Pvsp final

Imran Hussain,R#10E2-214011 Page 1
Photovoltaic Solar Power plants(PVSP)
(Renewable Energy)
Imran Hussain
“Project”
B Tech(Pass) Electrical, 6th Semester (Spring-2015)
Distance Learning,Reg#10E2-214011
Preston University(Islamabad Campus)

Brief Cntents
Page
Chapter 1: Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant and simple layout (1 to 8)
Chapter 2 : Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages (9 to 11)
Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar (12 to `17)
Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park (18 to 19)

Chapter:1 Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant (PVSP)
• The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light.
• There are two main types of solar power systems:
 Solar thermal systems
 Solar PV systems
1.1 Types of solar PV systems
• Grid-connected solar PV systems
• Off-grid solar PV systems
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (“BIPV”)

Off-grid solarPV systems
1.2 Solar PV Technology and Comparison
• Crystalline cells :Ultra-pure silicon raw material such as those used in semiconductor
chips.150-200 microns thick.
• Thin film : made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2
micrometers thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates.Thesemiconductor layers are so
thin, the costs ofraw material are much lower than the capital equipment and processing
costs.

1.3 Conversion Efficiency

1.4 Standard Test Condition (STC)
 1,000W/m2 Irradiance
 25 ˚C cell temperature
 Spectrum at air mass of 1.5
1.5 Factors affecting the PV performance
 Irradiance : PV cell performance increases with irradiance
 Temperature : PV cell performance declines as cell temperature rises.
• The loss in power output at 70˚C , for example measured as (70 - 25) x temperature
coefficient.

1.6 Negative Temperature Coefficient
• Most thin film technologies have a lowernegative temperature coefficient compared to
crystalline technologies.
• They tend to lose less of their rated capacity as temperature rises. Hence, thin film
technologies will generate 5-10% more electricity per year.
1.7 PV PLANT Simple layout

1.8 DC to AC invertor
1.9 Inverter Operating Modes

1.10 Major Parts/Equipments of a PVSP
 Electrical and Control Building (ECB)
 Major electrical equipment :
1. Medium Voltage Switchgear
2. Low Voltage Switchgear
3. Station Battery
4. Unit Auxiliary Transformers
 Inverter Buildings
 Each inverter building is divided into three rooms :
1. The low voltage switchgear room
2. the transformer room
3. The Ring Main Unit (RMU) room.
 The following major components are within the inverter building:
• Two Inverters
• Medium Voltage Step Up Transformer
• Inverter Building UPS
• RMU Switchgear
• Detectors and instrumentation.
DC System:
 The DC system consists of the following major components:
• PV Modules and Arrays
• DC Junction Boxes
• DC Breaker Panels
PV modules and Arrays
• Advanced thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar panel .
• Individual PV modules are connected in series to create a string,Tabels and Arrays.
• The efficiency of the module ~11.88% .

• DC Breaker Panel
 The positive leads of all individual DC Junction Boxes feed a single inverter DC Breaker
Panel with internal breakers.
 The negative leads are routed through the DC Breaker Panel but are not connected to a
circuit breaker.

Chapter 2: Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages
2.1 Example-Annual Generated Power
2.2 Solar PV Output Profile

2.3 Solar PV System
• Cell - Module - String - Table - Array
• Tilt angle
2.4 Solar PV system warranty
Two main components to a PV module warranty:
 A workmanship warranty : offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase in case of
defects.
 Powerwarranty : Most manufacturers warrant at least 90% of the minimum rated
output for 10 years, and 80% of the minimum rated output for 20-25 years.
2.5 Advantages of Photovoltaic Solar Plant
A solar photovoltaic system has a number of advantages in addition to its reliance on a clean
and inexhaustible resource. It has no moving parts, so that a solar power station can be virtually
maintenance-free - a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in remotely operated lighthouses,
telecommunication relay stations and space vehicles. Solar cells can easily be mass-produced,
as transistors and semiconductor integrated circuits are. In an expanding market this attribute
can be expected to bring about cost reductions resulting from economies of scale. Solar arrays
consist of a number of solar-cell modules and allow a wide range of application sizes and types
with the same conversion efficiency and technology. A plant of megawatt size can be built in
less than a year, in sharp contrast to conventional power plants and particularly to nuclear
plants. As a result power companies can have more flexibility in planning for projected changes
in the demand for electricity In the light of all those considerations one can expect that the era

of economically feasible photovoltaics will arrive in the near future, sooner than anyone would
have supposed a decade ago. The achievement will require sustained research and development
work, international cooperation and perhaps some initial subsidies by individual governments.
Given the right conditions, the photovoltaic industry could eventually rival the electronic
industry in size.
2.6 Example- CO2 Reduction
2.7 Example– Cost Comparison

Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar Terms
Air Mass (sometimes called air mass ratio):Equal to the cosine of the zenith angle or that
angle from directly overhead to a line intersecting the sun. The air mass is an indication of the
length of the path solar radiation travels through the atmosphere.An air mass of 1.0 means the
sun is directly overhead and the radiation
Travels through one atmosphere(thickness).
Amorphous Silicon: A thin‐film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no crystalline
structure manufactured by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate
Angle of Incidence:The angle between the direct radiation on a surface and the normal to that
surface.
Anti-Reflection Coating(ARC): A thin coating of material applied to a solar cell
surface that reducesthe light reflection and increases light transmission.
Array: Any number of electrically connected photovoltaic (PV) modules/ table
providing a single electrical output.
Band Gap Energy (Eg): The amount of energy (in electron volts) required to free an outer
shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from
thevalence to the conduction level.
BIPV (Building‐Integrated Photovoltaic):A term for the design and integration of
photovoltaic (PV) technology into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional
building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades,
replacing view glass, spandrel glass, or other facade material; into semitransparent
skylight systems; into roofing systems,replacing traditional roofing materials; into
shading "eyebrows" over windows; or other building envelope systems.
Blocking Diode:A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or cells and a storage
battery to keep the battery from discharging through the cell when there is no output, or low
output, from the solar cell. It can be thought of as a one‐way valve that allows electrons to flow
forwards, but not backwards.
Bypass Diode: A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such
that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. It protects these solar cells from
thermal destruction in case of total or partial shading of individual solar cells while other cells
are exposed to full light.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):Solar energy conversion technologies that convert solar
energy to electricity using mirror or lenses, by heating a working fluid to power a turbine that
drives a generator(four common forms :Parabolic trough,Fresnel reflector, Solar tower and dish
stirling).
Contact Area: That area of ohmic contact provided on either the p or n surface of a solar cell
for electric circuit connections.
Crystalline Silicon: A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single‐crystal
silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
Declination: The angular position of the sun at solar noon(when the sun is on the
local meridian) with respect to the plane of the equator, north positive.
Diffuse radiation: The solar radiationreceived from the sun after its direction has
been changed by scattering by the atmosphere
Direct Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun without having been scattered by
the atmosphere (Directradiation is often referred to beam radiation).
Fill Factor:The ratio of a photovoltaic cell's actual power to its power if both
current and voltage are at their maxima, a key characteristic in evaluating cell
performance.
Fixed Tilt Array: A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to
Horizontal.
Flat‐Plate Photovoltaic (PV): A PV array or module that consists of non-concentrating
elements.Flat‐plate arrays and modules use direct and diffuse
sunlight, but if the array is fixed in position, some portion of the direct sunlight is
lost because of oblique sun‐angles in relation to the array
Fresnel lens:An optical device that focuses light like a magnifying glass,concentric rings are
faced at slightly different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point.
Full Sun: The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth's surface at noon on a
clear day (about1,000 Watts/square meter).
Irradiance, W/m2: Therate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of
surface. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.

I‐V Curve: A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from aPhotovoltaic
device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load)
condition to the open circuit(maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the curve
characterizes cell performance.
Junction Box: A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on the
Module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices
can be located, if necessary.
Latitude: The angular location north or south of equator, north positive Line‐ Commutated.
Inverter: An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power
(conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if
there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.
Maximum Power Point (MPP):The point on the current‐voltage (I‐V) curve of a
Module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum.
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT): Means ofa power‐conditioni ng unit that
automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum power point under
allconditions
Multicrystalline: A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously
oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline or semi-crystalline.
Orientation: A term used to describe the direction that the surface of a solar module faces. The
two components of orientation are the tilt angle (the angle of
inclination a module makes from the horizontal)and the azimuth (based on true
south, not magnetic North/South).
Photocurrent: An electric current induced by radiant energy.
Photon: A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.
Photovoltaic(s) (PV): The word “photovoltaic” combines two terms“photo”means light and
“voltaic” means voltage, pertaining to the direct conversion of light into electricity
Photovoltaic (PV) Array:An interconnected system of PV mo dules that function as a single
electricity‐producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common
support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.

Photovoltaic (PV) Cell: The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to perform
the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage and current).
Also called a solar cell.
Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency:The ratio of the electric power produced by a
photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.
Photovoltaic (PV) Effect: The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the "particles" in a
beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property of light is
combined with the properties of semiconductors,
electronsflow in one direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With the
addition of circuitry,current will flow and electric power will be available.
Photovoltaic (PV) Module: The smallest environmentallyprotected, essentially
planar,assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, (and
protective devices such as diodes) intended to generate direct
current power under un-concentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer
(substrate).
Photovoltaic (PV) Panel: Often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in
onemodule systems), butmore accurately used to refer to a physically connected
Collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a required
voltage and current).
Photovoltaic‐Thermal (PV/T) System:A photovoltaic system that, in addition to
converting sun light into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers
both heatand electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system
POA : Plane of Array Irradiance ( the irradiance when the measuring equipment or
the panel with tilt angle , e.g., 20 ̊), different than horizontal irradiance
Power Purchase Agreements (PPA): A contract to purchase energy. PPAs are
usually established between a power plant and a purchaser of electrical energy, such as a
utility.A PPA may be a contract written between a building owner that
wants to use solar energy and a third-party developer who will install, maintain and
own the PV system used to generate the electricity on the building’s structure,and then sell the
solar energy produced by the system to the buildingowner at a pre-
determined rate.
Pyranometer: An instrument used for measuring global solar irradiance.

Pyrheliometer:An instrument used for measuring direct beam solar irradiance
Silicon (Si): A semi‐metallic chemical element that makes an excellent semiconductor material
for photovoltaic devices. It crystallizes in face‐centered cubic lattice like a diamond.It's
commonly found in sand and quartz (as the oxide)
Solar Constant: The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper
atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1367 Watts
per square meter.
Solar Energy: Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The amount
that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energy
generated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt‐hours.
Solar‐Grade Silicon: Intermediate‐grade silicon used in the manufacture of solar
cells. Less expensive than electronic‐grade silicon.
Solar Noon: The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun reaches its
highest,apparent point in the sky.
Solar Spectrum: The totaldistribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun, the
different regions of the solar spectrum is described by their wavelength range. Thevisible region
extends from about 390 to 780 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of one meter).
Stand‐Alone System: An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid.
May or may not have storage, but most stand‐alone systems require batteries or some other
form of storage.
String: A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in
series toproduce the operating voltage required by the load.
Temperature Factors: It is common for three elements in photovoltaic system sizing to have
distinct temperature corrections: a factor used to decrease battery capacity( if battery exist)at
cold temperatures; a factor used to decrease PV module voltage at high temperatures; and a
factor used to decrease the current carrying capability of wire at high temperatures.
Thin‐Film Photovoltaic Module: A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential layers of
thin‐film semiconductor materials.
Tilt Angle: The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun relative to ahorizontal
position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to maximize seasonal or
Annual energy collection.

Total Solar Radiation: The sum of the direct and the diffuse solar radiation on a
surface, often referred as Global radiation.
Tracking Array: A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to maximize the
solar radiationincident on the PV surface, the two most common
orientations are: (1) one axis where the array tracks the sun east to west; and (2)
two‐axis tracking where the array points directly at the sun at all times. Tracking
arrays use both the direct and diffuse sunlight. Two‐axis tracking arrays capture the
maximum possible daily energy.
Wafer: A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made by cutting from a single
crystal or ingot.
Zenith Angle: The angle between the direction of interest(the sun, for example) and the zenith
(directly overhead).

Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park
4.1 Introduction
The Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park is a 1,000-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station in
Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The first 100-megawatt (MW) went operational in May 2015.
The renewable energy power project fueled by solar energy is named after Quaid-e-Azam, the
founder of Pakistan. It is the first ever utility scale solar power plant in the country. Once
completed, it will be Pakistan's largest and one of the largest in the world.
Once fully completed by the end of 2016 it will have the capacity to generate 1,000 MW.
Tebian Electric Apparatus was awarded the contract for the first phase of the project which was
completed in May 2015 for a cost $131 million.
4.2 Plant Overview
4.3 Project Detail and Future Extension
The first 100MW project is owned 100% by the government of Punjab, Bank of Punjab. The
turnkey contractor for the project is Tebian Electric Apparatus (TBEA) Xinjiang SunOasis Co.
Ltd. [1][2] The installation of the plant was completed within a record time of 3 months (Nov
2014 to Jan 2015), and it is currently under testing and commissioning.
The 100MW solar power plant comprises of the PV area and a 100MVA substation. The
electrical output is being connected to a 132kV transmission line that runs through the Solar
Park. Currently the transmission line has a capacity of up to 400MW and the utility company is
in the process of upgrading its capacity to 1000MW. The project started generating 100 MW of
power in April 2015 & 1,000 MW by the end of 2016. The project comprises 400,000 solar

panels and was built for a cost of about $ 131 Million. Once completed, the project will
generate more than the current 550 MW installed capacity in the Topaz Solar Farm and the
Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California. The project's expected completion in 2016 would
made it the largest photovoltaic power station.
The government has invited investors to invest here for the balance 900 megawatts, in which
several local and international companies will establish projects.Several domestic and
international investors have been granted LOIs to start the process of establishment of solar
plants on IPP (independent power producer) basis.
The Government of Pakistan announced a new upfront feed in tariff for solar power plants in
January 2015, where the investors will be able to sell electricity to the national grid at between
14 to 15 US cents per kWh. The announcement of this tariff and the completion of the first
100MW at Bahawalpur has caused a great interest on the part of investors.

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