01 nordmann tnc consulting

©TNC2012ISCBifacialWorkshopKonstanz
15 years of experience in construction and
operation of two bifacial photovoltaic systems on
Swiss roads and railways
Thomas Nordmann
ThomasVontobel • Luzi Clavadetscher
TNC Consulting AG
CH-8706 Feldmeilen/Switzerland
nordmann@tnc.ch • www.tnc.ch
Konstanz, Germany
23 April 2012
1
Overview
• Is Photovoltaic a land guzzler or why «power without noise»
• How can we use the bifacial cell concept for PV power ?
• How can PV be used in north/south orientated structures?
• What is the learning curve of three different types of bifacial
PV modules under real operating conditions 1995 - 2010?
• What is the potential of PV in noise barrier systems?
• How can bifacial PV installations help to support a high PV
grid penetration?
• Seven Conclusions
2
Land use in Germany …
3
Need for Space for Photovoltaics in Germany
4

Need for Space for Photovoltaics Germny
5
©Nordmann•BASt2008
October1989
6
103 kW Power without noise! 1990…2004
1,4 Mio kWh, Highway A13 Switzerland
7
„PV power without noise“
TNC pilot plant in Wallisellen
near Zürich built 1998
South ⇒
8

How to use the Bifacial Concept fo PV
Bifacial Effect
The back face of HIT Double solar panels generates electricity from
ambient light reﬂected off surrounding surfaces, and combines with
power from the front face of the panel. Dependant upon system de-
sign and site albedo, this results in up to 30% higher power genera-
tion (more kWh) per square foot.
EVA
HIT Solar Cells
GlassGlass
Reflected
sunlight
to rear side
Reflected
sunlight
to rear side
Direct sunlight
to front side
Direct
sunlight
to front side
Installation with High Reflection Vertical Installation
Albedo higher yield
[kWh/kWp]
+5 … 30%?
• comparable yield
[kWh/kWp]
• extendet ﬁeld of
application S > E/W
• noon peak shaving
• «rectangle» solar
power production
• true dual use of
function and cost
9
Why is the sky is tolerant to PV?
+ 50%
10
East West
South
How to use solar power with
north-south oriented areas?
11
05:00
07:00
09:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Irradiation,G,Gi[kW/m^2]
Time [h:mm]
Irradiance GI is the sum of irradiance on the eastfacing and west-facing sides.
Typical daily curves for Solar irradiation and power
southeast west
100%
50% 50%
12

©Th.Nordmann•Tri2006
How to use solar power with north-south
oriented areas?
…Vineyard for photosynthesis
since the 6th century!
13
How to use solar power with north-south oriented areas?
First TNC experiments in a vineyard above Lake Zürich
1994 - 1995
ASE bifacial PV Panel
14
First Solar bifacial PV irradiation measurements 1994/95
15
16

©Nordmann•Dresden2006©TNC2012ISCBifacialWorkshopKonstanz
17
©TNC2012ISCBifacialWorkshopKonstanz©TNC2012ISCBifacialWorkshopKonstanz
18
First 8.3 kWp Bifacial PV
PV power without noise 1998!
19
©Nordmann•Aubrugg2005
First 8.3 kWp Bifacial PV
PV power without noise 1998!
east west
20

east west
21
Learning Curve: Bifacial Module Technology
Grid-Connected PV Noise Barrier System
Phase I
1998 - 2001
3 phase
10 kW Inverter
8.3 kWp Bifacial Pilot
Modules
(ASE One)
•Globale Irradiation
+4% higher than
47ºsouth!
Input OutputLay Out
FinaleYield
680 kWh/kWp
or 17% less
Arr η =7.8% @25º
PR = 58%
22
2nd and (ﬁrst) Generation: Bifacial Modules/Cells
Size of cells 12.5cm x 12.5cm
(10cm x 10cm)
More homogeneous Cell η
12.8/13.5% (14%/11%)
„Industrial“ manufacturing by
Hitachi
No visible connection box
Transparent «installed see
through»
4x glass 3.2/6/2/6/3.2 Type 1
double glass 10/2/10 Type 2
23
The Bifacial Module 1998 Phase 1
and 2005 Phase II and III
24

©Nordmann•20thEU-PV•Barcelona2005
ASE 1998 (Phase 1)Hitachi/Saint-Gobain 2005
Phase II and III
Type B-1 Type B-II
25
extension Aubrugg
2004
26
27
©TNC2008
28

Irradiation to the normalised array power
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0
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1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
FinalYield,Yf[kWh/kWp]
Reference, Yr [kWh/m^2]
Plant north, July 2006
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0
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
FinalYield,Yf[kWh/kWp]
Reference, Yr [kWh/m^2]
Plant south, July 2006
The normalised power two lines, one for the A side (east) and one for the B side (west)
with different nominal power rating. The old plant south has a wider spread.
new 2005 Modules old 1989 Modules
west
east
29
Phase I
1998 - 2001
•Globale Irradiation
+4% higher than 47º
south!
Input OutputLay Out
Phase II
10-2005…3-06
(Winter)
3p 10 kW Inv.
7.5 kWp ASE
3.9 kWp Hitachi/
St. Gobain Lam.
Arr η =9.2% @25º
PR = 61%
Learning Curve: Bifacial Module Technology
Grid-Connected PV Noise Barrier System
30
Overvue of improvement in performance und
efﬁciency, selectet monthly average
Phase Period P0 A cell PR nArr @ 25
Rel.To
Improvement
[kWp] [m2] *)
P nominal
Improvement
1 Mär - 2004 8.29 64 55 % 7.8 % 60 %
1 Jul - 2004 8.29 64 54 % 8 % 62 %
2 Mär - 2006 11.36 91.76 61 % 9.2 % 74 % 20 %
3 Jul - 2006 11.36 91.76 67 % 10.2 % 83 % 11 %
4 2009 -2011 tbp @ EUPPVSEC Fraankfurt 20012
*) Operational arrray efﬁciency at 25°C cell-tempperature, relevvant to the totaal cell-area of the plant
31
Geographical alignment of soundbarriers in the Swiss rail system
Total 5‘035 linear km and total area 41 km²
Conventional east -west PV arays
Bifacial PV
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+Èdolo
che-sur-Foron
Immenstadt
Sonthofen
Kempten
Insel Mainau
Oberstdorf
Ravensburg
Meersburg
z
y
Pré-St-Didier
Verbania
Lecco
Dornbirn
Langen a.A.
St.Anton
Schruns
Bormio
Livigno
Bludenz
Stresa
Evian-
les-BainsThonon-
les-Bains
Feldkirch
Varese
Montbéliard+
asne
+
Lindau
Friedrichshafen
Mulhouse
Belfort
Bregenz
Othmarsingen
Affoltern-Weier
Wynigen
Erlenbach i.S.
Täsch
Thayngen
Erzingen
(Baden)
Màlle
Ma
Chamonix-
Mt. Blanc
Gais
Fusio
Pratteln
Radolfzell
Stockach
Bignasco
Fafleralp
Laax
Lenzerheide/Lai
Olivone
Rossa
S-charl
Ftan
Sonogno
Spruga
Sörenberg
Vals
Vrin
Gletsch
Moudon Bergün/Bravuogn
Fiesch
Giubiasco
Ins
Intragna
Les Verrières
Schüpfheim
Payerne
La Chaux-de-Fonds
Aosta
Zweisimmen
Bad Zurzach
Zernez
Worb
Wolhusen
Wohlen
Wilderswil
Wildegg
Wetzikon
Wettingen
-West
Wengen
Wattwil
Wasserauen
Walzen-
hausen
Waldshut
Waldenburg
Wald
Vitznau
Villars
Verbier
Vallorbe
Uznach
Uster
Urnäsch
Ulrichen
Uetliberg
Turgi
Trogen
Treib
Travers
Tirano
Tiefencastel
Thusis
Tavannes
Sulgen
Suhr
Stein a. R.
Ste-Croix
Stalden
St-Louis
St-Gingolph
Cergue
St.Urban
St. Niklaus
Sonceboz-
Sombeval
Singen
Engen
Sihlbrugg
Sihlwald
Sembrancher
Martina
Samnaun
Schynige PlatteSchwarzsee
Schwarzenburg
Schwanden
Schöftland
Schilthorn
Schiers
Bad Ragaz
Samedan
Saignelégier
Sagliains
Schönried
Rüti ZH
Rodersdorf
Rochers-
de-Naye
Rigi
Rheineck
Rhäzüns
Renens VD
Realp
Raron
Rapperswil
Ramsei
Jegenstorf
Poschiavo
Porrentruy
Pontresina
Ponte
Tresa
Pontarlier
Pilatus
Orsières
Orbe
Oberwald
Oberglatt
Nieder-
weningen
Nesslau
Murten
Mörel
Monthey
Montbovon
Möhlin
Menziken
Meiringen
Meilen
Luino
Linthal
Ligerz
Lichtensteig
Leysin
Leuk
Les Ponts-de-Martel
Les
Pléiades
Les Diablerets
Les Brenets
Lenk i.S.
Le Sépey
Le Noirmont
Le Locle
Le Day
Le Châtelard Le Châble
Brassus
Lauterbrunnen
Grütschalp
Laupen
Laufenburg
Langnau
Lancy-Pont-
Rougee
L'Isle
Konolfingen
Koblenz
Klosters
Kl. Scheidegg
Kerzers
Jungfraujoch
Iselle di
Trasquera
-Ost Innertkirchen
Ilanz
Huttwil
Hinwil
Herisau
Hergiswil
Heiden
Hasle-Rüegsau
Rosshäusern
Gümligen
Gstaad
Grindelwald
Grächen
Gornergrat
Glovelier
Glarus
Genève-Eaux-Vives
Generoso
Vetta
Furka
Fleurier
Flamatt
Filisur
Etzwilen
Esslingen
Engelberg
Emmenbrücke
Elm
Einsiedeln
Eglisau
Effretikon
Dornach
Disentis/Mustér
Dietikon
Cossonay
Col-de-Bretaye
Chavornay
Châtel-St-D.
Château-
d'Oex
Champéry
Capolago
Camedo
Cadenazzo
Buttes
Büren a/A
-Süd
-Nord
Bulle
Brünig
Rothorn
Brienz
Boudry
BonfolBoncourt
Delle
Blonay
Bière
Biberbrugg
Bever
Betten
Bercher
Belp
Beinwil
Bauma
Basel Bad Bf
Balsthal
Apples
Appenzell
Andermatt
Altstätten SG
Alpnachstad
Affoltern
a. Albis
Aesch
Arosa
-Dorf
-Platz
Broc
Reichenau
Puidoux
Stoos
Menaggio
Adelboden
Amden
Arolla
Basel
EuroAirport
Beaten-
berg
Beromünster
Bettmeralp
Braunwald
Castasegna
ChiavennaCrans
Feldis
Ferpècle
Flims
Hasliberg
Landeck-Zam
Le Grand-
St-Bernard
Les
Haudères
Leukerbad
Malbun
Mt.-
Pèlerin
Montana
Mürren
Müstair
Prêles
Riederalp
Saas Fee
Schaan
Schellenberg
Schwägalp
Seelisberg
Silvaplana
Splügen
Andeer
Juf
Sta. Maria
Stechel-
berg
Stilfserjoch/
Stelvio
Unterbäch
Zinal
Reichenbach
Niederbipp
Ouchy
Annemasse
Buchs SG
Vaduz
Rorschach
St. Margrethen
Kandersteg
Goppenstein
Frutigen
Como
Lörrach
Zell (Wiesental)
Weila.R.
Erstfeld
Faido
Biasca
Airolo
Göschenen
Flüelen
Laufen
Stein-Säckingen
R'felden
Frick
Bülach
Brugg
Baden
Biel/Bienne
Liestal
SurseeHerzogenbuchsee
Zug
Locarno
Sierre/
Siders
Sion
Martigny
Aigle
St-Maurice
Bex
Vevey
Montreux
Nyon
Morges
Fribourg
Romont
Palézieux
Yverdon-
les-Bains
Neuchâtel
Zofingen
Langenthal
Burgdorf
Interlaken
Thun
Spiez
Visp
Brig
Domodossola
Chiasso
Lugano
Bellinzona
Brunnen
Schwyz
Arth-Goldau
Rotkreuz
Chur
Landquart
Sargans
Ziegelbrücke
Pfäffikon SZ
Wädenswil
Thalwil
Wil
Flawil
Uzwil
Frauenfeld
Weinfelden
Konstanz
Schaffhausen
Zürich
Flughafen
Lenzburg
Aarau
Gelterkinden
Sissach
Olten
Solothurn
Grenchen
Moutier
Delémont
Gossau
Romanshorn
Kreuzlingen
Lyss
Oensingen
Winterthur
Davos
St.Moritz
Zermatt
Scuol-
Tarasp
Basel
Bern
Genève
Lausanne
Luzern
St.Gallen
Zürich
Ibk|Slb|WiM
Milano | Malpensa | Venezia | Firenze | Roma | Torino
Ulm | München MünchenStuttgartKarlsruhe | Frankfurt | Dortmund | Hamburg | BerlinParis | Strasbourg | Luxembourg | Bruxelles
F R A N C E
F R A N C E
I T A L I A
I T A L I A
D E U T S C H L A N D
Ö S T E R R E I C H
L I E C H T E N S T E I N
ahnen, Autobusse und Seilbahnen
hemins de fer, Autobus et Transports à câbles
errovie, Autobus e Trasporti a fune
afiers, Autobus e Funicularas
ailways, Buses and Cableways
2 Mio
10 20 30 km
hnen
emins de fer
rovie
fiers
ways
Autobusse
Autobus
Autobus
Autobus
Buses
+
Seilbahnen
Transports à câbles
Trasporti a fune
Funicularas
Cableways
+
32

Geographical alignment of soundbarriers in the Swiss rail system
5‘035 linear km and total area 41 km²
33
34
Bifacial PV plant near railway station Münsingen/Bern
35
LSW7, 33 x 2.5m Bifacial Module
Siehe Detail Personenschleuse
Fahrleitungsmasten SBB inkl. Verankerung
Blindelemente
3 12 13 363534
evtl. Blindelement
=
Projekt:
Bifacial Münsingen
Erstellt:
Geändert:
4.12.07 VO
Masstab:
Elektr. Verschaltung
(LSW7, 2.5m Rastermass)
11.8.08 VO
2.5 m
82.5 m
33...22 33...11
22...11
22...22
802082019
802082006
802082009
802082010
802082007
802082005
801082013
802082004
802082003
802082017
802082018
801082016
801082019
801082020
802082001
801082014
802082002
801082017
801082011
801082007
801082018
801082005
801082006
803082014
802082016
802082015
801082008
801082010
801082009
801082015
802082012
802082013
802082020
36

«Strom statt Lärm» Bahnhof Münsingen
37
38
IEA International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme - PVPS -Task 2
©TNCTh.Nordmann•22ndEU-PVConf.Milano2007
39
39
Speciﬁc Production for one string in Münsingen 2011
0
38
75
113
150
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Spec.productionStrgD[kWh/kWp]
40

The development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012
Fig 5: Normalized yield of the bifacial PV plant in
Zürich.
Fig 6: Normalized yield of the newest bifacial PV
plant in Münsingen.
PR 70%
PR 80%
PR 60%
41
42
156156mm
2012/13
2005 & 2008
125x125mm
Size of cells …
1997
100x100mm
42
43
1997
2005
2008
2012e
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Front
- Back
Efficiency of cells …
43
©TNC2012
Aubbrugg Münsingen Future
ASE Cells
(1997)
Hitachi Cells
(2005)
Hitachi Cells
(2008)
EarthOn Cells
(2012)
Cell side length 100 mm 125.5 mm 125.5 mm 156 mm
Cell efficiency
front side
14.3 % 12.3 % 15.0 % >19 %
Cell efficiency
back side
11.6 % 10.7 % 11.0 % ca. 18.5 %
Ratio back to
front side
81 % 87 % 73 % ca. 96 %
Development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012
44

Solar irradiation measurements 01.08.2011
bifacial PV plant Münsingen
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2300 24
south 45°deg
45
Bifacial contribution to net integration
Text
bifacial
normal
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2300 24
south 45°deg
46
Bifacial contribution to grid net integration
bifacial
normal
50% normal south 45°deg 50% bifacial e+w 100% both+ =
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2300 24
47
Seven Conclusions
• Monday
The combined irradiation for this bifacial PV plant was
98-01 about 4 % higher!! than on a south facing optimal
oriented surface. → Sufficient light on vertical N/S!
• Tuesday
An improvement of PR from 55% to 61% due to higher
overall efficiency of the new modules and closer matching
of the nominal to the effective efficiency of the new cells.
• Wednesday
A shift of PR from 61% to 67% due to improved MPP
tracking of the two new inverters.
• Thursday
Bifacial PV plants overcome „look to the south“
dilemma of solar power
48

Seven Conclusions (continued):
• Friday
We need industrial bifacial cell production lines
to match the market price of PV modules today.
• Saturday
The multi-functional bifacial PV noise barrier modules
can fully substitute conventional glass noise barrier
elements and save costs. Noise barrier infrastructure
can partially substitute BOS of bifacial PV plants.
• Sunday
A good match of bifacial PV plants with normal south
exposed PV plants allows PV power production from
sunrise to sunset with almost rectangular power
characteristics.This capability is essentiel for the grid
with high PV penetration and better then peek shaving!
49
… bifacial PV
an other good idea have learned
from mother earth!
pdf
www.tnc.ch
50

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