5 .Solar Energy and Battery

2. Why solar energy in India??

3. Solar Thermal Heating

4. Solar Thermal Electricity

5. Fundamentals of Solar PV
Technology

6. Atmospheric and Solar Radiation
Typical Power Station = 6*800 MW = 4.8 GW
N = 35 million

7. Energy Balance

8. More on Solar Radiation

9. How much solar energy?
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar
energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount
is usable.

10. • The Air Mass is the path length which light takes through the atmosphere
normalized to the shortest possible path length (that is, when the sun is
directly overhead). The Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of light
as it passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by air and dust.
Air Mass

11. Sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface without scattering is called direct or
beam radiation. Scattered sunlight is called diffuse radiation. Sunlight that is
reflected from the ground is called albedo radiation, and the sum of all three
components of sunlight is called global radiation.
Solar Energy on Earth

12. Why Hotter in Summer??

13. Reasons for Seasons

14. Angle Definition

15. Physics of Photovoltaic
Solar cells are diodes.
Light (photons) generate free carriers
(electrons and holes) which are collected
by the electric field of the diode junction.
The output current is a fraction of this
photocurrent.
The output voltage is a fraction of the
diode built-in voltage.
Current
Voltage
Open-circuit
voltage
Short-circuit
current
Maximum
Power Point
n-type
p-type
-
+
Load

16. Silicon to Solar Cell

17. Types of Solar Cell
Cell types
Crystalline silicon cells Thin Layer cells
Polycrystalline cells
Amorphous silicon cells
Copper indium gallium
de-selenide
Cadmium telluride cells
Monocrystalline cells

18. Efficiency : 20% - 22%
Size : 156 x 156 mm
Thickness : 0.17 mm – 0.2 mm
Appearance : Uniform
Color : Dark blue to black
Mono Crystalline Cell

19. Efficiency : 15% - 17%
Size : 156 x 156 mm
Thickness : 0.24 mm – 0.3 mm
Appearance : Non Uniform
Color : blue to Silver Grey
Poly Crystalline Cell

20. Solar Cell I-V Curve

21. Solar PV Module

22. Solar PV Array
Cell Module Array

23. Solar PV - area of application
Solar pump
Solar rooftop
Solar ground
mount
Solar park
Solar street
light
Solar home
light
5MW to
100MW
100MW
and above
5kW to
5MW

24. TYPE OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
Power
Plant
Grid
Connected
With
Battery
Without
Battery
Off Grid
With
Battery

25. Off Grid System - Condition-1
25
20/04/2015
SPV present, Mains available
Battery Charged through MPPT
charger + mains & Load supplied
through Mains
AC LOADS

26. Off Grid System - Condition-2
26
20/04/2015
SPV available, Battery charged, Mains
available surplus power exported to grid
connected loads
AC LOADS

27. Off Grid System - Condition-3
SPV not available, Mains
available, Battery charging
through Mains
AC LOADS

28. Off Grid System - Condition-4
SPV not available, Mains OFF,
Inverter supplying power to grid
connected loads through Battery
AC LOADS

29. Off Grid System - Condition-5
SPV & Mains not available Battery
discharged. Start DG command
Battery charging through DG
AC LOADS

30. Grid Connected System

31. Power generation from PV System

32. Power generation from PV System

33. PERFORMANCE RATIO (PR)
Performance Ratio (PR) of a plant for a period of time is
Energy measured(kWh) / Irradiance(kWh/m2) on the panel x Active area
of PV module(m2) x PV module efficiency.
PR of a PV plant is normally between 75% - 85%

34. CAPACITY UTILIZATION
FACTOR (CUF)
CUF = Energy Measured (KWh)/ 365*24*Installed Capacity of the Plant
CUF of a Solar PV Plant is normally in between 15% - 20%

35. Metering Scheme

36. 1. Shadow analysis of the site and feasibility study.
2. Design of roof top SPV plant in minimum area with Annual Maximum
energy output
3. Design of Roof top Module Mounting structure as wind map data & minimum load
adding upon Roof & take care of existing water proofing of roof.
4. Consider High Efficiency Module & Optimize tilt angle with respect to site location for
optimize roof area & maximize the energy generation.
5. Consider multi-channel MPPT inverter for more energy harvesting.
6. Consider central monitoring SCADA for plant data monitoring.
7. Cable selection as per minimum voltage drop of the system to maximize the
system efficiency.
SYSTEM DESIGN BASIS

37. BLOCK DIAGRAM

38. Large Scale Grid Connected Solar PV
Plant

39. Interconnections with Grid for Large PV
Plant

40. List of Major Components
Solar PV Modules
Central Inverter
Balance of System (BOS)
Array Junction Box/ String Junction Box
PEB/RMU (Combined Inverter and Transformers)
Mounting Structure (Fixed Tilt/Tracking)
Cable (DC and AC)
Central Monitoring Station
SCADA
Weather Station
Earthing and Lightning Protections
Civil Works (Fencing, Drainage, Roads and Gate)

41. Tracking System
For 1-axis tracker
In summer the energy gain
up to 8-10%.
 In winter the energy gain
up to 18-20%.
For seasonal tracker
Overall energy gain maximum
5-7%

42. SCADA

43. Monitoring
 Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF)
 Performance Ratio (PR)
 Soiling losses
 Monitoring long term degradation
 String Monitoring through SCADA – Strings delivering lower current or voltage
 Thermal Imaging of modules to identify hot spots
 Temperature at the module JBs and connectors using IR Guns
 On site measurement of random modules using portable IV Tracer at irradiation
between 800 – 1000 W/m2

44. Proprietary & Confidential www.vikramsolar.com 44
Module Cleaning Thermography – Module Health Check Up
Thermography – Junction Box String Combiner Box – Checking in Progress

45. Rooftop Installation Photos

46. Ground Based Installation Photo

47. Large PV Plants

48. Future energy scenario

49. Major challenges in national grid
Voltage
stability
Frequency
regulation

50. National Energy Storage Mission
o The government has planed to launch a National Energy Storage Mission in
financial year 2018-19.
o The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has set up the Energy
Storage Expert Committee to propose creation of the National Energy storage
Mission for India.
o It would be linked with the solar or wind energy policy of the nation.

51. What is BESS
Battery storage technology stores energy chemically and can be located at the
point of demand or at the grid level.
o Over the past century Energy Storage System in the power sector has been
dominated by PHS.
o Renewable energy deployment and policies to modernize electricity production
and consumption has several advantages with BESS.
o The use of battery storage solution can allow greater amount of renewable
electricity and increase system reliability.

52. Advantages of BESS
o As the adoption of renewable energy increases, BESS solutions are required to
match the generation profile to the usage profile.
o BESS is essential with solar PV system as the generation profile does not match the
usage profile.
o Output of the wind generator is highly variable and needs regulation for using it
which is done through BESS system.
o BESS Increases electricity supply reliability in situations where the grid is weak and
unreliable.

53. Broad Use of ESS

54. Popular usage of storage systems

55. Popular Uses of BESS
Front of the Meter (Grid Level – Transmission & Distribution)
o Voltage Stability
o Frequency Regulation
Behind the Meter (Consumer Level)
For C&I
o Peak Shaving
o Load Levelling
o Microgrid
o Electric Vehicle

56. Voltage Stability
t
t
t
P
t
P



 )
(
)
( 0
0
Ramp Rate =
Rate of Change of Irradiance and Wind Speed

57. Solution with ESS

58. Frequency Regulation
There are two
daily humps
Demand never
gets too high
or too low
Ramp-ups and
ramp-downs of
demand are
fairly gradual.
Load curve with
light blue line
looks like a
camal’ s humps

59. With Heavy Penetration of Renewables
Steep, tall ramps
Over generation
and curtailment
Frequency
Response
o Steep ramps are
expensive and highly
polluting.
o Coal is not good in this
role, as it is slow to ramp.
When the duck gets
really fat, the peaker
plants get shut down
RE plants get
curtailed, grid don’t
accept any more
power.
Loss of solar power in
evening makes
imbalance in frequency
as the thermal plants
can not ramp up or
down with a high rate.

60. Solution with ESS

61. Peak Shaving
Peak shaving can be implemented by large industrial consumers to reduce their peak
load consumption and the associated peak rate energy charges from the grid systems
operators. It is a load following operation.

62. Load Levelling
Load leveling usually involves storing power during periods of light loading on
the system and delivering it during periods of high demand.
During these periods of high demand, the energy storage system supplies
power, reducing the load on less economical peak-generating facilities.

63. BESS System Design

64. Risk Matrix
Risks associated to battery:
1. Thermal runaway
2. Difficulty fighting with battery fire
3. Failure of Control System
4. Sensitive to mechanical damage
Risks associated to system:
1. Low load condition
2. High load condition
3. HVAC system
4. Calibration of measuring instruments

65. Thank you