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07_C_3_Underexcitation Protection.ppt
1.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 1 Training: Generator Protection Underexcitation Protection (Loss of Field Protection) Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann E D EA PRO LM1 Phone 0911-433-8266
2.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 2 Reasons for Underexcitation Failure of the excitation device short circuit in the excitation circuit interruption in the excitation circuit Maloperation of the automatic voltage regulator Incorrect handling of the voltage regulator (generator, transformer) Generator running with capacitive load - Countermeasure: Underexcitation Protection excitation device GS 3~ ZLoad Note: This protection is also called Loss of Field Protection
3.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 3 Consequences of Excitation Failures Influence Quantities: type of construction of the generator design of the excitation grid conditions magnitude of delivered active power type of the voltage and power regulator Consequences: rotor acceleration local overheating in the rotor and stator over-voltages in the rotor mechanical shocks onto the foundation grid starts oscillating
4.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 4 machine equation: VP = V - I jX cylindrical-rotor machine: X~Xd; VP = V- jXd I (turbo generator) salient-pole machine: (hydro generator) X:=Xq,Xd exact: VP = V - j(XdId + XqIq) reduced: VP ~ V - jXqI ZL V VP X I Simplified equivalent circuit: Vector diagram: V Iexc I Im Re J = rotor angle j = load angle j Vp I jX J V/jX Relation of Current and Voltage in a Synchronous Generator
5.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 5 Definition: +P (W) +Q (Var) under excited over excited +P (W) +Q (Var) over excited under excited Operating area Operating area Steady-state stability limit Steady-state stability limit Preferred design Possible Design of the Generator Capability Diagram
6.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 6 Capability Curve of a Turbo Generator type of generator: TLRI 108/46 nominal apparent power SN = 200 MVA nominal voltage VN = 15.750 kV nominal current IN = 7.331 kA nominal frequency fN = 50.0 Hz power factor cos jN = 0.8 cold-air temperature Tx = 40.00 °C MVAr 140 120 MVAr 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 underexcited overexcited Q P MW 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 0,975 0,975 0,95 0,9 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 cosphi cosphi
7.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 7 Load Diagram of a Synchronous Machine (Cylindrical- rotor Machine) dynamic stability limit steady state stability limit theoretical limit turbine limit stator limit rotor limit P overexcited underexcited Q SN VP If jN JN N d 2 N ; ' S X V d 2 N X V Xd: synchronous reactance X‘d: transient reactance The generator capability curve describes the stability limits of the generator
8.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 8 In the case of an under-voltage the generator capability curve moves to right and reduces the stability limits of the generator 1/xd 0.81/xd 0.85 1 U=1; I=1; U=0.9; I= 1.11 Stability limit Q [p.u] P [p.u] Over-excited Under-excited Per Unit Capability Diagram of a Synchronous Generator in the Case of Under-voltage (U = 0.9 UN)
9.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 9 A good under-excitation protection should consider both facts (1 and 2) 1. The generator capability curve describes in the under-excitation region the stability limit of a generator 2. In the case of an under-voltage the stability becomes much more critical (moves to active power axis) The transformation of the generator diagram into the admittance diagram is the solution, because: it is direct proportional to the per unit generator diagram (only the reactive axis must be multiplied by -1) the settings can easily be read from the generator diagram it considers the under-voltage behaviour correctly A B Conclusions for the Protection Design
10.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 10 Q j P S I U S B j G Y U I Y Transformation: 2 2 2 2 * U Q j - U P U Q j - P U S U U U I Y 2 2 U Q - B U P G Q P + + B G + + - - Note: in the per unit calculation is: UN = 1 Complex Power: Admittance: G: Conductance B: Susceptance In the per unit representation the diagrams are the same, only there is a phase shift in the reactive part of 180° Definitions for Converting the Generator Diagram into the Admittance Diagram
11.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 11 a) Excitation Current (IEXC) - stabile for over-excitation - insecure for under-excitation (IEXC can be smaller than IEXC, N) b) Direct Measuring of the Rotor Angle (J) - steady stability limit depends on J or 2 J - transversal reactance cannot be neglected with small excitation of turbogenerators (Xq is also depending from 2 J) c) Reactive power I-QI>, Impedance I-ZI< - the reactive power protection gets more insensitive when voltage decreases (at U<UN the stability limit curve moves to right) - Impedance criterion is used by the competitors Stability limit can not be clearly identified Alternative Solutions for the Under-excitation Protection
12.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 12 Underexcitation Protection with the Criterion Admittance Y> Admittance calculation guarantees a right behaviour, if the voltages decreases 3 independent characteristics and 3 timers characteristic 1,2 is adapted to the steady-state limit curve; additional measurement of the field voltage (release a short trip time) characteristic 3 is adapted to the dynamic stability limit curve blocking of the protection at U<25% UN a2 a3 a1 char.3 char.2 char.1 G[p.u.] B[p.u.] d1 x 1 d2 x 1 d3 x 1 Settings: Can directly be read out from the generator diagram d x 1 d1 x 1 a1 = 80° d1 x 1 0.9 d2 x 1 = 90° a2 d x 2 or 1 d3 x 1 = 100° or 110° a3
13.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 13 Combination of stator criterion (straight line characteristics) rotor criterion (under-voltage in the excitation circuit) Case no. 1: only rotor criterion fulfilled: no alarm, no trip Case no. 2: only stator criterion fulfilled ( char. 1,2): only alarm (10s); delayed trip (0,5s - 3s) Case no. 3: rotor and stator criterion fulfilled (char. 1,2): alarm and short-time delayed trip (0,5s - 1s) Case no. 4: stator criterion fulfilled (char. 3): alarm and short-time delayed trip (0 - 0,3s) Reactions from the Protection
14.
Energy Sector Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved. Siemens Power
Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 14 Example: Generator capability diagram (figure 9) Generator: SN = 200 MVA CT, VT: knU = UN = 15,75 kV Stability limit: Q = 90 MVar knl = 8000A/1A 1. Calculation the longitudinal reactance : 2. Conversion into secondary values : 3. Setting value for Char. 1: 2,76 Q 3 Q 3 N 2 2 N d U U X 2,22 3 N N d d U X x I 2,38 k k W pN, G N, W pN, G N, d nU G N, Nsek nl Nsek G N, d dsek U U x U U x x I I I I 0,42 1 dsek x 80 , 1 0,42 d1 x 1 a 3 100V / 3 16kV 2,22 N d Q x S or Conversion of the Reactive Power into 1/xd
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 15 1) Filtering of the input values 2) Calculation of the positive sequence values 3) Calculation of the complex power 4) Calculation of the admittance values Measuring Algorithm GS 3~ iL1,2,3 uL1,2,3 7UM6 L i L u , , , L3 L2 L1 I I I , , , L3 L2 L1 U U U 1 I 1 U , j iL rL L I I I , j iL rL L U U U 1 I 1 U * I U S Q j P S S 2 1 U S Y B j G 1 j 1 X R Y symmetr. comp. fourier filter (50Hz)
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 16 Generator diagram is transferred to the impedance plane (e.g. X=U2/Q). (Stability limit is represented as a circular characteristic) characteristic: Offset-MHO tripping zone inside the circle characteristic 1, tdelay 0...0,3 s (for high load generator and field failure) characteristic 2, tdelay 0,5 - 3 s (for low load generator, section field voltage failure) R[p.u.] X[p.u.] xd 1 0.5 xd’ Char.2 Char.1 approximation of stability limit Relay settings according IEEE C37.102-1995 Summary: • Measuring principle from electromechanical relays, because impedance measuring elements were only available • circle characteristic is a compromise for adaptation to the generator stability curve Underexcitation Protection with Criterion Impedance I-ZI<
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 17 Transformation rule: A circle without zero crossing inverted becomes again a circle R[p.u.] X[p.u.] xd 1 0.5 xd’ Char. 2 Char.1 G[p.u.] B[p.u.] d , d d x 1 x x 2 2 1 x 2 2 , d x 2 , d Z 1 Y Impedance plane Admittance plane Transformation of Criterion Impedance I-ZI< into the Admittance plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 18 0,5 X‘d = 0,13 Diameter: Xd = 1,81 Diameter= 1 All values are per unit Impedance Plane 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 2 1.67 1.33 1 0.67 0.33 0 Settings: 501- Generator x’d= 0,27; xd = 1,81 1/Xd = 0,55 2/Xd = 1,1 2.5 1.75 1 0.25 0.5 2.5 1.25 0 1.25 2.5 Admittance Plane Setting Example for Impedance and Admittance Principle
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 19 Settings: x’d = 0,27 xd = 1,81 Note: B-axis is for mathematical reasons multiplied by -1 Generator diagram Trajectory in the case of underexcitation with 100% excitation loss 1/Xd = 0,55 Impedance principle Admittance principle 2/X’d = 7,4 Admittance Plane 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 4 2 0 2 4 Both Measuring Principle in the Admittance Plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 20 Test condition: P=160 MW Q=25 MVar; If = 1,87 If0; Voltage regulator failure: U= 1,05 0,8 Relay settings: Char 1 = 0.55 80°, 10s; Char 2 = 0.51 90°, 10s; Char 3 =1.1 110°, 0s Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Fault Record
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 21 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 2500 5000 7500 1 10 4 Zeit in ms Spannung in V 9.512 10 3 0.354 U0 i U1 i U2 i 2.483 10 3 94.986 ta i 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5000 1 10 4 1.5 10 4 Zeit in ms Strom in A 1.229 10 4 0.086 I0 i I1 i I2 i 2.483 10 3 94.986 ta i Time in ms Prim. Voltage in V Prim. Current in A Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Calculated Symmetrical Components
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 22 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 2.5 X i XZ p ( ) XZS p ( ) 2 1.5 R i RZ p ( ) RZS p ( ) Load point All impedances are primary values Resistance in Ohm Reactance in Ohm Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Results in the Impedance Plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 23 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 0 50 100 150 150 0 G1 i Ch1 l ( ) Ch2 l ( ) Ch3 m ( ) 12.87 237.814 B1 i l l m Scaling in percent - related to primary values X calculation every 50ms Load point Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Results in the Admittance Plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 24 Test condition: P=40 MW Q=25 MVar; If = 1,4 If0; Voltage regulator failure: U= 1,05 0,7 Relay settings: Char 1 = 0.55 80°, 10s; Char 2 = 0.51 90°, 10s; Char 3 =0.9 100°, 0s Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS RMS Fault Record - Low Load Condition
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 25 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 2 0 2 4 Primärwiderstan in Ohm Primärwiderstand in Ohm 3.339 4 X1 i Im Z p ( ) ( ) Im ZS p ( ) ( ) 6.446 1.103 R1 i Re Z p ( ) ( ) Re ZS p ( ) ( ) Resistance in Ohm Reactance in Ohm Generator oscillates near pickup characteristic Load point Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Result in the Impedance Plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 26 Scaling in percent - related to primary values X calculation every 20ms 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 Leitwerte in Prozent Leitwerte in Prozent 50 5 G i ( ) Ch1 l ( ) Ch2 l ( ) Ch3 m ( ) 12.066 100 B i ( ) l l m Load point Underexcited region for 3.2 s Oscillating near the characteristic Dynamic Test on a Network Model with RTDS Result in the Admittance Plane
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 27 Motor Operation of a Pump Storage Station After Problems with the Generator Circuit Breaker the Field Breaker was switched OFF Trip log of F11 Due to problems of the GCB the HVCB was switched off via breaker failure protection (see trip delay in the fault record)
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Academy TD 07 Underexcitation Protection Using numerical machine and motor protection Version: C 3_Page 28 SIGRA Record of Trip by the Underexcitation Protection P, Q X, R 0,5 s by 50 BF
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