This document discusses entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy as factors that determine the spontaneity of chemical reactions. It explains that entropy measures molecular disorder and chemical processes favor the direction of increased entropy and disorder. Enthalpy refers to the heat of reaction, with exothermic (negative enthalpy) reactions being spontaneous as they release heat. Gibbs free energy combines entropy and enthalpy, with spontaneous reactions having a negative change in Gibbs free energy. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that deals with heat, work and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of matter.
To be specific, it explains how thermal energy is converted to or from other forms of energy and how matter is affected by this process. Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the movement of tiny particles within an object, and the faster these particles move, the more heat is generated.
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
heat treatment defects and their remedies, presentation .pptxHamza Suharwardi
in this presentation people determine the heat treatment defects a brief introduction of flaws in metal, along with some prevention techniques. and examples.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
8. Entropy of the System
Is greater in:
Gases than solids.
Larger volumes of gases than smaller volumes.
Larger number of gas molecules than smaller
number of gas molecules.
10. Enthalpy (Heat of Reaction)
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal
energy and pressure times volume.
We cannot measure the enthalpy of a
system, but we can look at changes in
enthalpy. H = E + P V.
Spontaneity is favored when the process is
exothermic (DH<0).
An exothermic process releases heat,
causing the temperature of the immediate
surroundings to rise. An endothermic
process absorbs heat and cools the
surroundings.”
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Example of a spontaneous exothermic
reaction:
2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(g) + heat
DH<0
16. So…… :
When
DH <0 and DSsystem>0
(exothermic) (Greater Disorder)
the reaction would be spontaneous.
17. Are all spontaneous reactions
exothermic and with a greater
system disorder?
Answer: No.
18. What about exothermic and less
disorder? Use Gibbs Free Energy
Gibbs Free Energy can be used to predict
the spontaneity and it ties together the
DH and the DS, the two driving forces of
reactions.
DG= DH-TDS
(all quantities refer to the system)
19. Gibbs Free Energy
Energy that can be converted to work.
DG<0 for spontaneous processes.
DG=0 at equilibrium.
