The document provides information on solar energy systems and solar panels. It discusses how solar panels work by absorbing sunlight and converting it to electricity. It also covers prerequisites for installing solar panels on roofs, including roof size, angle, and structural capacity. Additionally, it describes grid-connected solar systems and components like inverters. Integrating electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid charging is also presented as a way to optimize energy use from solar production.

1. Renewable Energy –
Introduction to Solar systems
Energize your building
Supply yourself with Solar
Exploitation Free Of Charge
A
good
idea?

2. Solar based technology - mature & safe
The sun and solar energy are the foundation of all life on our earth. The
bmost sustainable and accessible energy source has always been solar energy
Most solar cells are based on the element silicon. Photons in the sunlight are
absorbed into the silicon material and cause electrons to move around into an
electrical circuit. This creates the basis for electric current
The solar cell technology has no moving parts - and long service life,
moreover, the products are maintenance-free
Solar cells are normally cleaned by rainwater - depending climate,
careful flush or wash may be adopted elsewhere

3. Solar cells - Principle, Sky direction, Angle
transition zone
west
south
senit
north east

4. Solar cells - Own site production, Shadow conditions
Time
Power needs
throughout the day -
Typical for residential
house, working day
Surplus current
Realtime use of own energy
production
Terrain utilized to ensure sunlight and views
varying floor height ensures sunlight and views
shadow from various on-site or near by obstacles

5. What is a Solar Cell System?
Solar cells generate
electric direct current from
the sunlight
The inverter generates AC
power to the mains
(230V / 400V)
Power is used in the building,
surplus power is directed to
the grid (e.g. to neighbor)

6. Grid connected Solarcell (PV) System
• SAC-cables to Main Frame
• Surge protection
• Solarcell panels
• AMS-counter
• Installation system panels
• DC-cables from panels
• (Optional DC-switch)
• Inverter DC/AC

7. Mapping of needs/options of actual building(s)
Identify and analyze future energy consumption
• Expected total power needs adjusted +/- number of occupants,
light/heating/cooling/machines + from charging points EL car(s)
Determine the size and location of photovoltaic systems
Internet based IT tool for registered buildings
• Plant design/Energy calculation/etc for unregistered new buildings
• Alternative placements are considered on roof/facade/other
Practical challenges
• Main board(s), capacity/space, number of power meters
• Location of fuse box for EL inlet to main frame
• Location of inverter(s), and if any - batteries
• Power grid capacity, cables/transformers
Community maps
Internett holds various calculation tools

8. Internet tools may calculate your solar system
Example promotion for PV-system offerings
Country wise & Regional map based
Buildings with official map registration enables automatic results presented
# of panels, PV kWp cap, estimated kWh/Y, total price etc

9. Solar cells - Prerequisites for Roof surfaces
Large roof surfaces, facing favorable sky direction (E/S/W)
Optimum angle of solar cells for absorption of solar energy
Avoid mixture of multiple, small roof surfaces and different angles
Roof surface should be checked and approved, roof rest-life to be assessed
Roof must have the capacity to “withstand” 16k/m2 additional load (dead weight)
Any obstacles such as chimeny, roof ladder, valves etc may result in panel reduction
Shade from buildings/poles/trees may require optimization to avoid reduced production
There must be free and secure access to roofs

10. At 1-phase 230V, the maximum capacity of plants is about 4.3kWp, ie 14 panels of 310Wp
3-phase 230V or 400V inlet of main frame is required for systems in excess of 4.3 kWp
In the case of larger plants, capacity of grid/transformer must be confirmed by the utility
Max output to mains (eg 100kWp), PV production can be curtailed if needed
AMS gauge and surge protector must be installed
There must be free space in the fuse box
Solar cells - Prerequisites Electrical

11. Solar cells – power/area, power/inclination angle
Surface Postitioning Installed effect
Facade/Saddle roof All 0,15 kWp/m2
Flat roof South 0,06 kWp/m2
Flat roof East/West 0,12 kWp/m2
Surface Sloop Angle Positioning Specific effect
Facade 90o South 820 kWh/kWp/Y
Saddle std angle 27o South 920 kWh/kWp/Y
Saddle optimal angle 45o South 980 kWh/kWp/Y
Flat roof 20o South 875 kWh/kWp/Y
Flat roof 10o East/West 740 kWh/kWp/Y
installed power per area for different areas:
specific performance for south-facing PV plants with different angle of inclination:

12. Solar cells - Production by various allocation
40% area
utilization
80% area
utilization
~100% area utilization
Facade panels,
South positioned Flat roof, panels
South faced
Flat roof, panels
East/West faced
Saddle roof, panels
South faced
60 panel a 250Wp
12.300 kWh/year
60 panel a 250Wp
13.800 kWh/year
24 panel a 250Wp
5.250 kWh/year
48 panel a 250Wp
8.800 kWh/year

13. Solar panels - typical data and info
Panel power is in the range of 270-370 watts (standard - premium type)
Approx weight 18kg, dimensions 100*165cm, height 12-15 cm (surface)
Efficiency depending on technology, silicon types have about 16-21%
Type of Perovskite (titanium/tin based materials) tested for 20-25%
efficiency, but (not yet) competitive on price/performance versus market
leader Silicon types. Lab development is though ongoing
Most panel products are provided with a guaranteed 80% residual power
after 25 years of operation
After the declining prices of the PV plants due to technology development,
the installation cost is expected to be unaffected, so the systems price level
is now considered matured

14. Solar cell products - panels on ROOF
● Roof mounted systems (overlaying)
This is the "classic" solar cell facility in residential, commercial or public housing
buildings that have solar panels mounted on their own attachment system, which is either
attached into existing building engineering construction (saddle roof) or secured with a
ballast system floating on top of existing roof (flat roof)
● Integrated roof systems (BIPV)
These are traditional solar panels that are fitted with specially adapted mounting systems
which replaces the existing roof tiles, mounted in the existing building structure. Standard tile
roofing will enclose the photovoltaic system against the edges of roof tiles. For new projects,
construction/renovation material and labor costs for the roof tiles are spared - on the area
where the panels are laid out. There is also a weight element, as panel ease carrying capacity
requirements versus tiles

15. Solar cell products - panels on facades
● Surface-mounted facades
These are photovoltaic systems, most often built with traditional solar panels mounted on
exterior of existing façade cladding, with the use of specially designed fasteners to ensure a
secured and safe attachment
● Integrated facade systems (BIPV)
These are solar cells built with traditional or customized photovoltaic panels that replace
other cladding and thus constitute one weatherproof and dense facade. In the case of new
buildings and renovations, there is an additional cost for BIPV-based solar panels, but only
the price difference against traditional cladding

16. Solar cell products - Integrated TILES & CELLS
● Integrated solar cell roofing (BIPV)
These are photovoltaic systems that are usually built on sloped roofs with special
roof tiles coated with or have built-in solar cells, thus forming an independent, dense
and weatherproof roofing
● Building elements with integrated solar cells (BIPV)
Lately, a growing supply of building elements have arrived in the market, containing
integrated solar cell components, such as carports, handrails (for example, for use in
balconies or similar) and window elements

17. Solar panels - Overlaid or integrated

18. Solar panels mounted on flat roofs

19. Solar panels mounted in the terrain on the ground
Mounting on solid construction of
steel/aluminum/wood. Foundation
and dimensions adapted to windload
Orientation chosen according to
favorable sky direction and sun angle

20. Energy production, storage and control system
Weather
Forecast
Energy Optimization in
large commercial buildings
Tracking Energy Production -
Optimizing PV vs Grid usage

21. Energy storage for optimized use of PV production
▪ Energy storage in own battery bank is not profitable today, as the
kWh price for extracting stored energy will be too high (potential ratio
5:1 per kWh - depending market) compared to real time grid delivery
▪ The price of batteries is expected to follow the same descending
curve as solar cell technology, based on greater volume and improved
technology within a few years
▪ May nevertheless be relevant in agriculture/industry to protect loss of
production/loss due to power failure, otherwise it is recommended to
await the journey towards mature price levels
▪ Power provider may offer "virtual storage" of power (on account - for
later withdrawals, typically during winter time)

22. Consider PV-system & Vehicle to Grid V2G charger
▪ Electrical Vehicles (EV) are on the rise, either you have one, or proberly
will, in near future – then bidirectional V2G charger should be included
▪ The V2G may charge electrical cars directly using solar PV power which
will be >15% efficient than current chargers. Thus allow consuming the
most favorable source of available power supply at any given time
▪ The V2G prevents some 19% conversion losses from DC to AC and back,
btw PV/Grid/EV, as buildings and transport devices becomes electrified
▪ 4 different power flows; PV-EV, EV-Grid-EV and PV-Grid can be handled
▪ The V2G charging module is a smart integration between a Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar module and an EV charging module

23. Principle, V2G charger – Bidirectional PV/Grid/EV

24. Intelligent Energy Management Systems
Systems for intelligent management of energy production/consumption
adapted to the grid company's grid rental are soon expected to be
common available in the market. Desirable features:
• Possibility of reducing the cost contribution from the electricity tariff
power link, by reducing power peaks and keeping electricity drawn
from the grid below the grid company power pricing threshold
• Increase self-consumption of all solar energy produced, save profits
• Utilize hour-by-hour price fluctuations in power (spot price)
• Adapt the stored energy output to 24 hrs rolling weather forecasts
• Aiming, min power requirement as network company's price is high

25. Typical season production results from PV systems

26. Monitor on-site daily production on web/mob app
Solar energy May Solar energy October

27. SAVINGS + ENVIRONMENT ASPECT - CO2 REDUCTION
Typical for a small 14 panel 4.3 kWp plant
Saved electricity (%)
Number of
Barrels of Oil
Corresponding
trees planted
Corresponding
saved CO2 (kilo)

28. Downpayment period - NetPresent Value calculation 25 years
Financing and Profitability based on prepared present value calculation for the plant:
• Downpayment time estimated, NetPresent Value calculation (NPV)
The base plant's produced power volume, estimated in kWh/year ->
The following should also be included in financing:
• Funding from governmental financing institutions
• Potential provider dependent payment solutions
• Reduced interest rate on "green" mortgage loans in bank
Ratio of power volume:
Own plant and Grid

29. In any case, energy costs will burden the economy
The alternative to investing in a PV system that generates "free" energy from
the sun's rays is to buy the same amount of energy from a grid company at a
kWh price that is traditionally around NOK 1/kWh (10cent in Norway)
Max size of PV system adapted to single-phase 230V systems (common in
many buildings) will be 4.3 kWp with 14 panels. Yearly system production,
depending local and site conditions, may result at about 4.000 kWh/year
The accumulated 10-year energy cost could then be NOK 40.000, which must
be paid to the grid company if you have not invested in your own PV system
In most cases, the PV system will be repaid within 10-12 years, or less, with a
subsequent twice as long period of free electricity from the plant

30. Solar cells - Generic for projects
Requirements:
Roof surface solid covered, rafter layout system prepared (integrated panels)
Sufficient capacity and adapted to EL system, 1 phase: max 4.3 kWp
AMS and surge protector pre-installed, free space in fuse box
Inverters placed on outside wall (alt. in technical room), easily accessible
AC inverter wiring fed to the main frame for electrical inputs in the building
Saddle roof to withstand the net weight of panels 16kg/m2 on tile surface
Flat roofs must withstand panels weight inclusive ballast 35kg/m2, according
to the layout plan

31. Planning new construct-/renovation SADDLE roof
Plan of the roof surface with objectives and sky direction for the roof and
ceiling angle indicated. Height from ground level access to gutters stated
Valves/chimney/ladder/etc obstacles are stated with height*width, in
addition to roof surface allocations. Specify if alternate placement options
Expected housing total electricity requirements; lights/heat/cooling + from
charging points EV(s). Identify possible in-/decrease in occupancies and
summarized total future consumption
Location of main frame is indicated and shown in the targeted floor plan
Slate, eternit, peat roofing excludes the use of solar panels

32. Planning for new/renovated HORIZONTAL roof
Floor plan of the roof surface with all objectives set for optimum panel utilization
Valves/obstacles are specified with height/width, incl ceiling surface allocation
Drains are indicated with targeted allocation on the roof surface. Drainage ducts are
desirable alongside periphery, to avoid problems for mounting the rail system
Drainage channels in the middle of the roof make it difficult to plan the rail system
because the top and bottom of the solar cells cannot be directly above the channel,
moreover, it becomes difficult to attach clamps due to falls in 2 different directions
Recommends cornices at a minimum of 30 cm to reduce some of the wind load and
max roof angle 3o, larger angles require slide protection (patent tape) that is
attached to the rails and eg the edge of the roof to hold the panels in place
Roofing felt/asphalt gives the best friction. Recommended versus using foil

33. Expected results from engineering
Type and number of solar panels with specified max power (Wp)
Panel Warranty: Guided about 10 years for product, about 25 years (80% rest production)
Type of inverter and max power adapted to panel group (kWp)
Warranty: Inverter(s) (recommended for about 5 years) product
Estimated annual production for the plant (kWh)
Area covered on roof (approx. 1.6 m2/panel)
Enclosure against roofing with integrated panel type included
Panel ballast/mounting with flat roof, dim for wind gusts 30-40 m/sec
Price turnkey tested plant w/production app for monitoring
Maintenance agreement w/IR testing and inspection of panel v/needs (industry)

34. BIPV - Building Integrated Photo Voltaics

35. Development with BIPV - Using PV-Integrated Tiles
Solar roof tiles, typical technical data (product dependent):
o Size per "stone" 870 * 870 mm
o Thickness 6 mm
o Pressure 5400 Nk/m2
o Ceiling angle min 3o (for waterproofing)
o Power 162w/m2 (max)
Solar roof tiles vs solar panel (example):
o Product warranty 10 years vs 25years
o Max power 162 vs approx 195 kWp/m2
o Weight 19.5 vs 16 kg/m2 (dead weight)

36. Development with BIPV - versus PV panels
Priced estimates for Sun roof tiles (eg Sunstyle etc) will be about 3 - 3.5 times higher versus
traditional PV panel solution. The output will be about ½ portion of the energy production
Example equipment comparable roof surfaces:
o Panel: 19,000 kWh / year – 1,2 $ / kWh / year
o Sunstyle: 9,500 kWh / year – 4,2 $ / kWh / year
Additional work / costs for preparation with the roof surfaces:
o Roof surfaces must be equipped with 3 layers of pressure-impregnated rafter structure
o Roof surfaces must be covered with material that can withstand minimum 80o Celcius

37. Development with BIPV Solar Cells for facades
Solar panels for facades and railings, eg type of BayWa, Solarlab, Issol, Onyx Solar etc.
Facade-based solar panels are normally required to apply in each municipality
The costs vary depending on several things, prices from 2-300 to 1.0 thousand US$
Variations in energy production kWp/m2, sizes, shape and color

38. Practical tips when purchasing solar cells
As for other fixed equipment, the plant is covered by the insurance
Fire hazard by photovoltaic technology as with other electrical gear
Fire may be due to incorrect installation - use a certified installer
Snow can be melted with reversed current for the heating panels
Small roof area can be compensated by premium panels> 320W
Consider the aesthetics of panels with regard to eg. layout and color
Choose a solid and competent supplier - for lifetime support

39. Recommended Maintenance – if need be
If frequent natural rainwater is not enough to keep panel surfaces clean:
Avoid use of high power/pressure washer machines, max 500 psi at nozzle
Use low mineral tap water w/hardness >75 mg/liter & pipe pressure 60-80 psi
Temperature difference btw water and solar panel not to exceed < 20o C, to
avoid glass surface thermal shock, causing glass to crack
Consequently perform cleaning before sunrise or after sunset, at low energy
generation - to avoid electrical shock
Avoid under all circumstances scrubing og scratching the panel surface – in
case of stubborn stains hard to remove, contact proffessional cleaners
PS: Include PV-system in periodic Electrical Installation Condition Report EICR

40. Set goals for reduced costs & improved climate
Solar energy provides short-traveled energy to the consumer, zero energy loss
Solar cells (housing) require virtually zero maintenance
Investment can provide a 25-year production guarantee and a lifetime of 35-40 years
On-site own production can also make a useful contribution to the power grid
Reduced CO2 contribution from the solar cell plant - improves the environment
Surplus production may be credited to your account in the form of kWh/US$
The energy bill from the network grid provider is reduced

41. Telecom And Renewable Energy Consultancy
info@tarec-in.comhttp://tarec-in.com/

42. Sustainablilty
Target Additional Revenue & Environmental Conscience – Initiate Now