This document provides an overview of the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) module of the ECBC Training Workshop. It discusses key concepts in HVAC including whole building design approach, non-refrigerative and refrigerative cooling techniques, HVAC system types, components and efficiency metrics, building commissioning, and ECBC requirements. The document is intended to educate professionals on best practices in HVAC system design and operation to improve energy efficiency in buildings.
This a HVAC presentation for Air Conditioning systems giving a description of the systems and their types including the case study in Calicut city, It also includes bylaws required for air conditioning design
Case Studies of Sustainable Office buildings, these both case studies are based on sustainable features adopted inorder to make the entire structure energy efficient as well as encourage work environment within the premises, i hope it helps out students of architecture, engineering backgrounds!!!...
This a HVAC presentation for Air Conditioning systems giving a description of the systems and their types including the case study in Calicut city, It also includes bylaws required for air conditioning design
Case Studies of Sustainable Office buildings, these both case studies are based on sustainable features adopted inorder to make the entire structure energy efficient as well as encourage work environment within the premises, i hope it helps out students of architecture, engineering backgrounds!!!...
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
This presentation includes definition, causes, types of fire extinguishers, types of fire component system, NBC regulations, types of sprinklers, fire escapes , Building Planning Consideration for fire prevention, how to escape the fire, capacity of exits, occupants per unit exit width, travel distance, and calculations.
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
This presentation includes definition, causes, types of fire extinguishers, types of fire component system, NBC regulations, types of sprinklers, fire escapes , Building Planning Consideration for fire prevention, how to escape the fire, capacity of exits, occupants per unit exit width, travel distance, and calculations.
Presentation on the Energy Efficiency Building Codeemmak781
Presentation at Pailles, during 2nd consultative workshop for UNDP / MPI project "Removal of Barriers to Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation in Buildings" - with Danish Energy Management and Ecosis
Fresh ideas for teaching and assessment Ray Wallace
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment at University Level
Most ideas have their origins elsewhere but sometimes they can lay forgotten and not be ‘main stream’ or in current practice. Sometimes they have been given little exposure in the past or be used in one discipline and not in another. Whatever their status they take on the mantle of ‘fresh’ when they are new to an audience and I hope that you will find something here that is fresh to you.
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation vol 3 iss...STM Journals
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation (JoRACHV): is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Ventilating.
Focus and Scope Covers
Ice harvesting
Non-cyclic and cyclic refrigeration
Vapor-compression and Vapor absorption cycle
Electromechanical cooling
Ductless (split-system) and Window air conditioning
Photovoltaics and Thermal Solar technologies
Hydronics and Water coils
Tubing Operations and Sheet Metal Fabrication
A chilled beam is a type of convection heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system designed to heat or cool large buildings.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.The primary advantage of the chilled beam system is its lower operating cost.Chilled beams reduce energy consumption.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.It improves the comfort levels by cutting out the intrusive noise and aesthetic problems.It provides good energy efficiency and reduction in carbon dioxide emission. Since they do not require high forced air flows, chilled beam systems also require reduced air distribution duct network.
Evaporative cooling has been around since 2500 BC and under the right ambient conditions can provide comfort cooling with low energy costs. However, in high humidity conditions, evaporative cooling fails to provide comfort. HMX overcame this limitation and has begun a revolution in sustainable cooling using the age-old principles of evaporative cooling. Sunil Tiwari, General Manager, Global Sales & Marketing, at HMX explains the principles behind HMX's technologies.
For more details visit ategroup.com/hmx
Finite Volume Analysis of Swirl Flow Diffuser at Variable Swirl Angle and Dif...IJSRD
Floor swirl diffusers used in air-conditioning system would create good air mixing to create indoor air comfort conditions and help in achieving human comfort. The variation in temperature in air conditioning system depends strongly on the flow characteristics produced by the diffuser outlet that vary considerably between different modeling set ups. In corporate sector it is very important to calculate the effect of variation in temperature of diffused air from floor swirl diffuser with and without heat load.The analysis has been performed inside a wooden room of size 4ft x 4ft x 5ft with swirl diffuser models installed at the roof. The variation in temperature of diffused air form floor swirl diffuser at different height and the effect of heat load on temperature variation is determined. This analysis has been performed on three different models of floor swirl diffuser having different slot angles of 7â°, 8â° and 9â°and at different wind velocities i.e. 2, 3, 4,5m/s.
Design of Chiller for Air Conditioning of Residential Buildingijtsrd
The main objective of the project is to design and draft a fully functional Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditional HVAC system for computer center. From residential to commercial structures such as apartments, laboratories, hospitals, etc..., can be designed with HVAC components. HVAC is used to adjust the comfort level of both ambient temperature and air humidity to feel comfortable in enclosed spaces. As we want the heating, cooling, and ventilating system to perform well, we needed to start with an efficient duct design. In this project, we designed a duct system using the protocols based on ISHRAE Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers and ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers standards. The underlying principle was to design a duct system, which delivers the correct Cubic Feet per Minute CFM air flow to the residential building against the friction created by the ducts and fittings, with the static pressure available from the blower. When there is more surface area exposed to the air flow from the blower, amount of friction will increase and the blower must work more competently to achieve the required air flow. To provide greater air flow by overcoming the friction, radius elbow ducts are used, which provides smooth radius ensuring uniformity of air flow, reduces turbulence which in turn results in very low pressure drop. For Duct design calculations we used AUTO DESK REVIT design software. For space references and calculations, Autodesk Revit plan was taken from the civil department and the position of duct was identified. Based on the obtained Heat Load Calculations and cubic feet per minute are calculated by using E 20 form sheet and by using ISHRAE handbook, duct sizes were design and chiller size was estimated for residential building. Srihari. M | Md. Irshad | K. Mahesh | K. Sai Teja ""Design of Chiller for Air-Conditioning of Residential Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23291/design-of-chiller-for-air-conditioning-of-residential-building/srihari-m
AIR CONDITIONER for Engineering Project.pptxARYANGOYAL72
Presentation on science behind AIR CONDITIONER. Can be helpful for engineering projects.
To get the ppt file, follow and message me on linkedin. Link- linkedin.com/in/aryan-goyal-6b0943221
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
This paper introduces the subject of industrial cooling and discusses the most important energy savings that are possible in this area.
Cooling is very expensive, so it is important that it is used only where necessary, and that only the most efficient technology is used. For thermodynamic reasons, the energy efficiency of a cooling system increases with decreasing temperature differential. It is therefore crucial to keep this differential as low as possible.
Three main types of cooling systems prevail in industrial environments: dry cooling, evaporative cooling, and compression cooling. This paper explains their main working principles and characteristics. Other types, such as absorption cooling, gas expansion, and thermo-electric cooling, are not treated in this application guide because of their limited presence in industry.
Each system has its own application domain. The choice of the right cooling system is one of the important initial decisions that must be taken in order to achieve maximum energy efficiency. Furthermore, this paper discusses several specific energy saving actions for each of the three cooling systems.
Significant energy savings can be made by installing variable frequency drives on fans (dry cooling, evaporative cooling), pumps (evaporative cooling, compression cooling), and compressors (compression cooling).
Most air-conditioning systems and industrial processes generate heat that must be removed and dissipated. Water is commonly used as a heat transfer medium to remove heat from refrigerant condensers or industrial process heat exchangers. In the past, this was accomplished by drawing a continuous stream of water from a utility water supply or a natural body of water, heating it as it passed through the process, and then discharging the water directly to a sewer or returning it to the body of water.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. This presentation was prepared by International Resources Group (IRG) for the Energy Conservation
and Commercialization Project (ECO-III), and was made possible by the support of the American
People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of
this presentation are the sole responsibility of IRG and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID
or the United States Government. The ECO-III Project would like to acknowledge Ministry of Power
and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency of Government of India for their support.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. All images, photographs, text and all viewable and non-viewable material, except that which has
been sourced from the references cited, is the property of USAID ECO-III Project and Bureau of
Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India. Reproduction of any part of this material
must acknowledge the creative owners. Reproduction of information, images, graphs, text and data
sourced from the references cited may have additional copyright protection.
Source format:
USAID ECO-III Project and Bureau of Energy Efficiency (2010): ECBC Professional Training Material,
New Delhi, India
COPYRIGHT
4. HVAC: Outline
» Introduction
» Whole Building Design Approach
» Non-refrigerative cooling
» Refrigerative cooling
» Building Commissioning & System Balancing
» ECBC Requirements
• Mandatory
• Prescriptive
» ECBC Compliance Forms
9/22/2010 4ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
5. Introduction
H V AC
Heating
Ventilating
• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation
Air Conditioning
• Cooling
• Dehumidification
• Humidification
9/22/2010 5ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
6. Introduction (Cont.)
External Factors Internal Loads
THERMAL
COMFORT
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
9/22/2010 6ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
7. Whole Building Design Approach
1. Reduce cooling loads by controlling unwanted heat gains
2. Expand the comfort envelope (reduced latent heat load, air movement –
ceiling fans, less insulated furniture, more casual dress codes)
3. Optimize the delivery systems (reducing velocity, pressure and friction in
ducts and piping)
4. Apply non-refrigerative cooling techniques
5. Serve the remaining load with high-efficiency refrigerative cooling
6. Improve controls (sensors, signal delivery, user interface, simulators, etc.)
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 7ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
8. Whole Building Design Approach
1. Reduce cooling loads by controlling unwanted heat gains
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 8ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Cooling load reduction measures
9. Whole Building Design Approach
2. Expand the comfort envelope (reduced latent heat load, air movement –
ceiling fans, less insulated furniture, more casual dress codes)
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 9ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
The Herman Miller Aeron Chair
The open mesh fabric in this chair keeps skin temperatures
cooler than typical foam and fabric covered chairs
Sensitivity of ASHRAE comfort conditions to clothing
10. Whole Building Design Approach
3. Optimize the delivery systems (reducing velocity, pressure and friction in
ducts and piping)
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 10ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Diffuser operation and terminology
A properly operating diffuser spreads the supply air out along the ceiling nearly as far as the wall (or halfway
to neighboring diffusers) before the air begins to drop into the space. At reduced flows, diffusers may “dump”
their air in a narrow column, which creates poor air distribution and may chill occupants directly below the
diffuser.
Round and rectangular ducts
Round ducts are more efficient, lighter, and quieter than
rectangular ducts, which require at least 27 percent more
metal per unit of air-handling capacity.
11. Whole Building Design Approach
4. Apply non-refrigerative cooling techniques
» Ground-coupled cooling
» Night-sky radiation cooling
» Cooling with outdoor air
» Evaporative cooling
» Dessicant dehumidification and cooling
» Heat pipe cooling cycle enhancements
» Hydronic cooling
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 11ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
12. Whole Building Design Approach
5. Serve the remaining load with high-efficiency refrigerative cooling
6. Improve controls (sensors, signal delivery, user interface, simulators, etc.)
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 12ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Components and features of efficient design
13. Non-refrigerative Cooling
1. Ground-coupled cooling
• Ground-source closed-loop heat pump system
• Ground-coupled water-loop heat pump systems
2. Night-sky radiation cooling
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 13ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
WhiteCap schematic
The original WhiteCap is limited to flat roofs. It sprays water at night over insulating panels, where it is cooled
by radiation and evaporation and drains back under the panels, where it is stored for daytime cooling.
Ground-source closed-loop heat pump
system
Ground source closed-loop heat pump systems use a pump and
ground-coupled heat exchanger to provide a heat source and heat
sink for multiple ground-source heat pumps within the building.
14. Non-refrigerative Cooling
3. Cooling with outdoor air
• Natural ventilation
• Air-side economizer
• Night ventilation cooling
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 14ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Damper positions with an air-side economizer
Damper positions can be adjusted to provide ventilation that ranges from about
20 percent to 100 percent outside air.
15. Non-refrigerative Cooling
4. Evaporative cooling
• Direct
• Indirect – Water-side economizer
• Hybrid
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 15ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Direct evaporative cooler
Also known as swamp coolers, direct
evaporative coolers simply blow air through a
wetted-pad, thereby cooling it and increasing
its humidity.
Air-to-air indirect evaporative cooler
Secondary air flows through a water spray and is cooled by
evaporation. The building supply air flows through the other
side of the heat exchanger where it is sensible cooled by the
evaporatively cooled secondary air.
Integrated indirect and direct
evaporative cooling with vapor
compression cooling in an HVAC air-
handling system
16. Non-refrigerative Cooling
5. Dessicant dehumidification and cooling
• Helps in Air dehumidification - reduces cooling load
• Reduce/eliminate refrigerative air-conditioning
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 16ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Desiccant cycle diagram
A cool dry desiccant (point 1) has a low surface vapor pressure so it attracts
the moisture in air, which has a higher vapor pressure. After this moisture
attraction (adsorption or absorption, see box on page 167), the desiccant is
warm and moist, and its surface vapor pressure is higher (point 2). The
desiccant must then be regenerated. It is placed in a different air stream
(called scavenger air) and heated. Moisture moves from the surface of the
desiccant to the scavenger air. The desiccant is now dry and hot, with a high
vapor pressure (point 3). To restore its low pressure for another cycle of
dehumidification, the desiccant is cooled, returning to the original state at
point 1.
Solid desiccant wheels
The drawing shows how the desiccant wheel
alternately passes through two separate air
streams; one to be dehumidified and used in
the building, and one to regenerate the
desiccant with warm, dry exhaust air.
17. Non-refrigerative Cooling
6. Heat-pipe cooling cycle enhancements
7. Hydronic cooling
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 17ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Heat-pipe cooling coil bypass arrangement
This figure shows how cooling coils with heat pipes dehumidify with less energy that conventional reheat systems.
The heat pipe precools the air (1-2), the cooling coil removes more heat (2-3), and the backend of the heat pipe
reheats the air (3-4). The conventional system has to do more cooling at the coil (1-3), and then use additional
energy for reheat (3-4).
Heat pipe subcooling and
desuperheating for DX systems
This system offers improved dehumidification with a single 2-row
coil added to the airstream. The arrows show the flow of the
refrigerant.
18. Refrigerative Cooling
SOURCE: ECBC User Guide
9/22/2010 18ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Air-conditioning system basics
19. HVAC System Components
» Furnace / Heating unit
» Filters
» Compressors
» Condensing units
» Evaporator (cooling coil)
» Control System (Thermostats, economizers, VAV’s etc. )
» Distribution System (Supply/Return ducts, Piping, plenums etc)
9/22/2010 19ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
20. HVAC System Types
» Room Air Conditioners
• Split systems - separate indoor
(evaporator) and outdoor (condenser +
compressor)
• Window systems - all functions in one
outdoor package
» Central Air Conditioners
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 20ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Single package
Split system
Outdoor section
Indoor section
Ceiling suspended fan coil
High wall fan coil
Cassette fan coil
Satellite fan coil
21. Room Air Conditioners
Efficiency
EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) =
SOURCE: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Rate of cooling (or cooling output)
Cooling input
_____________________________ at full-load conditions
Star
Rating
Energy
Efficiency
Ratio (EER)
Cooling
Capacity
(Watts)
Input
Power
Watts
Units
Consumption/
Day (kWh)
Per Unit
Charge Rs.
(Approx.)
Electricity
Cost/ Month
Rs.
Cost Saving Rs.
Per Year (w.r.t. no
star) (Approx.)
No Star 2.20 5200 2364 9.54 2.50 709 0
1 2.30 5200 2261 9.04 2.50 678 308
2 2.50 5200 2080 8.32 2.50 624 851
3 2.70 5200 1926 7.70 2.50 578 1313
4 2.90 5200 1793 7.17 2.50 538 1712
5 3.10 5200 1677 6.71 2.50 503 2059
Energy and Cost savings for 1.5 ton Window or Split Air Conditioners at different star ratings (Assuming 8 hours operation per
day for five months in a year)
9/22/2010 21ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
22. Central Air Conditioners
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
9/22/2010 22ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
Conceptual view of a chilled-water air-conditioning system
In this figure, thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through the five loops
of heat transfer:
•Indoor air loop. In the leftmost loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled
water. The cool air then cools the building space.
•Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chiller’s evaporator to be re-cooled.
•Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chiller’s compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water.
•Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chiller’s condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower.
•Cooling tower loop. The cooling tower’s fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the
outdoors.
23. Central Air Conditioners
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling (1997)
Chiller
9/22/2010 23ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
24. Central Air Conditioners
Chiller size & efficiency
» Tons: measure of the rate of cooling supplied (chiller size)
1 ton = 12,000 Btu/hr or 3.516 thermal kW
» Efficiency ratings:
• kW/ton rating - power input to compressor motor / tons of cooling produced
• COP rating - Coefficient of Performance: Btu output (cooling) / Btu input (electric power)
• EER rating - Energy Efficiency Ratio
• kW/ton = 12/EER ; kW/ton = 3.516/COP
» Integrated part-load value (IPLV): efficiency of the chiller, measured in kW/ton,
averaged over a representative operative range
9/22/2010 24ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
25. Building Commissioning & System Balancing
» Building Commissioning:
• “Quality-oriented process for achieving, verifying, and documenting that the performance of
facilities, systems, and assemblies meets defined objectives and criteria" – ASHRAE Guideline 0,
The Commissioning Process.
• “All inclusive process for all the planning, delivery, verification, and managing risks to critical
functions performed in, or by, facilities.”
» Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB):
• “TAB of all HVAC systems and equipment is needed to complete the installation and to make the
system perform as the designer intended.”
• “Intended to verify that all HVAC water- and air-flows and pressures meet the design intent and
equipment manufacturer's operating requirements.”
» TAB is not Commissioning, although Commissioning includes TAB verification.
SOURCE: Whole Building Design Guide, http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php
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26. COMMISSIONING: What is in it for Developers?
» Commissioning is required for green building rating programs (LEED and GRIHA)
» Commissioning assists in the delivery and overall quality assurance of a project
including:
• Planning delivery team member roles and responsibilities
• Planning tasks for all project phases and activities, including
– review and acceptance procedures,
– documentation requirements,
– development and approval of Commissioning Plans, Commissioning Schedules, and Testing
and Inspection plans
» Cost of correcting deficiencies and contractor call-backs during warranty period
often make up for the cost of commissioning
SOURCE: Whole Building Design Guide, http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php
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27. ECBC Requirements: Overview
» ECBC Mandatory Requirements
• Natural ventilation
• Equipment Efficiency
• Controls
• Piping and Ductwork
• System Balancing
• Condensers
» ECBC Prescriptive Requirements
• Economizers
– Reduce energy consumption by using cooler outdoor air to cool the building
whenever possible
• Hydronic Systems
– Variable fluid flow saves water and reduces energy use in water based systems
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28. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Natural Ventilation
» As per National Building Code of India 2005
SOURCE: Bureau of Indian Standards, National Building Code of India 2005, Part 8 Building Services, Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Select NBC Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation
Building Orientation
0-30 Deg. In the direction of Prevailing winds
45Deg. In the direction of east and west winds
Inlet Openings Located on the windward side
Outlet Openings Located on the leeward side
Height of the Openings
Recommended sill height:
For sitting on chair 0.75 m
For sitting on bed 0.60 m
For sitting on floor 0.40 m
Total Area (Inlet+ Outlet) of
the Openings
For total area of openings between 20% to 30% of floor area, the average indoor wind velocity is
around 30% of outdoor velocity
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29. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
» Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements in
ECBC Table 5.1. Equipment not listed shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004 §6.4.1
» Unitary Air Conditioner shall meet IS 1391 (Part 1); Split air conditioner shall meet
IS 1391 (Part 2); Packaged air conditioner shall meet IS 8148; Boilers shall meet IS
13980 with above 75% thermal efficiency.
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30. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Equipment Efficiencies at IPLV
» Efficiencies at Integrated Part Load Performance (IPLV) values can be calculated as
follows:
IPLV = 0.01 A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D
For COP and EER:
Where: A = COP or EER at 100%; B = COP or EER at 75%; C = COP or EER at 50%; D = COP or EER at 25%
For kW/Ton:
IPLV =
Where: A = kW/Ton at 100%; B = kW/Ton at 75%; C = kW/Ton at 50%; D = kW/Ton at 25%
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31. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Controls (Timeclock )
» Code specifies the mandatory use of time clocks to allow scheduling for 24-hour
building.
» Allow scheduling for 24-hour building
• Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day-types per week
» Take power outages into consideration
• Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a period of at
least 10 hours
» Allow custom scheduling
• Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the system for up
to 2 hours
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32. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Controls (Temperature)
» Ensure adequate dead band between cooling & heating set points to avoid
conflicting thermostat control conditions
» For systems that provide simultaneous heating and cooling
• Controls shall be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3°C (5°F) within which the
supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum.
» For systems that provide separate heating and cooling
• Thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling.
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33. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Controls (Cooling Towers & Closed Circuit Fluid Coolers)
» To minimize energy consumption by reducing fan speed during lower ambient
conditions
• All cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors, pony
motors, or variable speed drives controlling the fans.
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34. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Piping and Ductwork
» To minimize energy losses, ECBC requires that piping of heating and cooling
systems, (including the storage tanks,) must be insulated
• ECBC specifies required R-values of insulation based on the operating temperature of the
system
» To maintain thermal integrity of the insulation
• Insulation exposed to weather shall be protected by aluminum sheet metal, painted canvas, or
Plastic cover. Cellular foam insulation shall be protected as above, or be painted with water
retardant paint.
Heating System
Designed Operating
Temperature of Piping
Insulation with Minimum
R-value (m2
·K/W)
60°C and above 0.74
Above 40°C and below 60°C 0.35
ECBC Insulation Specs. for Heating System
Cooling System
Designed Operating
Temperature of Piping
Insulation with Minimum
R-value (m2·K/W)
Below 15°C 0.35
Refrigerant Suction Piping
Split System 0.35
ECBC Insulation Specs. for Cooling Systems
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35. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
System Balancing
» Achieve energy efficiency by optimizing air/water distribution rates for all systems
» Balancing should be done prior to occupancy
» ECBC mandates system balancing be included in specifications in the construction
documents
» Construction documents shall require
• All HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally accepted engineering standards.
• A written balance report including O&M guidelines be provided for HVAC systems serving
zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 500 m2 (5,000 ft2).
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36. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
System Balancing (Air System Balancing)
» Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to minimize throttling losses. Then, for
fans greater than 0.75 KW (1.0 HP), fans must then be adjusted to meet design
flow conditions.
» Air System Balancing refers to adjustment of airflow rates through air distribution system devices
such as fans and diffusers.
» It is achieved through adjusting the position of dampers, splitter vanes, extractors, etc.
» Design options for improving air distribution efficiency include using
• Variable-air-volume systems
• VAV diffusers
• Low-pressure-drop duct design
• Low-face-velocity air handlers
• Fan sizing and variable-frequency-drive motors
• Displacement ventilation systems
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37. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
System Balancing (Hydronic System Balancing)
» Hydronic systems shall be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize
throttling losses; then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall be
adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
» Hydronic System Balancing refers to the adjustment of water flow rates through distribution system
devices such as pumps and coils, by manually adjusting the position of valves, or by using automatic
control devices, such as flow control valves.
» A balanced hydronic system is one that delivers even flow to all of the devices on that piping system.
» When a system is balanced, all of the pressure drops are correct for the devices which translates
into reduced energy use & costs for pumping.
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38. ECBC Requirements: Mandatory
Condensers
ECBC regulates condenser locations to ensure:
• There is no restriction to the air flow around condenser coils
• No short circuiting of discharge air to the intake side
• Heat discharge of other adjacent equipment is not near the air intake of the condenser
» Care shall be exercised in locating the condensers in such a manner that the heat
sink is free of interference from heat discharge by devices located in adjoining
spaces and also does not interfere with such other systems installed nearby.
ECBC regulates condenser water quality
• to eliminate mineral buildup in condensers and chilled water systems (Mineral deposits create
poor heat transfer situations there by reducing the efficiency of the unit)
» All high-rise buildings using centralized cooling water system shall use soft water
for the condenser and chilled water system.
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39. ECBC Requirements: Prescriptive
Prescriptive requirements apply if the HVAC system meets the following criteria:
» Serves a single zone
» Cooling (if any) is provided by a unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner or
heat pump
» Heating (if any) is provided by a unitary packaged or split-system heat pump, fuel-
fired furnace, electric resistance heater, or baseboards connected to a boiler
» Outside air quantity is less than 1,400 l/s (3,000 cfm) and less than 70% of supply
air at design conditions
Other HVAC systems shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004, §6.5
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40. ECBC Requirements: Prescriptive
Air Side Economizer
Each individual cooling fan system that has a design supply capacity over 1,200 l/s
(2,500 cfm) and a total mechanical cooling capacity over 22 kW (6.3 tons) shall include
either:
» An air economizer capable of modulating outside-air and return-air dampers to
supply 100% of the design supply air quantity as outside-air;
OR
» A water economizer capable of providing 100% of the expected system cooling
load at outside air temperatures of 10°C (50°F) dry-bulb/7.2°C (45°F) wet-bulb and
below.
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41. ECBC Requirements: Prescriptive
Air Side Economizer
ECBC encourages use of ventilation fans in the economizer mode to pre-cool the
building prior to daily occupancy in the cooling season.
» Economizers shall be capable of providing partial cooling even when additional
mechanical cooling is required to meet the cooling load.
» Air-side economizers shall be tested in the field following the requirements in
Appendix F (of the Code) to ensure proper operation.
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42. ECBC Requirements: Prescriptive
Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
» Chilled or hot-water systems shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be
capable of reducing pump flow rates to no more than the larger of:
• 50% of the design flow rate, or
• The minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for proper operation of the
chillers or boilers
» Automatic Isolation Valves
• Water cooled air-conditioning or heat pump units with a circulation pump motor greater than
or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shall have two-way automatic isolation valves on each water cooled
air-conditioning
OR
• heat pump unit that are interlocked with the compressor to shut off condenser water flow
when the compressor is not operating.
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43. ECBC Requirements: Prescriptive
Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
» Variable Speed Drives
• Chilled water or condenser water systems that must comply with either ECBC §5.3.2.1 /5.3.2.2
and that have pump motors greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shall be controlled by
variable speed drives.
9/22/2010 43ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
45. End of MODULE
» Introduction
» Whole Building Design Approach
» Non-refrigerative cooling
» Refrigerative cooling
» Building Commissioning & System Balancing
» ECBC Requirements
• Mandatory
• Prescriptive
» ECBC Compliance Forms
9/22/2010 45ECBC Training Workshop: Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning
46. Content Development Team
USAID ECO-III Project
Dr. Satish Kumar
Sanyogita Manu
Aalok Deshmukh
Ravi Kapoor
Project Sub-consultants
Vasudha Lathey
Shruti Narayan
Anurag Bajpai
47. Contact Information
USAID ECO-III Project
AADI Building, Lower Ground Floor
2 Balbir Saxena Marg, Hauz Khas
New Delhi 110016
T: +91-11-2685-3110
F: +91-11-2685-3114
Email: eco3@irgssa.com
Website: www.eco3.org
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Government of India, Ministry of Power
4th Floor, SEWA Bhawan, R. K. Puram
New Delhi 110066
T: +91-11-2617-9699
F: +91-11-2617-8352
Email: webmanager-bee@nic.in
Website: www.bee-india.nic.in