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lithium ion .pptx
- 1. METALLURGICAL & MECHANICAL METHODS FOR RECYCLING OF LITHIUM- ION BATTERIES PREPARED BY: HAMZA SUHARWARDI (MM-03) 1
- 3. • A battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative). LI-ION BATTERIES: HOW THEY WORK The anode and cathode store the lithium. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electrical current flows from the current collector through the device being powered to the negative current collector. 3
- 4. TECHNOLOGIES OF INTEREST: ENERGY STORAGE Why are batteries increasing in use when there are lots of other options? • Paris Climate Agreement - Renewable energy push, reducing dependence on fossil fuels • Reduce power outages (power on-demand) • Reliable and accessible Data Centre back-ups Back-up supply- Medical and military Cars/ transport Commercial products, phones, computers • Selling stand-by/ back-up power 4
- 5. HOW CAN WE GET LI-ION BATTERIES RECYCLED? • Collection of phone batteries is a problem • Small but numerous • Collection of vehicle batteries should be easy • Disassembly is difficult • Different pack and cell designs • Neither device nor cell is designed to be taken apart • Buyers of recycled material will require: • Consistent high quality • Assured sufficient quantity We need to address the whole product cycle. 5
- 7. RECYCLING PROCESS INVOLVING BOTH METHODS 7
- 8. RECYCLING PROCESSES • Recycling processes combines two stages: 1) Mechanical recycle process: Disassemble Crushing Screening Separation 8
- 9. MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE MECHANICAL (PHYSICAL) PROCESS • Different design and connection of battery pack enclosure in EVs. • The un-uniformity of size and shape of battery module and different battery management system. • The lithium ion battery may explode during the disassemble process. • In the process of dissolving and dissolution of the battery, harmful gases and toxic substances maybe produced to pollute the environment 9
- 10. 2) METALLURGICAL RECYCLE PROCESS: • Metallurgy processes include pyro-,hydro-,bio-metallurgy and combination methods) was carried out. • The purpose of second stage is to recycle precious metals and raw materials from spent battery, especially cobalt and lithium. 10
- 11. MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE METALLURGICAL PROCESS • Energy consumption. • The comprehensiveness and diversity of the recovery methods. • Environmental impacts in terms of pollutant emissions. • Investments and costs, influenced by economies of scale. • Efficiency of recycling. 11
- 12. DANGERS: BATTERY FIRES Short circuit inside battery Electrolyte gases released (80-150⁰C) Battery separator breaks down Temperature increases uncontrollable Temperature Increases Thermal Runaway: Fire/ explosion 12
- 13. HYDROGEN CELL VS LI-ION BATTERY Range: 620 miles Range: 1,000 miles Recharge Time: 44 minutes Emissions: None (from car) Recharge Time: ~3 minutes (like traditional refueling) Emissions: Water (from car) 13
- 14. “A modern industrial society can be viewed as a complex machine for degrading high-quality energy into waste heat while extracting the energy needed for creating an enormous catalogue of goods and services” 14
- 15. CRITICAL GAPS AND NEW DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH 15
- 16. CONCLUSION • With the boom of Evs in the world and shortage of raw material of lithium ion battery, the ways to solve recycling problem will be a big challenge in the near future. Higher cost and lack of efficient and intelligent technology are the main challenges in the process of recycling of lithium ion batteries from battery packs of electric vehicle. Most of the research work about automation of dismantling EV battery pack to modules and cells are still at the conception level. 16
- 17. ANY QUESTIONS? YOU CAN FIND ME AT @HAMZAAHMED HAMZAAHMED0696@GMAIL.COM 17
Editor's Notes
- A battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative). The anode and cathode store the lithium. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery. While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other. When plugging in the device, the opposite happens: Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode. It is also worth highlighting that modern, branded, batteries have built-in safety systems that include surge preventers, switches to divert current if internal pressures and temperatures exceed pre-determined limits, and gas release valves to control the release of gasses if the cells within the battery again meet a pre-determined pressure. These safety precautions are only effective if the mode of operation comes from the outside, such as with an electrical short or a faulty charger. Under normal circumstances, a lithium-ion battery will simply power down when a short circuit occurs. If, however, a defect is inherent to the electrochemical cell, such as in contamination caused by microscopic metal particles, this anomaly will go undetected. Nor can the safety circuit stop the disintegration once the cell is in thermal runaway mode. Nothing can stop it once triggered. The dangers will be covered in more detail in a minute.
- Why are batteries increasing in use when there are lots of other options?; They have found to be the most reliable and accessible way to store and release energy to the grid quickly. OK, so why is that necessary? With the Paris climate agreement, holding nations to account on reducing CO2 emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, is driving nations to invest and use renewable energy, such as solar and wind. However, as we all know, the sun doesn’t always shine and it’s not always windy, or its might be very sunney or windy and there is a possiblility of over supplying the grid. For these renewables to be used for maximum benefit, the energy they produce that isn’t needed for the grid at that time, is stored in local storage facilities, which are these large batteries. These then release energy when the grid requires more power, or when there is less sun or wind, such as over night or on calmer, duller days. It is worth noting that the batteries can only release several hours worth of energy, from 1-12 hours so their application is limited to the short-term energy on demand needs. This also means they are very effective at reducing power outatges though since they can also store excess traditional-grid energy and their energy store can be released when a large power is needed, ie during a power failure at a data centre to prevent data being lost or as a back-up power supply to a hospital or military application to ensure vital services aren’t disrupted. These batteries can also be used to plug very short-term gaps in demand from the grid, like when everyone puts their kettle on during half time on the world-cup final or more recently, when large electric vehicle fleets arrive at a demo to be charged over night. Talking of which, these battery compositions can be used in smaller sizes to power electric cars, such as Teslas, Nissan Leafs and more recently, busses, business delivery fleets. These batteries can be further scaled down to power our commercial products, such as phone, tables, laptops, speakers and of course gas detectors. Lastly, battery technology has seen the invention of some very novel business ideas. Come start-ups have seen the opportunity to sell power to the grid for a profit. They are creating batteries and energy storage systems to recover excess grid power or buy it when it is really cheap ie overnight and then when the grid needs power immediately or when energy prices increase, they sell the power back to the grid. This ensures the grids power efficiently meets demand and they make money. Tesla do something equally novel but differently: To prevent blackouts in Australia, they proposed to the Australian government that they would build huge battery systems which could supply power at a moments notice. Rather than charge for the energy that the Government used from the batteries, Tesla is proposing that they charge for the ‘stand-by time’. If their batteries are needed in that time they would supply the energy as part of the deal without extra costs. This ultimately shows that the power industry is moving to a Power As A Service Model.
- Acid/base could be used to precipitate desired elements Especially important for cathodes with low elemental values Could think about anode materials, too
- A major concern arises if static electricity or a faulty charger has destroyed the battery's protection circuit. Such damage can permanently fuse the solid-state switches in an ON position without the user knowing. A battery with a faulty protection circuit may function normally but does not provide protection against abuse. An internal short circuit inside the battery can happen if the battery is exposed to a static charge, has experienced a mechanical failure, such as an impact or piercing, or through ageing/ long term degradation. This can cause the battery to heat up inside and once a certain pressure and or temperature is met, the electrolyte gasses are released. As said before, modern batteries do this is a more controlled way, but it is possible that older or cheaper baatteries won’t released it in a controlled manner. It is as this point a gas detection system will be able to establish if there is a fault and can be used in a feedback loop to shut off power, seal the space and release an inert gas such as nitrogen into the area to prevent a fire/ explosion. If there isn’t a detector or feedback loop, the battery will go exponentially heat up known as thermal runaway and will spontaneously combust and explode.
- The main benefit of hydrogen over Li-ion batteries is easiest to demonstrate when looking at cars. Electric cars have a finite range and take a lot of time to recharge. Even with a fast charger, the Tesla takes 44 minutes or 38 hours using a home power lead. Hydrogen cars have a much longer range and can recharge like traditional combustion cars, within minutes. The electric car with the longest range at the minute is the Tesla roadster. The hydrogen concept car by Hyperion, named the XP-1, has a 1,000, so the benefits of hydrogen are clear: Much higher range, or power duration, but can be delivered much like traditional fuels. This means that hydrogen can be transported using existing or upgraded infrastructure.