This is a presentation about the growing field of solar fuels and the balanced carbon cycle concept (B3C) that I made during my research in how we save the climate of planet earth within the economic boundaries we have in the current energy system.
Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV) has experienced a large thrust in the last couple of years as it is starting to deliver very promising technologies into the market. The role played by the Institute of Concentration Photovoltaics (ISFOC) in Puertollano, Spain, has been key to the growth of the industry helping the development of the first commercial products and their deployment. Multijunction solar cells with commercial efficiencies close to 40%, innovative optical designs that minimise losses and novel approaches to the tight CPV tracking requirements are the main technical advances that are easing up the way of CPV deployment.
The ISFOC project has been financed by the Spanish Government and through the installation of up to 3MW of various CPV technologies is helping to define the standards for the industry and their evaluation of power and energy performance. Further on, ISFOC will be open for collaboration in applied research and technology on all the key areas of CPV which is to become a major sector in renewable energy generation across the globe. This webinar will review the current status of the ISFOC project and the technical and commercial opportunity for CPV.
High concentration photovoltaics: potentials and challengesLeonardo ENERGY
The document summarizes key topics in high concentration photovoltaics (HCPV), including:
- HCPV aims to lower the cost of expensive III-V solar cells by reducing their area through high optical concentration.
- HCPV systems use optics to concentrate sunlight onto small, high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells.
- Advanced optics designs like free-form surfaces can provide high concentration ratios and tolerances needed for HCPV to be cost-effective.
- The document compares different HCPV systems in terms of their efficiency, concentration ratio, and acceptance angle tolerance.
High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) TechnologyACX
This document discusses using high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) technology in Kenya. It describes a case study of an HCPV project currently providing electricity to a customer in Kenya. The project uses linear fresnel solar collectors to concentrate sunlight onto absorber tubes to generate thermal energy. This technology provides attractive returns on investment for the customer and helps reduce their power bills in a financially viable way while also allowing them to claim carbon credits.
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 2 : Parabolic TroughLeonardo ENERGY
In this session the main elements of the parabolic trough technology will be described: concentrators, receivers, heat transfer fluids, connecting elements, etc.
Then, the main characteristics of today’s parabolic trough solar thermal power plants will be presented: design, operation and costs.
Finally, the audience will get some ideas for future developments.
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 5 - Solar Resource AssessmentLeonardo ENERGY
In this session there will be a complete review of technologies and techniques to assess the solar resource of a site and its suitability for a CSP project.
- Understanding the solar resource for csp plants
- Solar radiation measurement and estimation
- Solar radiation databases
- Statistical characterisation of the solar resource. Typical meteorological years
- Solar resource assessment for csp plants
This document discusses the history and future of solar thermal electric power plants. It covers the recent boom in Spain, emerging markets in the US, MENA region, India, China and Australia. It also discusses the DESERTEC concept of generating electricity from solar thermal plants in desert regions and transmitting it to population centers in Europe via HVDC lines. Overall it presents optimism about the future prospects of solar thermal electric technologies and their ability to provide sustainable, affordable electricity on a large scale.
Why Super Low Loss Amorphous Transformers are a Non-brainer for Britain’s Lea...EMEX
Supply transformers are a common piece of electrical infrastructure on campuses across the UK. Despite some major advancements in super low loss technology, old and inefficient transformers continue to waste thousands of pounds in avoidable electricity costs each year. This session will showcase energy saving capabilities of modern supply transformers and provide you with the opportunity to get best practice advice and first-hand experience from a senior engineer in the estates and environment department of one of Britain’s leading Universities.
Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV) has experienced a large thrust in the last couple of years as it is starting to deliver very promising technologies into the market. The role played by the Institute of Concentration Photovoltaics (ISFOC) in Puertollano, Spain, has been key to the growth of the industry helping the development of the first commercial products and their deployment. Multijunction solar cells with commercial efficiencies close to 40%, innovative optical designs that minimise losses and novel approaches to the tight CPV tracking requirements are the main technical advances that are easing up the way of CPV deployment.
The ISFOC project has been financed by the Spanish Government and through the installation of up to 3MW of various CPV technologies is helping to define the standards for the industry and their evaluation of power and energy performance. Further on, ISFOC will be open for collaboration in applied research and technology on all the key areas of CPV which is to become a major sector in renewable energy generation across the globe. This webinar will review the current status of the ISFOC project and the technical and commercial opportunity for CPV.
High concentration photovoltaics: potentials and challengesLeonardo ENERGY
The document summarizes key topics in high concentration photovoltaics (HCPV), including:
- HCPV aims to lower the cost of expensive III-V solar cells by reducing their area through high optical concentration.
- HCPV systems use optics to concentrate sunlight onto small, high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells.
- Advanced optics designs like free-form surfaces can provide high concentration ratios and tolerances needed for HCPV to be cost-effective.
- The document compares different HCPV systems in terms of their efficiency, concentration ratio, and acceptance angle tolerance.
High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) TechnologyACX
This document discusses using high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) technology in Kenya. It describes a case study of an HCPV project currently providing electricity to a customer in Kenya. The project uses linear fresnel solar collectors to concentrate sunlight onto absorber tubes to generate thermal energy. This technology provides attractive returns on investment for the customer and helps reduce their power bills in a financially viable way while also allowing them to claim carbon credits.
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 2 : Parabolic TroughLeonardo ENERGY
In this session the main elements of the parabolic trough technology will be described: concentrators, receivers, heat transfer fluids, connecting elements, etc.
Then, the main characteristics of today’s parabolic trough solar thermal power plants will be presented: design, operation and costs.
Finally, the audience will get some ideas for future developments.
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 5 - Solar Resource AssessmentLeonardo ENERGY
In this session there will be a complete review of technologies and techniques to assess the solar resource of a site and its suitability for a CSP project.
- Understanding the solar resource for csp plants
- Solar radiation measurement and estimation
- Solar radiation databases
- Statistical characterisation of the solar resource. Typical meteorological years
- Solar resource assessment for csp plants
This document discusses the history and future of solar thermal electric power plants. It covers the recent boom in Spain, emerging markets in the US, MENA region, India, China and Australia. It also discusses the DESERTEC concept of generating electricity from solar thermal plants in desert regions and transmitting it to population centers in Europe via HVDC lines. Overall it presents optimism about the future prospects of solar thermal electric technologies and their ability to provide sustainable, affordable electricity on a large scale.
Why Super Low Loss Amorphous Transformers are a Non-brainer for Britain’s Lea...EMEX
Supply transformers are a common piece of electrical infrastructure on campuses across the UK. Despite some major advancements in super low loss technology, old and inefficient transformers continue to waste thousands of pounds in avoidable electricity costs each year. This session will showcase energy saving capabilities of modern supply transformers and provide you with the opportunity to get best practice advice and first-hand experience from a senior engineer in the estates and environment department of one of Britain’s leading Universities.
The CSP technology in a simplified way (e.g. how
it works, system components, options); Selection criteria e.g. location, size,
technology, O&M, contract type (PPA).
To download, head to - http://solarreference.com/cspalliance-csp-thermal-energy-storage-presentation/
Also available at CSP alliance website. Key information includes - direct comparison of a CSP power plant with a conventional power plant, importance of thermal energy storage and the fact that deployment would lead to much more cost reduction than r&d.
For colelction of similar resources, head to -
http://solarreference.com
The document discusses several wind and solar hydrogen energy systems around Europe:
1) The Utsira system in Norway which uses an electrolyzer powered by a wind turbine to produce hydrogen that supplements a stand-alone power system for 10 homes. It has an electrolyzer capacity of 50 kW and hydrogen storage of 13 cubic meters at 200 bar pressure.
2) A wind-hydrogen test site in Attica, Greece that includes a 100 kW alkaline electrolyzer, 500 kW wind turbine, and hydrogen storage and refueling infrastructure.
3) A wind-solar hydrogen system on the island of Mljet, Croatia which provides over 70% of the island's electricity needs through PV panels and hydrogen storage.
Design, test and mathematica modeling of parabolic trough solat collectors (P...Marco Sotte
Parabolic Trough Collectors are widespread in CSP applications. Their adoption is less developed in industrial heat demand applications. In the present thesis the design and test of two prototypes of PTC for the thermal loads in the range 80 - 250 °C is described. A mathematical model has also been developed to predict optical efficiency and thermal losses for any PTC. The model has been validated through comparison with the experimental results on the prototypes. Then it has been included in a custom-built simulation environment to predict yearly perfor- mances of a PTC field coupled with an industrial process heat demand. Energetic results are shown and final considerations are drawn for this application.
Silicon CPV is a British renewable energy technology company with a long history of research and development in photovoltaics. It has patented high-efficiency solar cell technologies and concentrator systems using prismatic lenses. The company's HELICS solar cell aims for 24% efficiency using low-cost silicon wafer processing techniques. Silicon CPV designs and manufactures solar lighting products for streets and highways using its proprietary high-efficiency solar panels, batteries, LEDs, and optics to minimize glare and maximize light on road surfaces.
This document discusses solar power generation using molten salt technology. It introduces molten salt technology, how it functions in a solar power system, and its advantages over other energy storage methods. Molten salt uses a mixture of salts that can reach high temperatures and is a low-cost medium for storing solar energy even after sunset. Implementing molten salt solar plants in India would help reduce dependence on coal and lower costs for the electric sector by providing renewable energy storage.
The document discusses concentration solar power (CSP) and concentration photovoltaic (CPV) technologies. It provides an overview of CSP technologies including parabolic troughs, power towers, and dishes/engines. It discusses project development considerations like site issues, permitting, and financing. Generation costs are expected to decline but support schemes will still be needed. CPV is less mature than CSP but aims to lower costs through optical concentration and mass production. Both technologies are expected to see significant market growth in the coming decades.
To download, head to -
http://solarreference.com/parabolic-trough-collectors-comparison/
A detailed comparison of different types of parabolic trough collectors on the basis of specifications, technology, material etc. If CSP is your arena, this is one presentation you just can't miss !!!
Source: NREL
For more quality resources visit us at http://solarreference.com
GCL Group is an international energy company established in 1990 that specializes in clean and sustainable power production through solar energy, natural gas, and other sources. It is the 5th largest energy producer and largest private energy producer in China, with global assets of $16 billion. GCL Group's solar sector covers the entire PV value chain from material manufacturing to solar farm development and operation, and it is the world's largest polysilicon and wafer producer. The company aims to be the most respected international clean energy provider through high-efficiency products and solutions that improve the global environment.
Kiomars dabbagh use of photovoltaic modules in desert climatessarah7887
The document discusses the use of photovoltaic modules in desert climates and their potential applications. It describes SCHOTT Solar as an experienced partner in solar energy and highlights off-grid PV applications and the immediate market potential of PV-diesel hybrid systems in GCC countries.
How to Deploy Energy Storage Technology at the Enterprise Level – Case StudyEMEX
The financial justification for the roll out of battery based storage technology to large and medium sized companies is becoming increasingly compelling. Such systems will allow time shifting of demand enabling an enterprise to take advantage of low priced electricity as well as avoiding expensive electricity and surcharges during periods of high network usage. These benefits can be enjoyed by the enterprise without the need to resort to demand reduction which could impact on the operation of the business. This session focusses on the choices and options concerning the deployment of battery based storage systems and how this new technology can be cost effectively rolled out, at enterprise level, illustrated with some case studies of deployed systems.
IRJET- Rankine Cycle Coupled with Heliostat Solar Receiver; Modeling and Simu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on modeling and simulating a Rankine cycle coupled with a heliostat solar receiver. It discusses using concentrated solar power to generate electricity by focusing sunlight onto a receiver using heliostats. The heat is then used to power a Rankine cycle. It compares using circular and elliptical receiver tube sections. The methodology uses pressure-velocity coupling simulation in ANSYS software. The research aims to minimize coal consumption and fill gaps in integrating solar thermal with Rankine cycles.
Parabolic dish solar concentrator systems were designed, fabricated, and tested at varying concentration ratios to investigate their performance. The concentrators had diameters of 0.9m and focal lengths of 1.02m. Testing was conducted at concentration ratios of 10.38, 20.76, and 31.15 using 1, 2, and 3 concentrators respectively. Higher concentration ratios resulted in shorter times to achieve steam production and higher steam pressures. Concentration ratios of 20.76 produced steam in under 30 minutes, with pressures up to 1.9 bars. Overall, increasing the concentration ratio improved the thermal efficiency and steam output of the parabolic dish concentrator system.
This summer a pioneering energy system was put into service at Owen Square, Bristol. Solar panels on the top of Easton Community Centre are used extract heat from the air using an air source heat pump, pass it through the ground and store it as heat in the soil. The heat is stored in pipes in Owen Square and radiated through the soil before other pipes pump the heat back into the community centre through water.
El 15 de febrero de 2017 recibimos en la Fundación Ramón Areces la visita de Daniel Kammen, profesor de la Universidad de California (Berkeley), para hablar sobre 'La ciencia y la política de la energía sostenible'. Esta actividad se celebró en colaboración con Economics for energy.
Photovoltaic Review -Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy System ISE Ashish Verma
It give the wide spectrum of Solar PV market, Technology share ,Installed capacity in various region ,material per Wp cost ,Inverter Cost and many more information about Solar PV industry .
This document presents a solar power plant project that generates 50W of DC power using solar panels and batteries. The solar energy charges a 12V, 7Ah lead-acid battery, which powers a string of 12 high-intensity LEDs acting as street lights. The system includes solar panels that provide 20V of power, a charging circuit to safely charge the battery without overcharging, and an LDR circuit to control the LEDs based on ambient light levels. The goal of the project is to utilize solar energy to provide off-grid street lighting.
By analyzing radioactive elements in meteorites, astronomers determined that the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. This cloud collapsed over millions of years to form a rotating disk with the sun at the center. The planets formed from this disk, with the inner rocky planets closer to the sun and the outer gas giants farther away. In around 5 billion years, the Milky Way will collide with the Andromeda galaxy, and the solar system will be about 100,000 light years from the center of the new merged galaxy.
The document discusses Solland's strategy to focus on innovative, high-efficiency solar modules and partner with other companies to gain scale in global markets. It outlines their Sunweb technology which uses thinner solar cells to increase efficiency and lower costs. Solland plans to launch their Sunweb module commercially in late 2010 after completing production facilities.
The CSP technology in a simplified way (e.g. how
it works, system components, options); Selection criteria e.g. location, size,
technology, O&M, contract type (PPA).
To download, head to - http://solarreference.com/cspalliance-csp-thermal-energy-storage-presentation/
Also available at CSP alliance website. Key information includes - direct comparison of a CSP power plant with a conventional power plant, importance of thermal energy storage and the fact that deployment would lead to much more cost reduction than r&d.
For colelction of similar resources, head to -
http://solarreference.com
The document discusses several wind and solar hydrogen energy systems around Europe:
1) The Utsira system in Norway which uses an electrolyzer powered by a wind turbine to produce hydrogen that supplements a stand-alone power system for 10 homes. It has an electrolyzer capacity of 50 kW and hydrogen storage of 13 cubic meters at 200 bar pressure.
2) A wind-hydrogen test site in Attica, Greece that includes a 100 kW alkaline electrolyzer, 500 kW wind turbine, and hydrogen storage and refueling infrastructure.
3) A wind-solar hydrogen system on the island of Mljet, Croatia which provides over 70% of the island's electricity needs through PV panels and hydrogen storage.
Design, test and mathematica modeling of parabolic trough solat collectors (P...Marco Sotte
Parabolic Trough Collectors are widespread in CSP applications. Their adoption is less developed in industrial heat demand applications. In the present thesis the design and test of two prototypes of PTC for the thermal loads in the range 80 - 250 °C is described. A mathematical model has also been developed to predict optical efficiency and thermal losses for any PTC. The model has been validated through comparison with the experimental results on the prototypes. Then it has been included in a custom-built simulation environment to predict yearly perfor- mances of a PTC field coupled with an industrial process heat demand. Energetic results are shown and final considerations are drawn for this application.
Silicon CPV is a British renewable energy technology company with a long history of research and development in photovoltaics. It has patented high-efficiency solar cell technologies and concentrator systems using prismatic lenses. The company's HELICS solar cell aims for 24% efficiency using low-cost silicon wafer processing techniques. Silicon CPV designs and manufactures solar lighting products for streets and highways using its proprietary high-efficiency solar panels, batteries, LEDs, and optics to minimize glare and maximize light on road surfaces.
This document discusses solar power generation using molten salt technology. It introduces molten salt technology, how it functions in a solar power system, and its advantages over other energy storage methods. Molten salt uses a mixture of salts that can reach high temperatures and is a low-cost medium for storing solar energy even after sunset. Implementing molten salt solar plants in India would help reduce dependence on coal and lower costs for the electric sector by providing renewable energy storage.
The document discusses concentration solar power (CSP) and concentration photovoltaic (CPV) technologies. It provides an overview of CSP technologies including parabolic troughs, power towers, and dishes/engines. It discusses project development considerations like site issues, permitting, and financing. Generation costs are expected to decline but support schemes will still be needed. CPV is less mature than CSP but aims to lower costs through optical concentration and mass production. Both technologies are expected to see significant market growth in the coming decades.
To download, head to -
http://solarreference.com/parabolic-trough-collectors-comparison/
A detailed comparison of different types of parabolic trough collectors on the basis of specifications, technology, material etc. If CSP is your arena, this is one presentation you just can't miss !!!
Source: NREL
For more quality resources visit us at http://solarreference.com
GCL Group is an international energy company established in 1990 that specializes in clean and sustainable power production through solar energy, natural gas, and other sources. It is the 5th largest energy producer and largest private energy producer in China, with global assets of $16 billion. GCL Group's solar sector covers the entire PV value chain from material manufacturing to solar farm development and operation, and it is the world's largest polysilicon and wafer producer. The company aims to be the most respected international clean energy provider through high-efficiency products and solutions that improve the global environment.
Kiomars dabbagh use of photovoltaic modules in desert climatessarah7887
The document discusses the use of photovoltaic modules in desert climates and their potential applications. It describes SCHOTT Solar as an experienced partner in solar energy and highlights off-grid PV applications and the immediate market potential of PV-diesel hybrid systems in GCC countries.
How to Deploy Energy Storage Technology at the Enterprise Level – Case StudyEMEX
The financial justification for the roll out of battery based storage technology to large and medium sized companies is becoming increasingly compelling. Such systems will allow time shifting of demand enabling an enterprise to take advantage of low priced electricity as well as avoiding expensive electricity and surcharges during periods of high network usage. These benefits can be enjoyed by the enterprise without the need to resort to demand reduction which could impact on the operation of the business. This session focusses on the choices and options concerning the deployment of battery based storage systems and how this new technology can be cost effectively rolled out, at enterprise level, illustrated with some case studies of deployed systems.
IRJET- Rankine Cycle Coupled with Heliostat Solar Receiver; Modeling and Simu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on modeling and simulating a Rankine cycle coupled with a heliostat solar receiver. It discusses using concentrated solar power to generate electricity by focusing sunlight onto a receiver using heliostats. The heat is then used to power a Rankine cycle. It compares using circular and elliptical receiver tube sections. The methodology uses pressure-velocity coupling simulation in ANSYS software. The research aims to minimize coal consumption and fill gaps in integrating solar thermal with Rankine cycles.
Parabolic dish solar concentrator systems were designed, fabricated, and tested at varying concentration ratios to investigate their performance. The concentrators had diameters of 0.9m and focal lengths of 1.02m. Testing was conducted at concentration ratios of 10.38, 20.76, and 31.15 using 1, 2, and 3 concentrators respectively. Higher concentration ratios resulted in shorter times to achieve steam production and higher steam pressures. Concentration ratios of 20.76 produced steam in under 30 minutes, with pressures up to 1.9 bars. Overall, increasing the concentration ratio improved the thermal efficiency and steam output of the parabolic dish concentrator system.
This summer a pioneering energy system was put into service at Owen Square, Bristol. Solar panels on the top of Easton Community Centre are used extract heat from the air using an air source heat pump, pass it through the ground and store it as heat in the soil. The heat is stored in pipes in Owen Square and radiated through the soil before other pipes pump the heat back into the community centre through water.
El 15 de febrero de 2017 recibimos en la Fundación Ramón Areces la visita de Daniel Kammen, profesor de la Universidad de California (Berkeley), para hablar sobre 'La ciencia y la política de la energía sostenible'. Esta actividad se celebró en colaboración con Economics for energy.
Photovoltaic Review -Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy System ISE Ashish Verma
It give the wide spectrum of Solar PV market, Technology share ,Installed capacity in various region ,material per Wp cost ,Inverter Cost and many more information about Solar PV industry .
This document presents a solar power plant project that generates 50W of DC power using solar panels and batteries. The solar energy charges a 12V, 7Ah lead-acid battery, which powers a string of 12 high-intensity LEDs acting as street lights. The system includes solar panels that provide 20V of power, a charging circuit to safely charge the battery without overcharging, and an LDR circuit to control the LEDs based on ambient light levels. The goal of the project is to utilize solar energy to provide off-grid street lighting.
By analyzing radioactive elements in meteorites, astronomers determined that the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. This cloud collapsed over millions of years to form a rotating disk with the sun at the center. The planets formed from this disk, with the inner rocky planets closer to the sun and the outer gas giants farther away. In around 5 billion years, the Milky Way will collide with the Andromeda galaxy, and the solar system will be about 100,000 light years from the center of the new merged galaxy.
The document discusses Solland's strategy to focus on innovative, high-efficiency solar modules and partner with other companies to gain scale in global markets. It outlines their Sunweb technology which uses thinner solar cells to increase efficiency and lower costs. Solland plans to launch their Sunweb module commercially in late 2010 after completing production facilities.
feasibility study on Solar based referigeration systempatil_13pramod290
This document discusses using solar panels mounted on a trailer to power a refrigeration system for transporting refrigerated food products. It describes an application for a supermarket chain delivering refrigerated goods and maintaining refrigerated conditions for around six hours per day. It then lists various transport applications for refrigerated trailers and the economic factors motivating the use of solar power, such as high diesel costs and noise. The document evaluates design and cost considerations for a solar-powered refrigerated trailer system.
This document discusses different types of steam turbines and their operating principles. It describes impulse turbines where steam expands within nozzles and does not change pressure as it passes over blades. Reaction turbines gradually decrease pressure as steam passes over fixed and moving blades. Compounding methods are also presented, including velocity compounding using multiple blade rings, pressure compounding with nozzle stages, and pressure-velocity compounding combining both methods. The document aims to explain steam turbine design and operation.
The document proposes a Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system to collect solar power on the moon and transmit it to Earth via microwave beams. The system would consist of solar collectors on the moon's surface that convert sunlight to electricity and then microwave beams. These beams would be transmitted to rectennas on Earth which would convert the microwaves back to electricity for use. The LSP system could provide over 10 terawatts of clean, safe, and reliable solar power to Earth within 15 years as an alternative to current energy sources.
This document discusses three methods of producing synthetic petrol: polymerization, Fischer–Tropsch process, and Bergius process. Polymerization involves combining smaller hydrocarbon molecules to form heavier molecules resembling gasoline. The Fischer–Tropsch process converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons using a catalyst at high pressures and temperatures. The Bergius process directly converts coal to liquids by mixing coal with hydrogen gas and heating it in the presence of a catalyst.
Parameters Analysis of the Assisted Combustion of Residual Biodiesel Glycerol drboon
The document analyzes parameters of assisted combustion of residual biodiesel glycerol. It describes an experimental setup used to combust glycerol with LPG assistance. Various combustion parameters were measured including O2, CO, CO2, NOx, temperature, efficiency, and excess air. Results show that as glycerol mass flow increased, O2 and excess air decreased while CO, CO2, temperature, and combustion efficiency increased. The study evaluated using raw glycerol as an energy supplement to reduce LPG consumption during combustion.
Permenkes 20/2016 Tentang Izin dan Penyelenggaraa Praktik Terapis Gigi dan MulutDental Therapist
Peraturan ini mengatur tentang izin dan penyelenggaraan praktik terapis gigi dan mulut. Terapis gigi dan mulut harus memiliki STRTGM dan SIPTGM untuk melakukan praktik. STRTGM diberikan setelah lulus ujian kompetensi, sedangkan SIPTGM dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah setelah memenuhi persyaratan administrasi. Terapis gigi dan mulut dapat melakukan praktik secara mandiri atau di fasilitas kesehatan set
Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian marketPartha Bose
This presentation describes why global corporations should invest in India. The 4 dimensions of the Indian market discussed are 1) Consumption & demographic dividend 2) Vibrant corporate sector 3) Broad-based growth across industries and regions and 4) Political commitment. The presentation was made by me in 2011 at the International Cablemakers Federation (ICF) Congress in New Delhi. This deck was prepared by the Strategy group of IBM India.
This document discusses socioeconomic classification systems used in different countries. It describes income-based classification systems and matrices that classify individuals based on their education, occupation, and purchasing power. Several examples are provided of socioeconomic classification matrices used in countries like India, Egypt, the UAE, and Indonesia to categorize their populations based on these socioeconomic factors.
Modul ini membahas tentang pemenuhan kebutuhan oral hygiene pada pasien, meliputi pengertian, tujuan, indikasi, kontraindikasi, pengkajian, persiapan alat dan pasien, serta prosedur pemenuhan kebutuhan oral hygiene secara lengkap dan sistematis.
Permenkes 20/2016 Tentang Penyelengaaran praktik terapis Gigi dan MulutDental Therapist
Peraturan ini mengatur tentang izin dan penyelenggaraan praktik terapis gigi dan mulut. Terapis gigi dan mulut harus memiliki STRTGM dan SIPTGM untuk melakukan praktik. STRTGM diberikan setelah lulus ujian kompetensi, sedangkan SIPTGM dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah setelah memenuhi persyaratan administrasi. Terapis gigi dan mulut dapat melakukan praktik secara mandiri atau di fasilitas kesehatan set
Presented at the Séminaire national R&I ferroviaire - Les bénéfices apportés par la navigation par satellite européenne, 20 Nov 2014, Lille, France
European GNSS & rail market, opportunies, benefits, resources
Bulk Solar Power Generation :CSP and CPV technologiesLeonardo ENERGY
Thin film, silicon, concentrated solar power (CSP), concentrated photovoltaics (CPV), ... These are just some of the terms demonstrating that solar technologies are rapidly entering the electricity system in countries such as the United States, Spain or Australia. Furthermore, the largest improvements, which will bring generation cost closer to competitive prices are just around the corner.
This webinar is dedicated to utility scale and baseload solar technologies: CSP and CPV.
What is the status of these technologies, their improvement potential and perspectives for the future? What are the running projects and expectations in terms of market development? How is the levelized energy price expected to evolve in the near future to reach grid parity? Additionally, more practical aspects will be presented, as the conditions required by a CSP project to be viable or the keys to successfully finance the project.
After this briefing presentation, a discussion with participants will be launched on questions such as storage capabilities and system operation. Other questions from attendees are welcome to guide the discussion.
Presented by René Kamphuis, TNO NL and Matthias Stifter, AIT Energy Department, Austria at the IEA DSM workshop in Lucerne, Switzerland on 16 October 2013.
Webinaire : Innovation et infrastructure - Moteurs de la transition energetiq...Cluster TWEED
Découvrez les opportunités liées aux innovations technologiques et nouvelles infrastructures durables initiées par la transition énergétique, par le biais des présentations du directeur du Innovation & Technology Center de l'Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables, et du coordinateur du programme Sustainable Cities and Settlements de la division Energy Systems and Infrastructure de l'UNIDO.
Status of US CCS projects and data availableIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes NETL's modeling of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. It discusses NETL's analysis of CCS technology costs and performance based on their engineering models. It also reviews the results of energy system modeling using these cost and performance assumptions, with and without the success of DOE's CCS research goals. The modeling shows little CCS deployment without research success, but large-scale deployment of coal and gas CCS technologies if research goals are met to reduce costs.
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Workshop: Integrating low-temperature renewable energy sources in District Energy Systems: Focus on Belarus
IRENA - The International Renewable Energy Agency, February 3rd, 2021
Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry (CO2stCap) Project overview &...Global CCS Institute
The CO2StCap project is a four year initiative carried out by industry and academic partners with the aim of reducing capture costs from CO2 intensive industries (more info here). The project, led by Tel-Tek, is based on the idea that cost reduction is possible by capturing only a share of the CO2emissions from a given facility, instead of striving for maximized capture rates. This can be done in multiple ways, for instance by capturing only from the largest CO2 sources at individual multi-stack sites utilising cheap waste heat or adapting the capture volumes to seasonal changes in operations.
The main focus of this research is to perform techno-economic analyses for multiple partial CO2 capture concepts in order to identify economic optimums between cost and volumes captured. In total for four different case studies are developed for cement, iron & steel, pulp & paper and ferroalloys industries.
The first part of the webinar gave an overview of the project with insights into the cost estimation method used. The second part presented the iron & steel industry case study based on the Lulea site in Sweden, for which waste-heat mapping methodology has been used to assess the potential for partial capture via MEA-absorption. Capture costs for different CO2 sources were compared and discussed, demonstrating the viability of partial capture in an integrated steelworks.
Webinar presenters included Ragnhild Skagestad, senior researcher at Tel-Tek; Maximilian Biermann, PhD student at Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and Maria Sundqvist, research engineer at the department of process integration at Swerea MEFOS.
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Future electricity markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 4 - Integration and Issues for Renewables
Module 3: Key pillars of electricity markets with high shares of wind and PV
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The document discusses challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy systems. It argues that renewable energy costs are falling while electricity prices are rising, and explores how to better integrate renewable electricity across sectors through energy storage and transmission grids. The document advocates designing "smart energy systems" that optimize energy storage and transmission between electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation networks to enable powering all demands with renewable sources in a cost-effective way.
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Carter Jonas presentation for Blake Lapthorn green breakfast on 4 May 2011Blake Morgan
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The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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Future possibilities for utilization of solar energy serc 2009 05-20
1. Future possibilities for utilization of
solar energy in the European power
system
(solar power & the balanced carbon
cycle concept )
SERC Dalarna University, 2009-05-20
Stefan Larsson-Mastonstråle
2. CSP State of the art
Report of pre-study
Stefan Larsson et al
Dalarna University-
SERC
John Ericson solar engine, 1872
4. 4
CSP: Concentrated Solar Power
• Cheapest solar power technology available
• Dispatchable power for peaking and intermediate loads through hybridization and/or
thermal storage.
• Proven technology with 354 MW operating successfully in California for the past 15
years.
• Rapidly deployed because it uses conventional items such as glass, steel, gears,
turbines, etc.
• Water requirements similar to coal-fired plant.
What is CSP?
5. 5
354 MW Kramer Junction 1982-
Rankine cycle efficiency: 35-37%
Solar to electricity efficiency: >20%
15. Possible by-products adding value
15
Fresh water desalination
District heating/cooling
Process heat:
•Concrete production
•Food industry
•Bleaching/chemistry
Future: Hydrogen
(Metal-metaloxide)
Toxic water cleaning
”Solar CHP” increases overall efficiency
17. 17
• Thermal Energy Storage
– Improved Heat Transfer Fluids
• Low cost fluid with low vapor pressure and higher temperature stability to
increase solar operating temperatures (e.g. troughs from 400ºC to 550ºC).
» 16% improvement in the annual solar to electric efficiency
» 12% reduction in cost of energy
– Low cost storage at 500ºC
• Advanced Receiver Designs
– Solar Selective Coatings
• Cutting thermal emittance in half from 14% at 400ºC to 7%, while
maintaining solar absorptance at 95%
» 15% improvement in the annual solar to electric efficiency
» 15% reduction in cost
Current CSP technology development
23. RE potential for EU countries
23
År 2050 har EU ca 5600 TWh RE potential och ett el-energibehov om ca 4000 TWh.
Samtidigt som import av fossilt bränsle beräknas öka till >70% av EU behovet.
24. Land use of different energy sources?
24
Arealbehov för
CSP @ 20 %
verkningsgrad**Kramer junction 1 TWh, 2,5 milj m2, 20% eta (1985-94, 12 TWh tot -06)
31. Revenues from operation
• Electricity sales
• Subsidies, e.g. feed-in tariffs:
– Spain: 22 c€/kWh
– Greece:23-25 c€/kWh
• By-products from ”waste” heat
– Desalinated water
– District heating/cooling
– Fuels
31
32. Investment cost of CSP-PT: Current situation
• State-of-the-art technology today in 2300-3500 €/kW range
– Andasol I&II (Spain)
– Nevada Solar One (USA)
– Theseus (Greece)
– Archimedes (Italy)
– Exception: Enea (Italy) claims 1570 €/kW using new structures etc.
• Investment cost is heavily dependent on whether thermal
energy storage (TES) is incorporated in the design and to
what extent
32
Large TES
capacity
High Investment
cost
Low LCOE
[c€/kWh]
High
capacity factor
and dispatchability
Decoupled by TES!!
33. CSP investment cost divided on its components
Solar field is the dominating part of
investment: ~50%
33
Source: Fichtner 2002
34. CSP-PT Solar field cost divided on its components
Structures, receivers and mirrors cost!
34
Source: Ecostar, DLR 2005
35. Investment cost of CSP-PT: Reduction potential
• Main targets for cost reduction:
– Solar field: Structure designs, receiver and reflector materials
– Storage: Media, design
– System: Steam cycle options (oil, direct steam generation)
35
15-30% cost reduction
Unit scaling and mass production of components can reduce another 30%
+
=
~45-60% cost reduction
Source: Ecostar, DLR 2005
36. O&M costs: current and outlook
Best actual O&M costs proven:
• Kramer Junction:0.025 US$/kWh (1998)
Current estimate state-of-the-art:
• 2-3% of investment per year (ENEA, TREC etc)
• from 1.3-2.9 c€/kWh in O&M cost
Future estimates:
• 0.6 c€/kWh (0.008 US$/kWh) DOE goal for 2020
• 0.85 c€/kWh ENEA
36
37. LCOE estimates – current and outlook
37
0,000
0,020
0,040
0,060
0,080
0,100
0,120
0,140
0,160
0,180
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Year
LCOE[c€/kWh]
Sources: IEA, ENEA, DLR, Sargent&Lundy, NREL, DOE…
38. The impact of a market valued CO2-price
38
LCOE sensitivity to CO2 prices
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CO2 price [€/ton]
LCOE[c€/kWh]
Coal best available
Coal CO2 hi
Gas best available
Gas CO2 high
CSP
40€/ton: Marginal cost for needed CO2 reduction [Vattenfall/McKinsey]
~65€/ton: CO2 externalities estimated cost [Stern Review]
With today’s costs, CSP could be close to commercial without subsidies
- if fossil fuels would bear their own costs
39. CSP Market development: current
status
39
We are here
CSP value chain development implies incremental decrease in costs
40. Relation solar irradiation and LCOE
40
Sevilla Best
european
site
Desert Best site
in the
world
Selection of site is essential for competetiveness
Source: Ecostar, DLR 2005
44. B3C – Balanced Carbon Cycle
Concept
A energy business system concept for
a possible smooth transition into the
next energy economy
Stefan Larsson, Mikael Svensson (Vattenfall R&D AB)
45. B3C:
Vision
B3C is a energy & business system concept that…
…could turn CO2 sequestration & storage into a profitable
business activity
…separates environmental impact, primary energy supply and
economic growth
…uses renewable energy in symbiosis with existing infrastructure
…solves the intermittance problem of renewable energy
…expands the value chain
…offers additional business opportunities
…allows a smooth transition into the next energy economy
45
46. 46
B3C:
The world of power & fuels
The future world of
power utility
business?
Higher emission costs
RE
intermittance
Fuel switching
R
egulations
DG
expansion
Fuel prices
Security
of supply
Capital destr.
TheCO2issue
Economic recess. Corporate responsibility
2013 will be a transition into high end costs for fossil power!
47. B3C:
Old energy business rules no longer
apply
The energy world is experiencing:
- Energy prices are increasing
- Global fuel recource assessment often ”political” rather than ”physical”
- Fuels are not ”abundant” today
- We now have a multiple market ”energy price” for all fuels
- Markets converge: Transportation and Power are not separate markets.
- Decreasing fuel quality increase prices and energy conversion costs
47
Fuels are quickly becoming a business problem!
54. 54
B3C:
How is the state of global fossil fuels?
Supply:
- Petroleum: Conventional non-OPEC oil
has probably peaked.
Nonconventional+conventional
petroleum could be peaking before
2020.
- Gas: The amount of LNG terminals are
soaring worldwide. Natural gas is
quickly depleting its resource base.
- Coal: Coal R/P was 250 years in 1999.
It is estimated to 160 years in BP
statistical review 2004.
Demand:
- Fuel switching: There are many
projects that want to produce synfuels
from NG, LNG and Coal to leviate the
transportation industry fuel costs.
- Power plants shift fuel to cope with
increased costs.
- As fuel quality decreases by time, the
distribution & conversion energy input
increases = less ”net” fuel is produced.
- World population & energy use are
still on the rise.
High probability that supply and demand will not be met in the future
55. 55
B3C:
Conclusion of current trends
The world fuel production development are not ”business as
usual” anymore.
What can we do?
- Use more ”fuel-free” intermittent energy systems (hydro, wind, wave)?
- Build more energy storage systems (pump hydro, compressed air
storage, large batteries)?
- By fuels from new sources or non-conventional fuels?
- Increase efficiency in our plants (at high costs)?
Is this the dark end of the utility tunnel or is there any light at the end?
56. 56
B3C:
What is the solution then?
- No single technology is the answer to a smooth transition into a new
energy economy!
- Most renewables produce low grade heat or electricity=power market
disruption & intermittent sources (a storage issue arise)!
- A ”warp” into the Hydrogen economy is not a plausible answer!
- The world need a primary energy input that is non-intermittent!
- The system solution has to fit current energy infrastucture!
What is implementable within the current energy infrastructure without
scale limitations or capital destruction?
57. B3C:
Fossil fuel based powerplants today
57
Power plant
Atmosphere
Customer
(Private/
Commercial)
Fossil fuel
(Primary energy)
Water (e.g. ocean sea, lakes, groundwater)
O2 H2O
H2O
Heat / electricity
Coal / gas / oil
CO2
Energy/substance storageEnergy carrier flow
Other substances flow
Energy conversionPrimary energy inflow to system
Energy end user
Biomass
(Primary energy)
CO2
H2O
O2
Biomass
RE
Transport sector
CO2
O2
58. B3C:
CO2 sequestration and storage
58
Power plant
Atmosphere
Customer
(Private/
Commercial)
Fossil fuel
(Primary energy)
Water (e.g. ocean sea, lakes, groundwater)
CO2
CO2
O2
O2 H2O
H2O
Heat / electricity
Coal / gas / oil
CO2 (Bio)
Energy/substance storageEnergy carrier flow
Other substances flow
Energy conversionPrimary energy inflow to system
Energy end user
Biomass
(Primary energy)
CO2
H2O
O2
Biomass
RE
CO2 storage Transport sector
59. 59
B3C:
What about the CO2 sequestration byproduct?
What is the most promising business opportunity with a waste
CO2 stream?
61. 61
+
Thermal energy
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Methanol (or other hydrocarbon)
Water (pure H2O)
Oxygen
+
Thermal energy
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Methanol (or other hydrocarbon)
Water (pure H2O)
Oxygen
B3C:
Synthesis of H2O + CO2 CH3OH
63. B3C:
Heat generated H2 for fuel production
63
H2O
O2
H2
CO2
CH3OH
Electrolysis or
Thermochemical
Hydrogen
Compression/
Catalysis
Energy
Atmosphere
IN OUT
Heat
CO2 from Oxyfuel powerplants CO2 from Air
Fuel to powerplants
& refinerys
Use RE to
produce the hydrogen
Turn CO2 emissions into usable Methanol!
$250/kWt
Ref. Brown, et al AIChE 2003
General Atomics
64. 64
B3C:
System concept of CO2 recycling (B3C)!
”Carbon cycle concept”
Power plant
Atmosphere
Fuel production
plant
Customer
(Private/
Commercial)
Customer
(Transport sector)
*) AHF: Artificial Hydrocarbon Fuels
Water (e.g. ocean sea, lakes, groundwater)
CO2
CO2
O2
O2O2 H2O
H2O
H2OAHF*
AHF*/Electricity
Heat / electricity
CO2
RE
Heat / electricity
CO2
storage
Energy/substance storageEnergy carrier flow
Other substances flow
Energy conversionPrimary energy inflow to system
Energy end user
AHF*
storage
Biomass
(Primary energy)
CO2
H2O
O2
Biomass
RE
Fossil fuel
(Primary energy)
Coal / gas / oil
CO2
65. 65
B3C:
Other possibilities?
Recycle CO2 from:
- Post combustion capture in power plants
- Biogas fermentation
- Ethanol fermentation
- Polygeneration power plants
- Sea water (polymembrane separators)
- Concrete production facilities
66. 66
B3C:
What about the CO2 levels in the atmosphere?
Could we ever reduce the CO2 levels below 372ppm?
Is there a possibilty to run the old power plants
at low CO2 costs without sequestration technology
until they are decomissioned?
67. 67
B3C:
Carbon management & fuel production
H2O
O2
H2
CO2
CH3OH
Hydrogen
Compression/
Catalysis
Atmosphere
IN OUT
Heat
CO2 capture
from air
Turn CO2 emissions into usable CH3OH (Methanol) and reduce CO2 below todays level!
CO2 from Oxyfuel powerplants CO2 from Air
Fuel to powerplants
& refinerys
Add artificial trees
to capture air CO2
$10-15/ton CO2
Ref. K.S.Lackner
Los Alamos
68. B3C:
Direct CO2 capture – total carbon
management
68
CO2
Direct CO2
capture
Atmosphere
IN
OUT Thermochemical
plant
If the capture is powered by natural wind, atmospheric carbon capture could be cheap!
69. 69
B3C:
Capturing CO2 directly from the air?
9500 ton CO2/day
Equals a 360 MW coal powerplant
Or car emissions for a 700 000 person city
Dr Klaus Lackner, Columbia USA, envision caustic soda, sodium hydroxide as CO2 absorbent.
Evaluated current known technologies and made cost estimates of such extraction devices.
At 6m/s one finds that through the windmill collection area pass 130W/m2 of kinetic energy carried by the air. Through the CO2 collector pass 3.8g/(m2 sec) of CO2.
In an area and time in which the windmill collects 1 kWh the CO2 collector of equal efficiency extracts 3.6×106 J/130 J×3.8 g = 105 kg.
Thus collection of 1 ton of CO2 is equivalent to the generation of 10 kWh of electricity from wind.
70. 70
B3C:
What about the H2 production?
Where do we find cheap energy in a fuel constrained
world at sufficient scale for the probable demand?
72. 72
B3C:
Hydrogen with thermochemical reactors
There are more than 100 known thermochemical hydrogen production cycles available today
Example: The sulfur-iodine process system efficiency is >50% compared to 25-35% for
electrolysis (the electrolysis process + conventional electric power plant efficiency)
73. 73
B3C:
Hydrogen + synthesis in reversible fuel cells
(*George Olaf and others)
Direct synthesis are one possibility (we find lots of referenses in refinery industry papers)
74. 74
B3C:
CSP energy for H2 production?
H2O
O2
H2
CO2
CH3OH
Thermochemical
Hydrogen
Compression/
Catalysis
Solar
Heat
Atmosphere
IN OUT
Heat
CO2 capture
from air
Use cheap (EUR10/kW) mirrors to collect high grade solar heat and produce a solar fuel!
CO2 from Oxyfuel powerplants CO2 from Air
Fuel to powerplants
& refinerys
Add a large scale
solar concentrator
Heat
75. 75
B3C:
First synthetic fuel power plant concept
Metal/
MetalOxide
CH3OH
CO2
H2
H2O
O2
G
AHF
Electricity
Heat
Desalination
plant
Seawater
100%
50%
50%
60%*50%=~30%
30%*70%=~20%
40%*50%=~20%
H2O
Example: Secondary use of heat
Fuelreactor
Metal/
MetalOxide
CH3OH
CO2
H2
H2O
O2
G
AHF
Electricity
Heat
Desalination
plant
Seawater
100%
50%
50%
60%*50%=~30%
30%*70%=~20%
40%*50%=~20%
H2O
Example: Secondary use of heat
Fuelreactor
(*One of Stefan Larsson-
Mastonstråle’s system idea’s)
76. 76
B3C:
Solar fuel reactor technology could be feasible
Heliostat reflector cost 200-220 EUR/kWt (@2000-2500 h). Solar fuel = no intermittance for the end user!
CO2
Direct CO2
capture
Atmosphere
IN
OUT Solar
Thermochemical
plant
0,05-100 MW
>300 MW
80. 80
H2O Solar
Hydrocarbons
CH4 alt CH3OH
Feeding
pump
Membrane
separator
Membrane
separator
Compressor
Air or
Air enriched
CO2
N2 + O2
out
Polyionic
liquid
catalysis
B3C:
”PICAT” polyionic liquid hydrocarbon synthesis
(*One of Stefan Larsson-
Mastonstråle’s system idea’s)
81. 81
B3C:
What about the RE energy infrastructures?
Can we get the energy from producer locations to the user countries?
82. B3C:
The EU hydrocarbon infrastructure
map
82
If the renewable fuel is a
hydrocarbon (Methane or
Methanol), we can use
current pipeline and
transport infrastructure at
low cost
Solar
Thermochemical
plants
Solar
Thermochemical
plants
Fossil fired
power plants
Fossil fired
power plants
Solar
Thermochemical
plants
Fossil fired
power plants
Existing pipelines
Planned or under construction
LNG facilities
83. 83
B3C:
The EU electricity infrastructure map
Renewable electrity
becomes increasingly easy
to distribute across EU.
84. B3C:
A new business opportunity?
84
Power plant
Atmosphere
Fuel production
plant
Customer
(Private/
Commercial)
Customer
(Transport sector)
*) AHF: Artificial Hydrocarbon Fuels
Water (e.g. ocean sea, lakes, groundwater)
CO2
CO2
O2
O2O2 H2O
H2O
H2OAHF*
AHF*/Electricity
Heat / electricity
CO2
RE
Heat / electricity
CO2
storage
Energy/substance storageEnergy carrier flow
Other substances flow
Energy conversionPrimary energy inflow to system
Energy end user
AHF*
storage
Biomass
(Primary energy)
CO2
H2O
O2
Biomass
RE
Fossil fuel
(Primary energy)
Coal / gas / oil
CO2
85. B3C:
Conclusions
A feasible and smooth transition
into the RE economy could be possible
85
Turn the CO2 problem into profits
Use existing infrastructure
Large scale renewable energy without intermittance
Expand the value chain and customer base
B3C
86. 86
The most important results from realization of a B3C system solution are believed to be:
•Strengthens security of primary energy supply
•Separates environmental impact, primary energy supply and economic growth
•Energy storage as fuel eliminates RE intermittence & CO2
storage costs
•Cost efficient way for transition into a post-fossil energy economy
•New business opportunities; new fuels, chemical feedstock, water etc.
•Will not disturb electricity market, unlike direct renewable electricity generation
•Political and public leverage due to proactiveness from energy industry
B3C:
Results from a possible implementation?