Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Processes based on fluidity and solidification, or simply “casting”, include manufacturing techniques whereby molten material is poured or forced into a mould and allowed to harden. Appropriate variants of this technique are particularly suitable for the economical production of complex shapes, ranging from mass-produced parts for the automotive industry to one-of-a-kind production of jewellery or massive machinery.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Processes based on fluidity and solidification, or simply “casting”, include manufacturing techniques whereby molten material is poured or forced into a mould and allowed to harden. Appropriate variants of this technique are particularly suitable for the economical production of complex shapes, ranging from mass-produced parts for the automotive industry to one-of-a-kind production of jewellery or massive machinery.
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
A review on advanced ceramic processing techniquesAlokjyoti Dash
This Presentation enlists and describes most ceramic process and most parameters which affect these ceramic processing. A reader shall understand the basic of these presented process to fabricate unique ceramic materials
heat treatment defects and their remedies, presentation .pptxHamza Suharwardi
in this presentation people determine the heat treatment defects a brief introduction of flaws in metal, along with some prevention techniques. and examples.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Sol-gel Process
In materials science, the sol–gel process
is a method for producing solid materials
from small molecules. The method is
used for the fabrication of metal oxides,
especially the oxides of silicon (Si) and
titanium (Ti). The process involves
conversion of monomers into a colloidal
solution (sol) that acts as the precursor
for an integrated network (or gel) of
either discrete particles or network
polymers. Typical precursors are metal
alkoxides.
6. SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the
sol-gel method
at first 2 ml of TEOS is added to 5 ml of EtOH and stirred for
30 minutes, then another solution including HNO3 and EtOH is
added dropwise to the first solution and stirred for 2 hours at
60°C. The obtained opaque solution is heated in an oven at
100°C for 24 hours until the solvents are evaporated, then it
was calcinated in a furnace at 600°C for 4 hours and finally,
the SiO2 nanoparticles are obtained.
7. Flow chart of the hydrothermal process
Autoclave or
pressure
cooker needed
8. method product
geometry
Starting
material
mold costs product examples
axial die
pressing
simple-
complex
granulate high ferrite cores, piezo
ceramics
isostatic
pressing
simple granulate medium tubes, spark plug,
pistons
tape casting simple (tape) conc. suspension very low MLCCs, condensator
substrates
extrusion simple plastic mass low tubes
pressure slip
casting
simple conc. suspension low sanitary ceramics
slip casting complex conc. suspension low sanitary ceramics
injection molding complex plastic mass high turbine blades
Overview of shaping technologies
Shaping
• Compaction of granulates ca. 5%
• Extrusion, injection molding ca. 25-30
• Casting ca. 60-70%
increasing liquid
content
Liquid content of the starting material for the different shaping processes
9. Pressing
Shaping
Pressure forming methods
Compaction of powders is used for shaping simple forms.
uniaxial pressing
Compaction process:
1. sliding and rearrangement of particles/granules
2. Deformation (elastic and plastic) of
particles/granules
(3. Densification of granules)
Problems:
- Unhomogeneous density distribution
- Residual large pores (hollow granules)
- Ejection problems
Density
(%)
20
40
60
80
100
Pressure(Mpa)
20 40 60 80
alumina granules
tile body
KBr powder
Yanagida et al.: p. 158 - 160
10. The advantage of isostatic compaction is a more homogeneous density
distribution. The complexity of the mold is, however, limited.
Isostating pressing
Shaping
Green body
Pressure vessel
with liquid
Elastic, shape
stable form
12. density
pressure
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
Compaction behavior of granulated powders
stage I granule flow and rearrangement
stage II granule deformation
stage III granule densification
Shaping
Compaction of granules
End stage I End stage II
End stage III
Evolution of the green-body microstructure
during compaction of granules
13. Densification defects occurring on
die pressed green bodies.
Pressure distribution in a die at the
beginning and at the end of the second
compaction stage. The spring back behavior
after pressure is released is directly
proportional to the pressure in a certain
area. The differential pressure is mainly
due to friction of the punch.
Shaping
Densification defects
21. Slip casting of porcellaine
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
Viscosity
(mPa
sec)
0 20 40 60 80 100
spindle speed (rpm)
The rheology of the cast is shear
thinning. Before mixing, pumping
and pouring the slurry has to be
stirred
Rheology in slip casting
Shaping
Influence of the viscosity on the shape of
the slip casted white ware part
V
% sodium silicate
Rheology: the branch of physics that deals with the deformation and flow of matter, especially
the non-Newtonian flow of liquids and the plastic flow of solids.
Deflocculates: break up the floccules of (a
substance suspended in a liquid) into fine
particles, producing a dispersion
22. Kinetics of slip casting
Shaping
The thickness of the cake deposited
on the mold walls depend on mold and
suspension characteristics. The wall
thicknes growth is a parabolic.
24. slurry
doctor blade
liquid absorbing, porous film
green body in form of a film
Compositions of a alumina and B.titanate tape cast (vol%)
Powder Al2O3 27.0 BaTiO3 28.0
Solvent Trichlorethylene 42.0 Methylethylketone 33.0
Ethylalcohol 16.0 Ethylalcolhol 16.0
Deflocculant Menhaden oil 1.8 Menhaden oil 1.7
Binder Polyvinylbutiral 4.4 Acryllic emulsion 6.7
Plasticizer Polyethylene glycol 4.8 Polyethylene glycol 6.7
Octyl phthalate 4.0 Butylbenzlphtalate 6.7
Wetting agent Cyclohexanone 1.2
Such slurries exhibit also shear thinning. The quality and thickness of the tape is controlled
by the size of the blade oppening, the speed of the tape, the rheology of the slurry and
the shrinkage during drying. Industrial tape casting machines are up to 25m long, several
meters wide and run with speeds. Up to 1.5m/min to produce tapes with thicknesses
between 25 and 1250mm.
Tape casting I
Shaping
25. A doctor blade assembly. The ceramic
slurry is held in the reservoir behind
the blade [middle of the micrograph].
The twin micrometers [right] control the
blade height above the carrier film.
More sophisticated versions feature
double blades and pumped metered
slurry flow to keep the height of the
slurry reservoir constant.
Example of a tape drying on the Mistler
laboratory-scale batch tape caster.
Industrially the process is often continuous
with the tape being force dried prior to
removal from the carrier, dicing and
further processing.
Tape casting II
Shaping
26.
27. Pressurized slip casting I
Shaping
1. Closing of the mold 2. Injection of the slurry into the mold
34. Drying of greenbodies I
Boundary layer
(air + vapour)
Particles
Suspension liquid
moving drying air
Drying geometry
Drying kinetics will depend on the rate of heat transfer into the body and mass (liquid)
transport out of the body. Four rate determining processes can be distinguished:
1. Boundary layer mass transfer 2. Pore mass transfer
3. Boundary layer heat transfer 4. Pore heat transfer
Each of the above steps are rate determining for some time during drying, the boundary
layer process at the beginning, the pore processes towards the end. Mass and heat transfer
rates are obviously coupled and equal to the evaporation rate E:
E k(pw pa )
h
L
(tw ta ) pa,ta : air flow vapour pressure,resp. temperature
p
w, tw : greenbody surface vapour pressure,
resp. temperature
k,
h: mass resp. heat transfer coefficient
L
: latent heat of vaporization
Shaping
35. time
Moisture
cont.
constant rate
decreasingt rate
Typincal drying curve
Drying of greenbodies II
as cast
Shrinkage and deformation
Moisture content at the surface const.
Rate determining step: heat and mass
transport through boundary layer
No further shrinkage, all particles
are in contact, leatherhard greenbody
completely dry
Partially filled pores. Rate determining
step: pore mass and heat transfer
The boundary processes are linear functions of the greenbody size (radius for spheres,
cylinders, thickness for plates), whereas the pore processes go with the square of the
greenbody dimension. The overall rate is ± a square function of the greenbody size.
Example for a spherical ZrO2 greenbody:
Diameter: drying time
1cm 5.8h
10cm 20 days
Shaping
36. Drying shrinkage
Linear and volume shrinkage of a greenbody can be defined by:
L
L0
Nl
V
V0
1 1
L
L0
3
N :number of interparticle films per unit length
l: mean reduction of interparticle spacing
The shrinkage can be influenced by the moisture content (Dl) amd the particle dimensions (N)
moisture content
drying
rate
shrinkage
critical moist. cont.
shrinkage defects due to
1. Unhomogeneous drying of a homogeneous greenbody
2. Homogeneous drying of unhomogeneous green body
warping
cracking
Unhomogeneities: - uneven moisture distribution
- preferred orientation of particles
delamination
Shaping