The document summarizes key concepts about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and glucose through two stages - the light reaction and Calvin cycle. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce water. Both processes involve the production and consumption of ATP as an energy carrier.

1. STS Biology - Unit 11 Energy Flow, Photosynthesis, and Respiration

3. How do atoms combine to provide living things with energy?

4. VI. Carbohydrates A. Composition Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen B. Chemical Formula Mono sacharrides (Simple sugars) = C x H 2x O x Examples = glucose, fructose (found in fruit) Di sacharrides = C x H 2x-2 O x-1 (formed by removing water) Examples = sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk) Poly saccharides Examples = glycogen (stored in animal livers), starches (plant leaves and roots), cellulose (plants)

5. Monosaccharide: Glucose Disaccharide: Lactose Polysaccharide: Starch

6. VII. Photosynthesis A. Definition - conversion of sunlight energy into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates B. Requirements 1. Reactants = what is needed for photosynthesis Sunlight, Water, Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) 2. Products = what is produced by photosynthesis Oxygen (O 2 ), Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 3. Chemical Equation - shows ratio of each substance 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

7. VII. Photosynthesis C. Light A form of radiant energy Travels in waves Wavelength – distance between crests

8. VII. Photosynthesis D. Visible Spectrum – - Range of colors that make up white light - “ROY G BIV” - red = longest wavelength, lowest energy - violet = the shortest wavelength, highest energy (Hyperlink to: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/electro.html )

9. E. Chlorophyll - green pigment that absorbs light energy, necessary for photosynthesis

10. VII. Photosynthesis F. Process: 2 Parts 1. Light Reaction Reactants = H 2 O, sunlight, ADP,P,NADP + Products = ATP, NADPH (energy carriers),O 2 Water is split to make hydrogen ions and O 2 Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and energizes an electron The electron loses energy step by step to form ATP Hydrogen ions are trapped to form NADPH

11. PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHETIC EQUATION 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 0 6 +6 O 2 Objective 6 & 7 ( http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/overview.html ) enzymes, chlorophyll light energy

12. VII. Photosynthesis F. Process: 2 Parts (Cont.) 2. Calvin Cycle - Dark Reaction Reactants = ATP, NADH (energy carriers), CO 2 Products = Glucose, ADP, P, NADP + , H 2 O CO 2 is added to a 5 carbon sugar -> 6 carbon sugar 6 - C breaks down to 2 3 -c sugars NADPH, ATP are used to form useable carbon sugars

14. VII. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Virtual Tour of Photosynthesis by: Forest Biology Virginia Tech ( http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf ) Harvesting Light Animation Essential Cell Biology, 2 nd Edition ( http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/harvestinglight.swf )

17. How do compounds break down to provide living things with energy?

18. VIII. Glycolysis / Respiration A. Glycolysis 1. Definition = breaking down of glucose 2. Process 2 ATP is added to glucose (makes molecule unstable) Glucose breaks into two 3-carbon molecules As 3-carbon breaks down into pyruvic acid 4-ATP and 2 NADH are released Pyruvic acid then can be used in Respiration or Fermentation NET GAIN : 2 ATP

19. GLYCOLYSIS

20. VIII. Glycolysis / Respiration B. Respiration 1. Definition = process involving oxygen and breaks down food to release energy (ATP) 2. Process Pyruvic acid crosses the mitochondrion membrane and then changes into a 2-carbon molecule, acetyl Co-A. CO 2 is then released Acetyl Co-A enters the Krebs cycle where 9 reactions take place producing NADH, FADH, GTP and CO 2 NADH, FADH go to the electron transport chain GTP is converted into ATP Electron transport chain turns NADH, FADH into ATP Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - making water

21. Net Gain: 2 ATP Net Gain: 34 ATP TOTAL: 36 ATP

24. Self-quiz Compare the energy flow in photosynthesis to the energy flow in cellular respiration.

25. IX. Fermentation A. Defintion - process of producing energy w/o O 2 B. 2 Types 1. Alcoholic - pyruvic acid is changed into ethanol and CO 2 Occurs in bacteria and yeast 2. Lactic Acid - pyruvic acid is changed into lactic acid Occurs in animals, ie sore muscles

27. X. Greenhouse Effect Heat coming from the Earth is trapped by greenhouse gases, ex. CO 2