Sandia National Laboratories is conducting laboratory and potential underground tests to better understand shear stresses and strains along discontinuities in salt formations. Upcoming laboratory tests in 2017 will apply controlled shear stresses to salt samples containing clay seams and measure the effects on shear and fracture strength. The results will be used to improve models of shear behavior along interfaces. Potential future underground tests in a salt alcove in 2018 would apply stresses to a salt pillar containing a clay seam using pressurized flatjacks to directly observe shear deformation responses in situ. The aim is to reduce modeling uncertainties regarding permeability and deformation of salt near discontinuities.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE ADMIXED HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETEKamal Gupta
Above presentation covers the prediction of numerical model & equation using ANN (artificial neural network ) which will be helpful in getting the approximate compressive ,tensile & flexural strength of concrete without manual performing using some factors mentioned in the presentation . The accuracy of our model is very high as R^2 value is .95 very close to 1
Serviceability Limit State of Two-way Reinforced Concrete Slab Strengthened ...Abdul Majid
The two primary structural design objectives are;
strength and
serviceability.
Serviceability refers to the conditions under which a structure is still considered useful. It refers to conditions other than the structure strength that render the structures unusable.
Laboratory experimental study and elastic wave velocity on physical propertie...HoangTienTrung1
Pressure grouting has gained popularity as a soil reinforcement method. However, the behavior of the interface between rock and grout is not well known. This study investigates the interaction of pressure grouting and rock, through a series of laboratory tests performed on specially designed and fabricated equipment and using standard testing methods. The test measures the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of grout relative to the applied pressure and curing time. Simultaneously, the velocities of the elastic wave traveling through the grout are obtained to develop correlations between the physical properties of the grout and the test conditions. The results of the tests show that the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of the grout increase with applied pressure and curing time. The strengths of the influencing factors are seen to be correlated within the range of the test conditions. Using the results of these tests, the potential development of a new method that requires less cement was discussed.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered Quality
11 Testing Shear Strength and Deformation along Discontinuities in Salt
1. Testing Shear Strength and Deformation along
Discontinuities in Salt
8th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository
Research, Design, and Operation
Steven R. Sobolik, Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Stuart Buchholz, RESPEC, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
Middelburg, The Netherlands
September 5-7, 2017
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by
National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary
of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear
Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This research is funded by WIPP
programs administered by the Office of Environmental Management (EM) of the U.S.
Department of Energy. SAND2017-9197C
2. Test Proposal
Purpose:
To measure, evaluate and quantify effects of shear
displacement along a bedding interface or clay seam on shear
and fracture strength of the interface and accompanying salt.
Evaluate bedded salt modeling concerning deformation,
failure at seams, and bedding planes.
Expected outcome:
Improve understanding of shear stresses and strains on
bedding interfaces that can be translated to current
geomechanical and performance assessment models.
Reduce uncertainty.
2
3. Test Phases
Scoping laboratory tests of shear across interfaces using
controlled samples (blocks of different materials such as
anhydrite and halite) and samples obtained from the field
(halite with included clay seam) – Autumn 2017.
Numerical modeling of laboratory results to develop
appropriate shear friction/fracture models – 2017-2018.
Underground tests in alcove wall with clay seam or similar
interface – 2018 (maybe).
3
4. Discontinuities in salt
Influence of nonhomogeneities in
repository performance identified as 1 of
4 key areas of the research agenda
Examples include bedding interfaces,
boundary shear planes, joints, and
seams of non-halite material such as
anhydrite
Does shear strain create a permeable
flow path along an interface or
premature salt failure?
Little existing lab or in situ data to
characterize shear strength of salt
interface and effects of shear on
interface displacement and permeability 4WIPP Stratigraphy
6. Early test proposed for WIPP
Munson & Matalucci (1983)
proposed in situ test with direct
shear across clay seam.
1 X 1-m block in wall containing
representative clay seam would be
isolated by cutting around it in
place in one of the drifts.
Flatjacks installed in slots cut
around the block to apply shear
and normal stresses.
Displacements along and across the
seam would be measured as
function of applied stress.
This proposed test never occurred.
6
7. Laboratory testing in 2017
Test description: Series of laboratory tests to begin in late 2017 to
be used in conjunction with WIPP, WEIMOS modeling exercises.
Test plan written, completed WIPP QA reviews 7/27/2017.
Contract modification between SNL, RESPEC in process, pending
DOE requirements for WIPP; NEPA checklist completed 8/7/2017
Plan to obtain cores for up to 33 test samples from New Mexico
potash/salt mines:
30 cm diameter, 56 cm length cores cut vertically from floor
Cores to contain clay seam identified from further uphill in drift
Test samples cut from cores will be 10-cm cylinders or square blocks
Seam size no greater than 2.5 cm; or interface between distinct layers
Material next to seam/interface – halite, polyhalite, anhydrite
Asperity characteristics?
7
8. Laboratory testing goals
Laboratory shear tests similar to those on carnalite and salt
performed in 2007 (Minkley & Mühlbauer); test results were used
for model development.
2017 laboratory tests require following:
10-cm samples, with existing or fabricated interface
6.9-20.7 MPa stress capacity both in axial (compression) and shear loading
Fixed normal stress for most tests; fixed normal displacement another
option
Variable shear velocity to evaluate onset of fracture/slip
RESPEC direct shear machine (Capacity for up to 15-cm cube samples, 130
kN capacity, shear velocities 0.25-5 mm/min.)
Analysis plan in process (Reedlunn) to develop constitutive,
numerical model for shear slip in seams from results of 2017 lab
tests. 8
9. Shear Test Setup
Similar to Minkley test setup
RESPEC direct shear machine
Eliminates bending force due to shear (box that holds specimen)
9
Weight balanced
upper shear box
Shear load ram vertically
aligned with midheight of
interface gap
Pinned linkage
Spherical seat
Rollered contact for normal
load on upper shear box
Normal load ram centered
with centerline of specimen
10. Shear Test Setup (Actual Test)
10
Weight balanced
upper shear box
Shear load ram aligned with
centerline of interface gap
Pinned linkage
Rollered normal load application
to upper shear box
Center of pressure remains
aligned with center of bottom box
11. German shear test - velocity
Dependence of the friction on the velocity of
the running shear process is plotted here.
At high shear velocities, adhesive friction
resistance must be overcome before a loss of
strength appears. Under such conditions a
significant drop in shear stress occurs.
At low shear velocities, no additional resistance
of adhesive friction develops as in the case of a
quick movement and, thus, cohesion is
maintained.
11
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
v = 0.002 mm/s
v = 0.000005 mm/s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
v = 0.002 mm/s
v = 0.000005 mm/s
N = 10 MPa
carnallitite
rock salt
N = 10 MPa
carnallitite
rock salt
σN=10 MPa
12. Minkley & Mühlbauer (2007) Test Results
(Carnallite on salt)
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
v = 0.002 mm/s
v = 0.000005 mm/s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 1 2 3 4 5 6
shearstress[MPa]
shear displacement us [mm]
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
Result of computation
Laboratory test result
v = 0.002 mm/s
v = 0.000005 mm/s
Test Results at
Two Different Shear Velocities
Summary of Test Results
13. Testing/modeling options that
can be considered
Measure composition of interface
Seam/interface may be modeled as contact surface, or as thin layer or one of more
materials
Simple Mohr-Coulomb static/dynamic friction coefficient may be first approach
Select material models, parameters for shear stiffness & strength
Compare predictions of displacement along interface, change in aperture thickness,
based on design, actual pressure application to measured values
Also consider including long-duration constant pressure, to collect measurements for
transient, steady-state creep parameters
Measure permeability or flow in interface (and changes during test), if feasible
Ambient test required; additional heated test should be considered
13
14. Proposed Slot Test in Salt (2018)
Alcove with horizontal clay seam, with “room divider” pillar created for test.
Slots cut in top, back of pillar; pressurized flatjacks installed to produced controlled
normal, shear loading.
Measurements of applied pressure and displacement will capture the evolution of shear-
induced characteristics of the inhomogeneity and neighboring salt during the test.
Pre-test analyses to predict changes to interface.
Other test configurations considered to eliminate bending moment.
14
15. Proposed Slot Test in Salt
Proposed test alcove will look similar to YMP Busted Butte test shown below (pictures
supplied by Los Alamos National Labs)
15
1000-3000 psi stress capacity, 30,000 lb load capacity, 4” samples to be used, 6” max samples
It may be good to do fixed normal displacement. During shearing, the interface will attempt to dilate, causing a whole range of normal stresses. The IfG will sometimes do this if they only have enough funding to do one sample. For us, it would probably be good to do mostly fixed normal stress, and only few fixed normal displacement.
It might be worth measuring the composition of the clay. Kris Kuhlman said that they measured 12 % water using an oedometer test on some WIPP clay.
Stuart’s discussion.
Stuart’s discussion.
Shear on cracks and bedding planes can generally be described by two mechanisms:
velocity-dependent softening (velocity weakening)
displacement-dependent softening (displacement weakening)
Minkley et al. developed shear model with the following characteristics:
Dependence of the adhesive friction coefficient on the velocity of the shear process
The shear stress versus shear displacement curve approaches a “target” shear strength of the bedding plane
The “target” shear strength remains constant until the softening region is reached and then decreases with progressing shear displacement.
Comment on Karl-Heinz Lux’s diagonal load through interface centroid idea, Courtney Herrick’s double-lap shear test (seams on top and bottom).