This document is a chapter from a student project on photovoltaic solar power plants. It includes an introduction to PV solar technology that discusses grid-connected and off-grid PV systems, solar cell types, conversion efficiency, and factors affecting PV performance. It also provides details on the major components of a PV plant such as electrical buildings, inverters, DC systems, modules and arrays. The appendices include examples of annual power generation and CO2 reduction from solar as well as a glossary of solar terms.
This is our 3rd semester project of electronics-1 which is a mobile battery charger with night switch as load circuit, it will work as a ups the night switch works on input 220 volt supply and when we cut off the supply it continues it working on battery power and vice virsa.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
This internship report summarizes the intern's work at Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd. studying their solar power plant and solar energy systems. The intern learned about different types of solar cells and solar collectors used to harness solar radiation. They explored applications of solar energy including power plants, homes, commercial uses, and more. The report discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used to automate and monitor electrical power systems like solar plants. In conclusion, the intern emphasizes the benefits of solar power for India and the importance of increasing automation.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses various types of solar cells like crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide. It also covers the basic components and workings of solar photovoltaic systems including solar panels, batteries, inverters, and their connections to either the electric grid or for off-grid use. Calculations for sizing solar arrays and estimating power outputs are also presented.
This document discusses solar inverters. It defines a solar inverter as a device that converts the variable direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating 240V current (AC) that can power homes. It then describes the different types of solar inverters including off-grid, micro, grid-tie, and battery backup inverters. Finally, it outlines some of the key advantages of solar inverters such as reducing electricity costs, providing electricity without batteries in some cases, and being more economical than generators.
Solar Bag for mobile charging with battery statusshivam singh
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It presents the design and implementation of a solar bag for mobile charging with battery status indication. The introduction provides background on solar energy and outlines the advantages and applications of a solar bag. Subsequent chapters describe the components used, including solar panels, relays, voltage regulators, an ADC, microcontroller, and LCD. The literature survey reviews similar past projects. Later chapters discuss the project implementation including the block diagram, circuit design, and interfacing the LCD with the microcontroller. The conclusion describes the basic working model of the solar bag.
This document summarizes a research study conducted by students at the University of St. La Salle comparing the efficiency of a solar-powered phone charger to a standard wall phone charger. The study found that the solar charger had an efficiency of 69.33%, close to the 71.85% efficiency of the wall charger. It also calculated that it takes 2 hours and 40 minutes for the solar charger to fully charge a 1220 mAh battery, compared to 2 hours for the wall charger. The experiment demonstrates that solar charging technology is improving and can achieve efficiencies close to traditional wall chargers.
This document summarizes the key components of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It describes how solar cells are connected together to form solar panels and solar arrays to generate electricity from sunlight. The three main parts of a PV system are identified as the PV modules/solar arrays, the balance of system components like batteries for energy storage, charge regulators, inverters, and mounting structures, and the electrical load being powered. Three main types of PV systems - stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid - are also briefly introduced.
This is our 3rd semester project of electronics-1 which is a mobile battery charger with night switch as load circuit, it will work as a ups the night switch works on input 220 volt supply and when we cut off the supply it continues it working on battery power and vice virsa.
The document provides an introduction and background on solar panels and photovoltaic cells. It discusses how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that generate electric charges when exposed to light. The cells are arranged in modules that are then connected together in solar panel arrays. The document discusses the components of solar panels and how improvements have increased their efficiency and use in power generation over time.
This internship report summarizes the intern's work at Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd. studying their solar power plant and solar energy systems. The intern learned about different types of solar cells and solar collectors used to harness solar radiation. They explored applications of solar energy including power plants, homes, commercial uses, and more. The report discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used to automate and monitor electrical power systems like solar plants. In conclusion, the intern emphasizes the benefits of solar power for India and the importance of increasing automation.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses various types of solar cells like crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide. It also covers the basic components and workings of solar photovoltaic systems including solar panels, batteries, inverters, and their connections to either the electric grid or for off-grid use. Calculations for sizing solar arrays and estimating power outputs are also presented.
This document discusses solar inverters. It defines a solar inverter as a device that converts the variable direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating 240V current (AC) that can power homes. It then describes the different types of solar inverters including off-grid, micro, grid-tie, and battery backup inverters. Finally, it outlines some of the key advantages of solar inverters such as reducing electricity costs, providing electricity without batteries in some cases, and being more economical than generators.
Solar Bag for mobile charging with battery statusshivam singh
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. It presents the design and implementation of a solar bag for mobile charging with battery status indication. The introduction provides background on solar energy and outlines the advantages and applications of a solar bag. Subsequent chapters describe the components used, including solar panels, relays, voltage regulators, an ADC, microcontroller, and LCD. The literature survey reviews similar past projects. Later chapters discuss the project implementation including the block diagram, circuit design, and interfacing the LCD with the microcontroller. The conclusion describes the basic working model of the solar bag.
This document summarizes a research study conducted by students at the University of St. La Salle comparing the efficiency of a solar-powered phone charger to a standard wall phone charger. The study found that the solar charger had an efficiency of 69.33%, close to the 71.85% efficiency of the wall charger. It also calculated that it takes 2 hours and 40 minutes for the solar charger to fully charge a 1220 mAh battery, compared to 2 hours for the wall charger. The experiment demonstrates that solar charging technology is improving and can achieve efficiencies close to traditional wall chargers.
This document summarizes the key components of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It describes how solar cells are connected together to form solar panels and solar arrays to generate electricity from sunlight. The three main parts of a PV system are identified as the PV modules/solar arrays, the balance of system components like batteries for energy storage, charge regulators, inverters, and mounting structures, and the electrical load being powered. Three main types of PV systems - stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid - are also briefly introduced.
This document discusses the design and specifications of a solar mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic process. It then provides details on the components used, including a high-efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar panel rated at 5.5V/1000mA. The block diagram and circuit diagram are presented. Applications and advantages include portable power generation with no emissions. Disadvantages include high initial cost and inability to store power. The conclusion notes benefits such as increased battery life and lack of ripples when using direct DC charging from the solar panel.
This document summarizes a study on solar photovoltaic panels. It includes a declaration by the author stating that the work is their own and has not been submitted elsewhere. It also includes a certificate from the project supervisor confirming the authenticity and originality of the work. The study covers topics like the history of solar photovoltaic technology, how photovoltaic cells and modules work, grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems, and a MATLAB/Simulink model of a PV panel. The conclusion is that grid-connected renewable energy systems that combine solar and conventional units can provide continuous energy supply to satisfy load demand.
The document discusses India's energy crisis and increasing reliance on coal and oil imports. It proposes using solar energy as a renewable alternative through technologies like solar photovoltaic cells. The Indian government is promoting solar power through subsidies and initiatives like setting up a 140 MW solar plant. A device called Solger is described that uses solar panels and a universal charger to harness solar energy for charging cell phones without electricity.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of solar technology basics. It discusses the definition of solar panels and how they work by generating electricity from sunlight using silicon cells with no moving parts. It then outlines the different technology options for solar power at different temperature ranges, including photovoltaic modules that directly convert sunlight to electricity using different silicon technologies or thin film approaches. The document concludes by discussing solar thermal systems, which convert solar energy to heat for applications like cooking, water heating, and power generation using solar collectors.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity without moving parts. PV systems can be installed on rooftops and other structures. The sun is a nuclear fusion reactor that provides radiation energy, with only a small proportion reaching Earth's surface. Traditional energy sources like gas, oil and coal are finite, while sunlight reaching Earth could meet energy needs with only 0.01% utilization. PV cell performance is affected by factors like temperature, shading, and irradiance level, with output decreasing at higher temperatures. Different cell types have varying efficiencies depending on material used.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on a solar mobile charger. It discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A circuit diagram and working principle are provided showing how the solar energy is regulated to a stable 5V to charge mobile phones and other devices. The summary highlights key advantages like using a renewable energy source freely without maintenance, and disadvantages such as slower charging times compared to main chargers. Applications mentioned include charging small portable electronics and using public solar chargers installed in parks.
Solar inverter with autosynchronization using microcontrollerDhaval Brahmbhatt
Main concept of our Presentation is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
This document discusses the performance of solar power plants. It begins with an introduction to solar photovoltaics and India's solar potential. The objectives are to estimate performance at different locations, assess module degradation, and recommend improvements. The methodology involves collecting output data from existing plants. Key factors that affect performance are discussed, such as radiation levels, temperature, losses, and module degradation over time. Performance is defined by the capacity utilization factor. The document recommends software to estimate power generation and concludes that solar will play an important role in energy supply as technology improves and costs decrease.
An introduction to solar PV basics, starting from solar cells to PV arrays, giving an overview of on grid and off grid PV system. The presentation also introduce the three PV cells technology which are most in use.
The document discusses solar panels and solar mobile chargers. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and how they work using the photovoltaic effect to generate electricity from sunlight. It then provides specifications for solar panels and chargers, and discusses the manufacturing process for solar cells. Applications are mentioned, including using solar chargers for phones in remote areas without electricity. Advantages include being portable, renewable, and reducing environmental pollution. Disadvantages include the initial cost and reliance on sunlight.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
solar battery Charger using adapter or solar panelSwedel D'souza
For Circuit diagram ,kindly use this site,though we made few modification please refer to slide as well
also download proteus 8 for simulation of circuit
http://electrical-engineering-world1.blogspot.in/2015/02/how-to-make-6v-solar-battery-charger.html
refer this site for project
http://swedeljennifer.simplesite.com/
The document discusses solar energy and solar cells. It explains that solar cells work by creating electron-hole pairs when light hits the cell, which are then swept away by an electric field to produce electricity. It also explains that solar energy comes from the sun and is captured on Earth. Solar energy systems require both a collector to absorb sunlight and convert it to another form of energy, as well as a storage unit, as the amount of solar energy available fluctuates. The document concludes by discussing the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources like solar to ensure future energy needs are met sustainably.
This document describes a mathematical model of a solar power plant that was developed to study the effects of temperature variations on photovoltaic module and overall plant performance. The model consists of blocks that simulate solar flux, temperature over time, individual photovoltaic modules, and a maximum power point tracking control algorithm. Simulation results show that higher module temperatures decrease output power at a given solar flux level due to lower module voltage. Forcing cooling can increase overall plant efficiency from 11% to 31% by mitigating these temperature effects. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and allows accelerated study of plant operation under different conditions.
The document describes a solar mobile charger project undertaken by a group of 5 mechanical engineering students in the 2015-2016 academic year under the guidance of Anil Parmar. The project involved designing and building a device that uses a solar panel to charge mobile phones through regulating the voltage output of the solar panel and connecting it to a USB port.
Kundan Kumar Singh is a civil engineer with over 4 years of experience in construction field, quality control, and project management. He is looking for a new opportunity to utilize his skills and knowledge. He has experience in planning, monitoring, resource allocation, quality assurance, and supervision of projects. He also has technical skills in estimation, design, AutoCAD, and conducting lab tests. His most recent role was as Quality Control Engineer at Jindal SAW Limited.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
This document discusses the design and specifications of a solar mobile phone charger. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and the photovoltaic process. It then provides details on the components used, including a high-efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar panel rated at 5.5V/1000mA. The block diagram and circuit diagram are presented. Applications and advantages include portable power generation with no emissions. Disadvantages include high initial cost and inability to store power. The conclusion notes benefits such as increased battery life and lack of ripples when using direct DC charging from the solar panel.
This document summarizes a study on solar photovoltaic panels. It includes a declaration by the author stating that the work is their own and has not been submitted elsewhere. It also includes a certificate from the project supervisor confirming the authenticity and originality of the work. The study covers topics like the history of solar photovoltaic technology, how photovoltaic cells and modules work, grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems, and a MATLAB/Simulink model of a PV panel. The conclusion is that grid-connected renewable energy systems that combine solar and conventional units can provide continuous energy supply to satisfy load demand.
The document discusses India's energy crisis and increasing reliance on coal and oil imports. It proposes using solar energy as a renewable alternative through technologies like solar photovoltaic cells. The Indian government is promoting solar power through subsidies and initiatives like setting up a 140 MW solar plant. A device called Solger is described that uses solar panels and a universal charger to harness solar energy for charging cell phones without electricity.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of solar technology basics. It discusses the definition of solar panels and how they work by generating electricity from sunlight using silicon cells with no moving parts. It then outlines the different technology options for solar power at different temperature ranges, including photovoltaic modules that directly convert sunlight to electricity using different silicon technologies or thin film approaches. The document concludes by discussing solar thermal systems, which convert solar energy to heat for applications like cooking, water heating, and power generation using solar collectors.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity without moving parts. PV systems can be installed on rooftops and other structures. The sun is a nuclear fusion reactor that provides radiation energy, with only a small proportion reaching Earth's surface. Traditional energy sources like gas, oil and coal are finite, while sunlight reaching Earth could meet energy needs with only 0.01% utilization. PV cell performance is affected by factors like temperature, shading, and irradiance level, with output decreasing at higher temperatures. Different cell types have varying efficiencies depending on material used.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on a solar mobile charger. It discusses how solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A circuit diagram and working principle are provided showing how the solar energy is regulated to a stable 5V to charge mobile phones and other devices. The summary highlights key advantages like using a renewable energy source freely without maintenance, and disadvantages such as slower charging times compared to main chargers. Applications mentioned include charging small portable electronics and using public solar chargers installed in parks.
Solar inverter with autosynchronization using microcontrollerDhaval Brahmbhatt
Main concept of our Presentation is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.
The document analyzes various factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses factors experimentally shown to influence PV module performance such as cable thickness, temperature, shadows, dust particles, charge controllers, and solar cell IV characteristics. It also discusses factors theoretically shown to affect performance such as environmental and operating conditions, solar radiation, spectrum effects, degradation, air mass flow, maximum power point tracking, inverter efficiency, and battery efficiency. The document presents experimental results measuring the effects of these factors on voltage, current, and output power of a PV system over time. It concludes that PV module performance depends on environmental conditions like temperature, irradiation, dust, and shadows.
This document discusses the performance of solar power plants. It begins with an introduction to solar photovoltaics and India's solar potential. The objectives are to estimate performance at different locations, assess module degradation, and recommend improvements. The methodology involves collecting output data from existing plants. Key factors that affect performance are discussed, such as radiation levels, temperature, losses, and module degradation over time. Performance is defined by the capacity utilization factor. The document recommends software to estimate power generation and concludes that solar will play an important role in energy supply as technology improves and costs decrease.
An introduction to solar PV basics, starting from solar cells to PV arrays, giving an overview of on grid and off grid PV system. The presentation also introduce the three PV cells technology which are most in use.
The document discusses solar panels and solar mobile chargers. It begins with an introduction to solar cells and how they work using the photovoltaic effect to generate electricity from sunlight. It then provides specifications for solar panels and chargers, and discusses the manufacturing process for solar cells. Applications are mentioned, including using solar chargers for phones in remote areas without electricity. Advantages include being portable, renewable, and reducing environmental pollution. Disadvantages include the initial cost and reliance on sunlight.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
solar battery Charger using adapter or solar panelSwedel D'souza
For Circuit diagram ,kindly use this site,though we made few modification please refer to slide as well
also download proteus 8 for simulation of circuit
http://electrical-engineering-world1.blogspot.in/2015/02/how-to-make-6v-solar-battery-charger.html
refer this site for project
http://swedeljennifer.simplesite.com/
The document discusses solar energy and solar cells. It explains that solar cells work by creating electron-hole pairs when light hits the cell, which are then swept away by an electric field to produce electricity. It also explains that solar energy comes from the sun and is captured on Earth. Solar energy systems require both a collector to absorb sunlight and convert it to another form of energy, as well as a storage unit, as the amount of solar energy available fluctuates. The document concludes by discussing the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources like solar to ensure future energy needs are met sustainably.
This document describes a mathematical model of a solar power plant that was developed to study the effects of temperature variations on photovoltaic module and overall plant performance. The model consists of blocks that simulate solar flux, temperature over time, individual photovoltaic modules, and a maximum power point tracking control algorithm. Simulation results show that higher module temperatures decrease output power at a given solar flux level due to lower module voltage. Forcing cooling can increase overall plant efficiency from 11% to 31% by mitigating these temperature effects. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and allows accelerated study of plant operation under different conditions.
The document describes a solar mobile charger project undertaken by a group of 5 mechanical engineering students in the 2015-2016 academic year under the guidance of Anil Parmar. The project involved designing and building a device that uses a solar panel to charge mobile phones through regulating the voltage output of the solar panel and connecting it to a USB port.
Kundan Kumar Singh is a civil engineer with over 4 years of experience in construction field, quality control, and project management. He is looking for a new opportunity to utilize his skills and knowledge. He has experience in planning, monitoring, resource allocation, quality assurance, and supervision of projects. He also has technical skills in estimation, design, AutoCAD, and conducting lab tests. His most recent role was as Quality Control Engineer at Jindal SAW Limited.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
The document introduces a new smart briefcase called the S2 briefcase. It is an all-in-one briefcase that offers security, functionality and gadget handling features like biometric locking, GPS tracking, and charging ports. The briefcase aims to capture 25-30% of the luggage market share by providing best-in-class products and becoming a well-known brand with maximum consumer trust. A marketing plan is proposed to promote the S2 briefcase and increase awareness and sales.
OneDrive is a free online file storage service that allows users to store and access files from any device. Files can be added to OneDrive from a computer by dragging them into the OneDrive folder, from a phone or tablet using the OneDrive app, or from any device using the OneDrive website. Once files are in OneDrive, they can be easily shared or collaborated on with others. OneDrive also integrates with Windows and Office programs to allow files to be accessed and edited from any device.
The feedback was regarding a magazine cover and film poster design. The designs needed some adjustments to better communicate the intended messages. Specifically, the magazine cover photo did not clearly convey the article's topic and the film poster text was too small and busy. Suggestions were provided to select a more relevant photo and simplify the poster design.
How do you Cool Your Brew? Cool Brewing Fermentation CoolerCool-brewing
This short document shares 4 photos from different photographers to inspire creativity. It encourages the viewer to create their own presentation on SlideShare using Haiku Deck, a tool for making simple slideshows. A brief call to action is given to get started making a presentation.
This document discusses age ratings and certifications for movies in the US and UK. It provides examples of how two movies, Copycat and Single White Female, received R ratings from the MPAA for violence, language and sexuality. It also explains that the BBFC and MPAA help determine age ratings and content descriptions to help parents decide if a film is suitable for their children. The document concludes that the creator's movie would be rated 15 by the BBFC due to its strong violence, language, sexual content and references to sex and violence.
This document discusses various film marketing techniques including the use of nonlinear narratives, fast cuts, and tense sounds in trailers. It also mentions establishing themes through imagery on posters, magazine covers, and careful use of mis-en-scene, lighting, fonts and camera work. The text also notes challenges in managing audience expectations and promoting films to succeed financially.
This document provides strategies for choosing a major, including completing written exercises to reflect on interests and goals, asking the right questions about potential majors, researching majors through the university catalog and talking to current students, gaining experience through coursework, job shadowing or internships, and exploring careers through assessments at the Career Services office. It notes that about 1/3 of college students enter undeclared and over 50% change majors. The final steps are meeting with an advisor in the chosen major and completing a declaration of major form.
Kundan Kumar Singh is seeking a position as a civil engineer with 3 years of experience in the construction industry. He has a Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and has worked on projects involving pile foundations, water treatment plants, overhead tanks, and pipelines. His responsibilities have included site supervision, quality control testing, schedule preparation, and liaising with clients and contractors. He has strengths in project management, technical skills, and safety and quality monitoring.
This document provides an overview of using audio test and measurement instruments to evaluate broadcast facilities. It discusses using multitone signals to test audio quality over the air and evaluate new equipment in real time. Case studies are presented on using audio analyzers to diagnose issues with a Bluetooth car kit by measuring speech quality scores and analyzing frequency response characteristics. The document emphasizes the importance of objective measurement for ensuring broadcast audio quality.
Fiama Di Wills targets young, modern, skin-conscious people between 18-35 years old. It segments the market based on age, lifestyle, and priorities. Fiama Di Wills positions itself as a high-quality, affordable soap that provides moisture and care for the skin, appealing to middle-class men and women seeking everyday skin care products. The gel soap bar contains conditioners for rich moisturization at an accessible price point.
This document provides summaries of five case studies of successful not-for-profit dental centers across the United States. Common lessons learned from the centers include implementing strategies for economies of scale, focusing on specific patient populations, developing partnerships, utilizing dental residents, finding committed providers, quality improvement programs, engaging leadership and boards, attention to financial sustainability, and the importance of scaling operations for efficiency. The case studies highlight centers ranging in size and revenue that have found ways to expand access to care while remaining financially viable through various strategies.
Nandan Lorekar is seeking a position that utilizes his 2.6 years of experience in roles such as computer operator, HR executive, and administrator. He has strong skills in Microsoft Office, problem solving, multi-tasking, and time management. His resume provides details on his work history and responsibilities in previous roles supporting HR, administration, and computer operations.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
The document outlines the professional approach and core values of integrity, respect, collaboration, empowerment and responsibility. It then lists the industries served, including mega construction projects, hospitality, healthcare, oil and gas, manufacturing, power and utility, engineering procurement and construction, mining, IT and telecommunications, and operation and maintenance. Key services provided are ensuring confidentiality, having a global reach, customer satisfaction, quality project delivery, development process support, and daily status updates.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare and provides examples of stock photos that could be used from photographers blmiers2, f"lish kamina, Alexey Kljatov (ChaoticMind75), and Martin Gommel. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation.
The document describes the author's experience as a counselor for JOLT, a summer camp program in Ukraine. She was asked to teach local children about Judaism through classes, activities, and by being a role model. Though there was a language barrier, the author formed strong bonds with the children, especially a boy named Glieb who was deeply engaged in learning Hebrew. On the last day of camp, they exchanged gifts - the boy gave her a keychain while she gifted her prayer book, which deeply moved both of them. The experience had a profound impact on the author and shaped her desire to continue helping others through her career in nursing.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare and encourages the reader to get started making their own presentation. It contains three stock photo credits but no other text.
Partial shading of photovoltaic cells and modules can significantly reduce their power output due to cells being wired in series. Even a small amount of shading on part of a module can decrease the output of the entire module. The use of bypass diodes can help mitigate these losses from shading by allowing current to bypass shaded cells, but shading still reduces the overall efficiency of photovoltaic systems.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect using semiconductors. They are made of materials like silicon that produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. While solar cell technology uses expensive materials and has practical efficiency between 10-25%, it is being increasingly used as renewable energy and research aims to reduce costs and increase efficiency. However, energy production from solar cells also requires large storage systems to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
This document provides an overview of solar cells and photovoltaics. It discusses that solar cells generate electricity directly from sunlight using semiconducting materials. It then covers current developments in solar cell efficiency and capacity growth. The document also addresses the economics, applications, and advantages of solar cell technology.
design a roof top based solar power stationSumit Sharma
This document presents a project report on the design of a roof top based solar power station for Skyline Institute of Engineering and Technology in Greater Noida. It discusses the proposed installation of photovoltaic modules on suitable roof areas of different blocks in the institute to generate electric power from sunlight as an alternative to power from the local electric utility. The report covers topics such as the types of roof top solar PV systems, available roof area at the institute, annual energy consumption, cost estimation and maintenance schedule for the proposed solar power station.
This document presents a project report on the design of a roof top based solar power station for Skyline Institute of Engineering and Technology in Greater Noida. It was submitted by 4 students in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering under the guidance of Dr. B.L. Kaul. The report proposes utilizing suitable roof areas on campus buildings to install solar photovoltaic modules to generate electric power as an alternative to power from the local electric utility. It analyzes the existing electrical load, available roof space, annual energy consumption and provides a cost estimate for installing a grid-connected roof top solar power system.
SOLAR ENERGY TRACKER SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORTeeeraviriet
The document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on solar photovoltaic energy. It states that solar PV capacity has grown rapidly in recent decades and is expected to become a major energy source in the future. However, solar PV still needs to be improved to maximize output, especially in areas with less sunlight. The project aims to develop a prototype solar tracking system to more efficiently orient panels toward the sun and increase solar PV performance.
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1. Imran Hussain,R#10E2-214011 Page 1
Photovoltaic Solar Power plants(PVSP)
(Renewable Energy)
Imran Hussain
“Project”
B Tech(Pass) Electrical, 6th Semester (Spring-2015)
Distance Learning,Reg#10E2-214011
Preston University(Islamabad Campus)
2. Imran Hussain,R#10E2-214011 Page 2
Brief Cntents
Page
Chapter 1: Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant and simple layout (1 to 8)
Chapter 2 : Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages (9 to 11)
Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar (12 to `17)
Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park (18 to 19)
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Chapter:1 Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant (PVSP)
• The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light.
• There are two main types of solar power systems:
Solar thermal systems
Solar PV systems
1.1 Types of solar PV systems
• Grid-connected solar PV systems
• Off-grid solar PV systems
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (“BIPV”)
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Off-grid solarPV systems
1.2 Solar PV Technology and Comparison
• Crystalline cells :Ultra-pure silicon raw material such as those used in semiconductor
chips.150-200 microns thick.
• Thin film : made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2
micrometers thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates.Thesemiconductor layers are so
thin, the costs ofraw material are much lower than the capital equipment and processing
costs.
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1.4 Standard Test Condition (STC)
1,000W/m2 Irradiance
25 ˚C cell temperature
Spectrum at air mass of 1.5
1.5 Factors affecting the PV performance
Irradiance : PV cell performance increases with irradiance
Temperature : PV cell performance declines as cell temperature rises.
• The loss in power output at 70˚C , for example measured as (70 - 25) x temperature
coefficient.
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1.6 Negative Temperature Coefficient
• Most thin film technologies have a lowernegative temperature coefficient compared to
crystalline technologies.
• They tend to lose less of their rated capacity as temperature rises. Hence, thin film
technologies will generate 5-10% more electricity per year.
1.7 PV PLANT Simple layout
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1.10 Major Parts/Equipments of a PVSP
Electrical and Control Building (ECB)
Major electrical equipment :
1. Medium Voltage Switchgear
2. Low Voltage Switchgear
3. Station Battery
4. Unit Auxiliary Transformers
Inverter Buildings
Each inverter building is divided into three rooms :
1. The low voltage switchgear room
2. the transformer room
3. The Ring Main Unit (RMU) room.
The following major components are within the inverter building:
• Two Inverters
• Medium Voltage Step Up Transformer
• Inverter Building UPS
• RMU Switchgear
• Detectors and instrumentation.
DC System:
The DC system consists of the following major components:
• PV Modules and Arrays
• DC Junction Boxes
• DC Breaker Panels
PV modules and Arrays
• Advanced thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar panel .
• Individual PV modules are connected in series to create a string,Tabels and Arrays.
• The efficiency of the module ~11.88% .
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• DC Breaker Panel
The positive leads of all individual DC Junction Boxes feed a single inverter DC Breaker
Panel with internal breakers.
The negative leads are routed through the DC Breaker Panel but are not connected to a
circuit breaker.
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Chapter 2: Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages
2.1 Example-Annual Generated Power
2.2 Solar PV Output Profile
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2.3 Solar PV System
• Cell - Module - String - Table - Array
• Tilt angle
2.4 Solar PV system warranty
Two main components to a PV module warranty:
A workmanship warranty : offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase in case of
defects.
Powerwarranty : Most manufacturers warrant at least 90% of the minimum rated
output for 10 years, and 80% of the minimum rated output for 20-25 years.
2.5 Advantages of Photovoltaic Solar Plant
A solar photovoltaic system has a number of advantages in addition to its reliance on a clean
and inexhaustible resource. It has no moving parts, so that a solar power station can be virtually
maintenance-free - a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in remotely operated lighthouses,
telecommunication relay stations and space vehicles. Solar cells can easily be mass-produced,
as transistors and semiconductor integrated circuits are. In an expanding market this attribute
can be expected to bring about cost reductions resulting from economies of scale. Solar arrays
consist of a number of solar-cell modules and allow a wide range of application sizes and types
with the same conversion efficiency and technology. A plant of megawatt size can be built in
less than a year, in sharp contrast to conventional power plants and particularly to nuclear
plants. As a result power companies can have more flexibility in planning for projected changes
in the demand for electricity In the light of all those considerations one can expect that the era
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of economically feasible photovoltaics will arrive in the near future, sooner than anyone would
have supposed a decade ago. The achievement will require sustained research and development
work, international cooperation and perhaps some initial subsidies by individual governments.
Given the right conditions, the photovoltaic industry could eventually rival the electronic
industry in size.
2.6 Example- CO2 Reduction
2.7 Example– Cost Comparison
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Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar Terms
Air Mass (sometimes called air mass ratio):Equal to the cosine of the zenith angle or that
angle from directly overhead to a line intersecting the sun. The air mass is an indication of the
length of the path solar radiation travels through the atmosphere.An air mass of 1.0 means the
sun is directly overhead and the radiation
Travels through one atmosphere(thickness).
Amorphous Silicon: A thin‐film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no crystalline
structure manufactured by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate
Angle of Incidence:The angle between the direct radiation on a surface and the normal to that
surface.
Anti-Reflection Coating(ARC): A thin coating of material applied to a solar cell
surface that reducesthe light reflection and increases light transmission.
Array: Any number of electrically connected photovoltaic (PV) modules/ table
providing a single electrical output.
Band Gap Energy (Eg): The amount of energy (in electron volts) required to free an outer
shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from
thevalence to the conduction level.
BIPV (Building‐Integrated Photovoltaic):A term for the design and integration of
photovoltaic (PV) technology into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional
building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades,
replacing view glass, spandrel glass, or other facade material; into semitransparent
skylight systems; into roofing systems,replacing traditional roofing materials; into
shading "eyebrows" over windows; or other building envelope systems.
Blocking Diode:A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or cells and a storage
battery to keep the battery from discharging through the cell when there is no output, or low
output, from the solar cell. It can be thought of as a one‐way valve that allows electrons to flow
forwards, but not backwards.
Bypass Diode: A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such
that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. It protects these solar cells from
thermal destruction in case of total or partial shading of individual solar cells while other cells
are exposed to full light.
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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):Solar energy conversion technologies that convert solar
energy to electricity using mirror or lenses, by heating a working fluid to power a turbine that
drives a generator(four common forms :Parabolic trough,Fresnel reflector, Solar tower and dish
stirling).
Contact Area: That area of ohmic contact provided on either the p or n surface of a solar cell
for electric circuit connections.
Crystalline Silicon: A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single‐crystal
silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
Declination: The angular position of the sun at solar noon(when the sun is on the
local meridian) with respect to the plane of the equator, north positive.
Diffuse radiation: The solar radiationreceived from the sun after its direction has
been changed by scattering by the atmosphere
Direct Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun without having been scattered by
the atmosphere (Directradiation is often referred to beam radiation).
Fill Factor:The ratio of a photovoltaic cell's actual power to its power if both
current and voltage are at their maxima, a key characteristic in evaluating cell
performance.
Fixed Tilt Array: A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to
Horizontal.
Flat‐Plate Photovoltaic (PV): A PV array or module that consists of non-concentrating
elements.Flat‐plate arrays and modules use direct and diffuse
sunlight, but if the array is fixed in position, some portion of the direct sunlight is
lost because of oblique sun‐angles in relation to the array
Fresnel lens:An optical device that focuses light like a magnifying glass,concentric rings are
faced at slightly different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point.
Full Sun: The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth's surface at noon on a
clear day (about1,000 Watts/square meter).
Irradiance, W/m2: Therate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of
surface. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.
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I‐V Curve: A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from aPhotovoltaic
device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load)
condition to the open circuit(maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the curve
characterizes cell performance.
Junction Box: A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on the
Module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices
can be located, if necessary.
Latitude: The angular location north or south of equator, north positive Line‐ Commutated.
Inverter: An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power
(conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if
there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.
Maximum Power Point (MPP):The point on the current‐voltage (I‐V) curve of a
Module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum.
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT): Means ofa power‐conditioni ng unit that
automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum power point under
allconditions
Multicrystalline: A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously
oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline or semi-crystalline.
Orientation: A term used to describe the direction that the surface of a solar module faces. The
two components of orientation are the tilt angle (the angle of
inclination a module makes from the horizontal)and the azimuth (based on true
south, not magnetic North/South).
Photocurrent: An electric current induced by radiant energy.
Photon: A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.
Photovoltaic(s) (PV): The word “photovoltaic” combines two terms“photo”means light and
“voltaic” means voltage, pertaining to the direct conversion of light into electricity
Photovoltaic (PV) Array:An interconnected system of PV mo dules that function as a single
electricity‐producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common
support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.
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Photovoltaic (PV) Cell: The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to perform
the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage and current).
Also called a solar cell.
Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency:The ratio of the electric power produced by a
photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.
Photovoltaic (PV) Effect: The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the "particles" in a
beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property of light is
combined with the properties of semiconductors,
electronsflow in one direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With the
addition of circuitry,current will flow and electric power will be available.
Photovoltaic (PV) Module: The smallest environmentallyprotected, essentially
planar,assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, (and
protective devices such as diodes) intended to generate direct
current power under un-concentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer
(substrate).
Photovoltaic (PV) Panel: Often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in
onemodule systems), butmore accurately used to refer to a physically connected
Collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a required
voltage and current).
Photovoltaic‐Thermal (PV/T) System:A photovoltaic system that, in addition to
converting sun light into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers
both heatand electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system
POA : Plane of Array Irradiance ( the irradiance when the measuring equipment or
the panel with tilt angle , e.g., 20 ̊), different than horizontal irradiance
Power Purchase Agreements (PPA): A contract to purchase energy. PPAs are
usually established between a power plant and a purchaser of electrical energy, such as a
utility.A PPA may be a contract written between a building owner that
wants to use solar energy and a third-party developer who will install, maintain and
own the PV system used to generate the electricity on the building’s structure,and then sell the
solar energy produced by the system to the buildingowner at a pre-
determined rate.
Pyranometer: An instrument used for measuring global solar irradiance.
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Pyrheliometer:An instrument used for measuring direct beam solar irradiance
Silicon (Si): A semi‐metallic chemical element that makes an excellent semiconductor material
for photovoltaic devices. It crystallizes in face‐centered cubic lattice like a diamond.It's
commonly found in sand and quartz (as the oxide)
Solar Constant: The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper
atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1367 Watts
per square meter.
Solar Energy: Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The amount
that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energy
generated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt‐hours.
Solar‐Grade Silicon: Intermediate‐grade silicon used in the manufacture of solar
cells. Less expensive than electronic‐grade silicon.
Solar Noon: The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun reaches its
highest,apparent point in the sky.
Solar Spectrum: The totaldistribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun, the
different regions of the solar spectrum is described by their wavelength range. Thevisible region
extends from about 390 to 780 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of one meter).
Stand‐Alone System: An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid.
May or may not have storage, but most stand‐alone systems require batteries or some other
form of storage.
String: A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in
series toproduce the operating voltage required by the load.
Temperature Factors: It is common for three elements in photovoltaic system sizing to have
distinct temperature corrections: a factor used to decrease battery capacity( if battery exist)at
cold temperatures; a factor used to decrease PV module voltage at high temperatures; and a
factor used to decrease the current carrying capability of wire at high temperatures.
Thin‐Film Photovoltaic Module: A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential layers of
thin‐film semiconductor materials.
Tilt Angle: The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun relative to ahorizontal
position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to maximize seasonal or
Annual energy collection.
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Total Solar Radiation: The sum of the direct and the diffuse solar radiation on a
surface, often referred as Global radiation.
Tracking Array: A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to maximize the
solar radiationincident on the PV surface, the two most common
orientations are: (1) one axis where the array tracks the sun east to west; and (2)
two‐axis tracking where the array points directly at the sun at all times. Tracking
arrays use both the direct and diffuse sunlight. Two‐axis tracking arrays capture the
maximum possible daily energy.
Wafer: A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made by cutting from a single
crystal or ingot.
Zenith Angle: The angle between the direction of interest(the sun, for example) and the zenith
(directly overhead).
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Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park
4.1 Introduction
The Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park is a 1,000-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station in
Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The first 100-megawatt (MW) went operational in May 2015.
The renewable energy power project fueled by solar energy is named after Quaid-e-Azam, the
founder of Pakistan. It is the first ever utility scale solar power plant in the country. Once
completed, it will be Pakistan's largest and one of the largest in the world.
Once fully completed by the end of 2016 it will have the capacity to generate 1,000 MW.
Tebian Electric Apparatus was awarded the contract for the first phase of the project which was
completed in May 2015 for a cost $131 million.
4.2 Plant Overview
4.3 Project Detail and Future Extension
The first 100MW project is owned 100% by the government of Punjab, Bank of Punjab. The
turnkey contractor for the project is Tebian Electric Apparatus (TBEA) Xinjiang SunOasis Co.
Ltd. [1][2] The installation of the plant was completed within a record time of 3 months (Nov
2014 to Jan 2015), and it is currently under testing and commissioning.
The 100MW solar power plant comprises of the PV area and a 100MVA substation. The
electrical output is being connected to a 132kV transmission line that runs through the Solar
Park. Currently the transmission line has a capacity of up to 400MW and the utility company is
in the process of upgrading its capacity to 1000MW. The project started generating 100 MW of
power in April 2015 & 1,000 MW by the end of 2016. The project comprises 400,000 solar
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panels and was built for a cost of about $ 131 Million. Once completed, the project will
generate more than the current 550 MW installed capacity in the Topaz Solar Farm and the
Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California. The project's expected completion in 2016 would
made it the largest photovoltaic power station.
The government has invited investors to invest here for the balance 900 megawatts, in which
several local and international companies will establish projects.Several domestic and
international investors have been granted LOIs to start the process of establishment of solar
plants on IPP (independent power producer) basis.
The Government of Pakistan announced a new upfront feed in tariff for solar power plants in
January 2015, where the investors will be able to sell electricity to the national grid at between
14 to 15 US cents per kWh. The announcement of this tariff and the completion of the first
100MW at Bahawalpur has caused a great interest on the part of investors.