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Climate responsive architecture and PEDA literature study

This document discusses climate responsive architecture and design. It begins by outlining elements of climate like temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind that should be considered. It then discusses concepts like daylight factor, site climate deviations, local factors like topography, and temperature variations. Specific climates of India are examined like hot and dry, warm and humid, and strategies for different climates. The document also examines a case study building in Chandigarh with an innovative design that uses elements like a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, insulation, natural ventilation strategies, and landscaping to be responsive to the local composite climate.

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CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE Climate responsive design considers the impact of building design on :- • The local micro climate • The effects of wind and rain • Sunlight and shadowing, and reflection and glare THE ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE • Temperature: data •Humidity: data •Precipitation •Driving rain •Sky conditions •Solar radiation: data •Wind : data •Special characteristics •Vegetation THE DAYLIGHT FACTOR •Due to variability of outdoor lighting levels it is difficult to calculate interior lighting in illumination terms. DEVIATIONS WITHIN THE ZONE Knowledge of the climatic zone to which a town or settlement Belongs and possession of published regional climatic data does not eliminate the need for careful investigation of site climatic conditions. SITE CLIMATE •The term ‘site climate’ has been chosen deliberately rather than the synonymously used term ’micro climate’. LOCAL FACTORS Factors which may cause local deviation. • Topography: i.e slope ,orientation , exposure, elevation, hills or valleys at or near the site. AIR TEMPERATURE Heat exchange at surfaces varies between night and day with the season, latitude and the time of year, always influenced by the amount of cold cover TEMPERATURE INVERSION • This phenomenon is referred to as temperature inversion, as the day time situation of decreasing temperature with increase of height is taken as normal. • Cold air tends to settle in the deepest depressions and behaves as a liquid. THE SUN’S POSITION The sun’s position on the sky hemisphere can be specified by two angles; • The altitude angle (also known as the "solar elevation angle") describes the angle measured between a line from the observer‘s position to the sun and the horizon. • The solar azimuth angle is the angular distance between due South and the projection of the line of sight to the sun. VENTILATION It has three distinctly different functions • Supply of fresh air • Convective cooling • Physiological cooling
CLIMATES OF INDIA • HOT AND DRY • WARM AND HUMID • COMPOSITE • COLD AND SUNNY • COLD AND CLOUDY • MODERATE HOT AND DRY • Flat roof - is used because of sandstorms – not obstruct the • wind flow • Pitch roof - should be built as double layers • Small windows - to prevent sand and dust from entering the house • Thick wall – the entering of heat into the house during daytime become slower and at night the cold air push the warm air to flow outside and the building is maintained cold • Concrete houses are built • Colors of the buildings - light / bright • Materials - crack and break up cause by high daytime temperature and rapid cooling at night WARM AND HUMID • Wall - is still warm at night because of the high solar radiation during the day • Pitch roof - is used act as a buffer to reduce the entering of heat into the house • Gutters are built • Plastered single layer wall – to prevent heat captured in the house • Window hoods and balcony - to reduce the entering of solar radiation and daylight into the house • More windows and the opening are wide • Aprons - to prevent dirt on the wall • Wide doors – wind shaft is built to enable heated air go outside • Ceiling (high ceiling) – to prevent direct heat into the house COMPOSITE Courtyard type buildings are very suitable A moderate dense, low rise development • Large projecting eaves and wide verandas are needed in the warm-humid season as out door living areas - to reduce sky glare, keep out the rain and provide shade • Shading devices should preferably be of low thermal capacity • Roof and external walls - constructed of solid masonry and concrete. • Resistance insulation - placed at the outside surfaces of external walls or roofs. • Large openings in opposite walls - preferably with solid shutters. COLD AND SUNNY • Providing roof insulation and east and west wall insulation. • Increase shading on east and west walls by overhangs, fins and trees. • Increase surface reflectivity by using light-coloured textures. • Encourage ventilation by locating windows properly. • Increase air exchange rate with the help of courtyardS and Arrangement of openings. COLD AND CLOUDY • Exposed surface areas are reduced by careful orientation and shape of building. • Wall and roof insulation and double glazing • Thicker walls. • Providing air locks and lobbies, darker colours inside as well as outside. • Reduce shading on walls and glazed portions. • Natural lighting is extensively used in the north-east and north-west by hollowing out courtyards. • Roof insulation was provided by using a roof system of precast hollow terracotta curved panels with nominal G I reinforcement. • The hollow terracotta layer works as heat-resisting layer. A thick ‘wall’ on the southern/south-western side, which comprised largely masonry surface within which were located the services such as toilets, pantry, kitchen work space. • The depth of the south-west wall was used to shield the heat and provide pockets for openings located on this ‘wall’ to pull in south-west breeze. MODERATE
PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY OFFICE BUILDING,CHANDIGARH  ARCHITECT :- Dr. Arvind Krishan  CLIMATE:- Composite  Located at Chandigarh, on a flat practically square site with no major topographical variations.  Building configuration has been generated in response to solar geometry, a unique built form thus generated in response to summer and winter requirements. Innovative design  Three dimensional configuration of the building evolved in response to solar geometry.  Elements of building i.e. building envelope, plan form etc. evolved in response to solar geometry.  Renewable energy systems i.e PV integrated in the roof as an element of design. PLAN SECTION HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID & PERCEIVED SUN-PATH SOLAR CHIMNY
INSIDE THERMAL INNER SKIN INTERACTS WITH INTERNAL CONDITIONS • AIR TEMP. • HUMIDITY • LIGHT OUTSIDE STRUCTURAL OUTER SKIN INTERACTS WITH EXTERNAL CONDITIONS • WEATHER • RADIATION • HUMIDITY • AIR TEMP. • U.V. INTER-STITIAL SPACE • HEAT BARRIER THROUGH INSULATION / DEAD AIR CAVITY • MOISTURE BARRIER • T.A.P. (THERMOSYPHON AIR PANEL) • THROUGH SOLAR / MECHANICAL ACTIVATION WATERBODIES AND LIGHT VAULTS Water Bodies  The water bodies with waterfalls and fountains have been placed in the central atrium of the complex for cooling of whole the complex in the hot and dry period. Light Vaults  The vertical cut- outs in the floating slabs are integrated with light vaults and solar activated naturally ventilating, domical structures in the south  to admit day light without glare and heat. INSULATION OF ROOF AND WALL  All the roofs have been insulated with double insulation system to avoid penetration of heat from the roof.  The complex is a single envelope made up of its outer walls as double skin walls having 2" cavity in between. The cavity walls facing south and west are filled with further insulation material for efficient thermal effect. BIPV ROOF WIND TOWER •Evaporative cooling towers work best with open floor plans that permit the air to circulate through out the building without any obstacles. •Good thermal mass of the building helps the building to perform in extreme conditions. Appropriate building design and orientation having properly placed building elements reduced or minimize the solar gain in summer. •Elements like light Vault, Solar chimney, Hyperbolic parabolised atrium roof help to minimize the solar gain. •From the TAS result it can be concluded that the atrium space is working properly with application of PDEC system by getting 10-12°C lower than ambient temperature, which also helps to cool the neighboring south office space to maintain a comfortable space to work. • From all evidences Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building can be called as a passive solar complex. Overall the building performs well whole of the year. Evaporative cooling is required in May & June  Most Efficient Building in the country , it has 5 STAR RATING in 2010 BASED ON ACTUAL PERFORMANCE14 kwh /sq.m/per year given by BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY GOVT. OF INDIA Landscape The space around the building inside and outside of boundary wall and a big lawn in the south has been designed with trees, shrubs and grass. The big trees along the boundary wall acts as a curtain to • Minimize air pollution • Sound pollution • Filter/cool the entry of air. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOF SITE MICRO CLIMATIC ANALYSIS • The climatic periods : two months of hot-dry, hot-humid (two months) and cold period (two months) • Cooling remains as the predominant requirement since the total over- heated period extends from mid- April to mid-August. • The comfort temperature varies during whole year, but the maximum comfort temperature in summer varies from 29 c to 31 c when external temperature varies from 40 c to 45c. CONCLUSIONS INSULATION