To download, head to - http://solarreference.com/cspalliance-csp-thermal-energy-storage-presentation/ Also available at CSP alliance website. Key information includes - direct comparison of a CSP power plant with a conventional power plant, importance of thermal energy storage and the fact that deployment would lead to much more cost reduction than r&d. For colelction of similar resources, head to - http://solarreference.com

1. CSP Alliance 1 http://www.csp-alliance.org
CSP Overview
SEPA Webinar
January 31, 2013
Frank (Tex) Wilkins
Executive Director
CSP Alliance
Concentrating Solar Power Alliance

2. CSP Alliance 2 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Concentrating Solar Power Alliance
• CSP Alliance - an advocacy group formed in March 2012 whose
goal is to increase the deployment of CSP
• Mission – inform utilities, grid operators, and regulators of the
benefits of CSP with its ability to store thermal energy and provide
dispatchable power
• Members - membership includes Abengoa, BrightSource, Torresol
Energy, Lointek, Cone Drive, and Wilson Solarpower

3. CSP Alliance 3 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Agenda
• Introduction
• Plant characteristics
• Storage
• Solar collection
• Projects
• Cost and future developments
• Question and answer

4. CSP Alliance 4 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Solana: photos courtesy of Abengoa
. 4
CSP Storage & Power Block

5. CSP Alliance 5 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Plant Characteristics
• Project start up – if the turbine is warm it takes 10 minutes from start
to full power. If the plant is operating as spinning reserve, full capacity
can be reached in 4 minutes. The plant can be started and increased
to full load in 10 minutes or less.
• Off-design operation - CSP plants can operate efficiently at off-design
conditions. For example, the efficiency of a steam turbine at 50% load
is about 95% of the design efficiency.
• Power quality – same as power from fossil plants providing reactive
power support, dynamic voltage support, and primary frequency
control.
• Dispatch of stored energy – power can be put onto the grid at any
time, day or night.

6. CSP Alliance 6 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Dispatch Examples
July
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour Ending
UtilityLoad,TroughPlant
Output
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SolarResource(W/m2)
Relative Value of Generation Trough Plant w/6hrsTES Solar Radiation
January
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour Ending
UtilityLoad,TroughPlant
Output
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
SolarResource(W/m2)
Relative Value of Generation Trough Plant w/6hrs TES Solar Radiation
*Graphs courtesy of Arizona Public Service
Summer: dispatch power to
meet afternoon & early evening
peak demand
Winter: dispatch power to
meet morning and evening
periods of peak demand

7. CSP Alliance 7 http://www.csp-alliance.org
CSP (trough) Water Requirements
• Cooling
– Wet Cooling 700-900 gal / MWh
– Dry Cooling 70-90 gal / MWh
• Mirror washing ~ 50 gal / MWh
• Steam cycle cleaning ~ 50 gal / MWh
Impact of Dry Cooling:
~90% less water with:
• 4-7% cost increase in hot
climates (e.g. Las Vegas, NV)
• 3-5% cost increase in cooler
climates (e.g. Alamosa, CO)

8. CSP Alliance 8 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Thermal Energy Storage
Typical CSP storage is heating a mixture of nitrate salts from 390°C
(troughs) to 560°C (towers). Salt heated in the solar field is placed in
the hot tank. Salt coming from the turbine goes to the cold tank.
*Photos courtesy Abengoa

9. CSP Alliance 9 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Trough Power Plant
w/ 2-Tank Molten Salt Thermal Storage
Heat Exchanger
Hot
Tank
Cold
Tank
Pump
Solar Field
Steam Turbine
Power BlockStorage

10. CSP Alliance 10 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Trough Power Plant:
Power Generation
Heat Exchanger
Hot
Tank
Cold
Tank
Pump
Solar Field
Steam Turbine
Storage Power Block

11. CSP Alliance 11 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Trough Power Plant
Power Generation and Charging Storage
Heat Exchanger
Hot
Tank
Cold
Tank
Pump
Solar Field
Steam Turbine
Storage Power Block

12. CSP Alliance 12 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Trough Power Plant
Power from Thermal Storage
Heat Exchanger
Hot
Tank
Cold
Tank
Pump
Solar Field
Steam Turbine
Storage Power Block

13. CSP Alliance 13 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Storage Provides Intraday System
Stability
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0:00 1:40 3:20 5:00 6:40 8:20 10:00 11:40 13:20 15:00 16:40 18:20 20:00 21:40 23:20
PowerOutput(MWhe)
DirectNormalIrradianceDNI(W/m2)
April 12, 2012 (Time of Day)
*Chart courtesy of Solar Reserve

14. CSP Alliance 14 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Storage Promoting Flexibility
• Use of storage can lessen grid ramps (the rate of
increase/decrease in grid system power) and reduce operator
uncertainty due to solar forecast errors.
• High capacity value helps meet resource adequacy requirements
• Plant can provide spinning or non spinning reserves
• Importance of storage increases as grid penetration increases of
wind and solar without storage*
– Little value of storage at low grid penetration of renewable energy
– The benefits of storage at higher renewable penetration can be in the
range of $30-40/MWh relative to renewables w/o storage due to
energy, ancillary services, capacity, power quality and avoided
system costs of integration in recent studies by LBNL and NREL
• CSP with storage enables greater use of PV
* Ref: “The Economic and Reliability Benefits of CSP with Thermal Storage:
Recent Studies and Research Needs”, CSP Alliance Report, Dec 2012.

15. CSP Alliance 15 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Categories of Value
Energy  Hourly optimization of energy schedules
 Subhourly energy dispatch
 Ramping reserves
Ancillary services
(for secondary frequency
control)
 Regulation
 10-minute spinning reserves
 10-min non-spinning reserves
 Operating reserves on greater than 10 minute time-
frames
Power quality and other
ancillary services
 Voltage control
 Frequency response
 Blackstart
Capacity  Generic MW shifted to meet evolving system needs
 Operational attributes
Integration and
curtailment costs
compared to solar PV and
wind
 Reduced production forecast error and associated
reserve requirements
 Reduced curtailment due to greater dispatch flexibility
without production losses
 Ramp mitigation

16. CSP Alliance 16 http://www.csp-alliance.org
• Parabolic trough technology uses long parabolic mirrors, with an absorber tube running each mirror’s
length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the absorber tube.
• Heat transfer fluid, comprised of oil or molten salts, runs through the tube to absorb the concentrated
sunlight. The heat transfer fluid is then used to heat steam for a turbine/generator or heat storage.
• Trough systems are sensitive to economies of scale and estimated to be most cost effective at
100 MW or greater.
• Solar concentration: 75 suns | Operating temp: 390°C |
Solar Collection: Trough Technology

17. CSP Alliance 17 http://www.csp-alliance.org
• Power towers use an array of flat, moveable mirrors, called heliostats, to focus the sun's rays
onto a receiver at the top of a central tower. The energy in the receiver is transferred to a
heat transfer fluid (salt or steam) which is used to heat steam for a turbine/generator or
storage media (salt).
• Molten salt allows solar energy from daylight hours to be stored to generate steam
throughout the evening. The high operating temperature enables less expensive storage.
• Due to power block requirements, power towers are sensitive to economies of scale and are
typically most economical at 100 MW or more.
• Solar concentration: 800 suns | Operating temperature: 560°C
Solar Collection: Power Towers

18. CSP Alliance 18 http://www.csp-alliance.org
CSP Plants Under Construction in the U.S.
Solana Mojave Genesis Crescent
Dunes
Ivanpah
Technology Trough w/6
hrs storage
Trough Trough SaltTower
w/10 hrs
storage
Steam
Towers
Capacity
(MW)
280 280 250 110 392
Jobs-
construction
1,600
1,000 and 80
800 600 1,000
Jobs-
permanent
85 47 45 86
Location Arizona California California Nevada California
DOE Loan
Guarantee
$1.45B $1.2B $0.85B $0.74B $1.6B
Completion 2013 2014 2013 2013 2013
Developer Abengoa Abengoa NextEra Solar
Reserve
BrightSource
18

19. CSP Alliance 19 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Solana: trough 280 MW
with 6 hrs Storage
Photos courtesy Abengoa

20. CSP Alliance 20 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Ivanpah: 3 towers totaling 392 MW
*photos courtesy BrightSource

21. CSP Alliance 21 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Ivanpah

22. CSP Alliance 22 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Crescent Dunes: 110 MW with 10 hrs storage
*photos courtesy Solar Reserve

23. CSP Alliance 23 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Solar Collection
 Direct normal, diffuse, and global solar radiation
 CSP can use only the direct because diffuse can not be effectively focused or
concentrated
SOURCE: Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkinton Solar International, 1996.

24. CSP Alliance 24 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Solar Resource in U.S. Southwest

25. CSP Alliance 25 http://www.csp-alliance.org
DOE & BLM: identifying land for CSP
deployment
Approach: a programmatic environmental impact statement
(PEIS)
• BLM manages 119 million acres in the 6 Southwestern states where the
solar resource is most intense (CA, NV, NM, AZ, CO, and UT)
• Identification of land that is
appropriate for solar deployment from
technical and environmental
perspectives
• Streamline evaluation and processing
of solar projects
• Identification of additional transmission
corridors crossing BLM-managed land
• 17 solar zones proposed totaling about
285,000 acres

26. CSP Alliance 26 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Cost Reduction: R&D and Deployment
• Sargent & Lundy’s due-diligence
study* evaluated the potential cost
reductions of CSP.
• Cost reductions for CSP
technology will result from R&D
and deployment.
* Sargent and Lundy (2003). Assessment of Parabolic Trough
and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance
Impacts. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34440.pdf

27. CSP Alliance 27 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Deployment is as more important in
reducing cost as R&D advancements
Importance of Deployment on Cost

28. CSP Alliance 28 http://www.csp-alliance.org
DOE’s SunShot Goal*
*SunShot Vision Study, Feb 2012,
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/vision_study.html
Reduce the installed cost of solar energy systems to about 6¢kWh
w/o tax incentives, driving widespread, large-scale adoption of this
renewable energy technology

29. CSP Alliance 29 http://www.csp-alliance.org
• High Temperature Systems – higher operating temperature
increases system efficiency.
– Existing steam systems operate at 390oC – 565oC with 37-42%
efficiency.
– Research focused on supercritical CO2 Brayton operating at 600oC-
800oC with 50-55% efficiency
• Storage – two tank salt the standard to beat but explore other
options like higher temp storage/heat transfer fluid materials, phase
change and solid materials, including direct steam
• Solar Field – reduce collector cost while maintaining or improving
optical performance
• Receivers – develop selective coatings for high temperature
receivers
Paths to SunShot Goal – DOE R&D

30. CSP Alliance 30 http://www.csp-alliance.org
Frank “Tex” Wilkins
Executive Director
Concentrating Solar Power
Alliance
Phone: (410) 960-4126
tex.wilkins@gmail.com
Thank You

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