
use “Allen pictures” employ the
Central Steady Maintain (CSM)
approach.
Near VA:
• Near VA is a sensitive indicator
for the macular disease.
• Near chart held at comfortable
reading distance.
• Patient wear necessary distance
correction together with a
presbyopia correction.
TOOLS:
• Snellen chart
• Log MAR chart
• ETDRS chart
• Computer chart
• Jaeger chart
6. COLOR VISION TESTING:
• It is useful in the evaluation of optic nerve disease and
in determining the presence of a congenitally
anomalous color defect.
• Color vision depends on 3-populations of retinal cones
with specific peak sensitivity:
Blue (tritan): 414-424nm
Green (deuteron): 522-539
Red (protan): 549-570nm
• If any cone pigment may be deficient (e.g.;
protanomaly-red weakness) or entirely absent
(protanopia- red blindness)
• Acquired macular disease tends to produce blue-yellow
defects, and optic nerve lesions red-green defects.
TOOLS:
• Ishihara test
• City University test
• Hardy-Rand-Rittler test
• Farnsworth-Munsell
100-hue test
7. PUPILLARY EXAM:
• Look for anisocoria, if present check for the pupil size
• Check the reactivity of each pupil with a pen light or Finoff trans-illuminator.
• Use the swinging flash light test to look for a relative afferent pupillary
defect.
8. EXTRAOCULAR MOTILITY AND
ALIGNMENT:
• Test with both eyes open to test versions in six cardinal positions of gaze.
• Repeat monocularly to test ductions.
• Use cover/uncover tests to assess for heterotropias.
• Use the alternate cover test to assess the total amount of deviation.
9. BINOCULAR VISION TESTING:
• Evaluating the sensory status of children is an essential part of the
pediatric eye examination
• Testing stereo acuity is an excellent way of screening for various
conditions that may interfere with the development of binocular
depth perception.
There are two different types of stereo tests:
• Contour stereopsis tests like Titmus test
• Random dot tests like Randot or Lang tests.
10. AMSLER GRID:
• Evaluates 20 of the visual field
centered on fixation.
• Useful for screening and
monitoring macular disease. It
measures between 5 and 6 mm
in diameter.
• Patients with risk of
CNV(Choroidal
Neovascularization) should
provided with an Amsler grid
for regular use at home.
• Relative scotoma
• Absolute scotoma
• Metamorphopsia
• Micropsia
• Macropsia
11. SLIT-LAMP BI-MICROSCOPY:
Anterior Segment:
• Direct illumination: use to detect
gross abnormalities
• Scleral scatter: to detect stomal
haze, cellular or lipid infiltration.
• Retro-illumination: use after pupil
dilation to detect fine epithelial and
endothelial changes.
• Specular reflection: shows
abnormalities of the endothelium
Posterior Segment:
Different dioptric power lenses are
used to view fundus and optic nerve.
60D
90D
78D
12. INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE:
• Used to refer to the head mounted technique.
• It allows retinal visualization through a greater degree of media
opacity than slit lamp bi-microscopy.
• Lens of various powers are available:
20D
28D
40D
13. TONOMETRY:
Goldmann Tonometry:
• It states that for an ideal, dry, thin-walled sphere, the pressure inside the
sphere (P) equals the force necessary to flatten its surface (F) divided by the
area of flattening (A) i.e. P=F/A
• It is an accurate variable-force tonometer consisting of a double prism.
Other forms of Tonometry:
• Pneumo-tonometry
• Portable applanation tonometry
• Dynamic contour tonometry
• Electronic indentation/applanation tonometry
14. GONIOSCOPY:
• It is a method of evaluating the anterior chamber angle (ACA) and
can be used therapeutically for procedures such as laser
trabeculoplasty and goniotomy.
Other means of angle assessment:
• Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT)
• High frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)
15. CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS
(CCT):
• It can be measured using pachymetry or by Orbscan,
• The normal distribution is 540 ± 30 microns.
• Eyes with a thin cornea have a true IOP that is greater than the
measured IOP.
• Eyes with a thick cornea have a true IOP that is lower than the
measured IOP.
• Patients with NTG tends to have thin CCT measurement.
• It is a vital element when determining the risk of conversion to
glaucoma in individuals with raised IOP.