Polymers are composed of repeating monomer units that are linked through polymerization reactions. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Polyethylene is an example of an addition polymer formed from ethylene monomers under high pressure and temperature. Nylon-6,6 is a condensation polymer formed from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine monomers. Polyethylene and nylon-6,6 have a variety of commercial uses including packaging materials, textiles, and carpeting.

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2.  Polymers are high
molecular weight
compounds whose
structures are made up of
a large number of simple
repeating units.
The repeating units are
usually low molecular
mass compounds called
as Monomers.
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3. The reaction by which monomers
are converted into polymers is
called Polymerization.
Example: Formation of polyethylene
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4. Homopolymers :
Polymers which are
prepared from only one
type of monomers
Copolymers: Polymers which
are prepared from more
than one kind of monomers
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5. Addition Polymers (Chain – Growth
Polymers)
Condensation Polymers (Step –
Growth Polymers)
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6. These are formed by combination of alkenes
monomers to produce a single huge molecule.
Reactions are catalyzed by Peroxides or acids.
Required Pressure is 1000 atm and
Temperature is 2000oC
Zeigler Catalyst i.e. Trialkyl aluminium and
titanium tetra chloride in an inert solvent can be
used to perform reaction at lower Pressure &
Temperature
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7.  It is obtained by polymerizing ethylene.
Produced commercially since 1943.
Backbone of the polymer consists of the
carbon atoms that originally formed the
double bonds.
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8. BUCKETS & DUSTBINS
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9. CARPET BACKING
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10. PACKING MATERIALS
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11. CABLE INSULATION
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12.  It is obtained by polymerizing vinyl
chloride
 Vinyl chloride is obtained from
acetylene by treatment with HCl in
presence of HgCl2.
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13. IMITATION LEATHER
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14. FLOOR COVERING
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15. CORRUGATED ROOFING MATERIAL
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16. GRAMOPHONE RECORDS
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17. PVC TUBINGS
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18. These are formed by combination of
monomers with the elimination of
simple molecules such as H2O or
methanol.
There are two main types:
1.Polyesters
2.Polyamides
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19. An important Polyamide
Prepared by heating Adipic Acid with
Hexamethylene Diamine under Nitrogen at
2000o C
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20. CH2 = CHCH = CH2
1,3-BUTADIENE
Cl2
(1,4 –Addition)
ClCH2CH=CHCH2Cl
NaCN
NCCH2CH=CH CH2CN
H2/NI
N CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CN
H2O/H+
HOOC(CH2)4COOH
ADIPIC ACID
LiAlH4
H2N(CH2)4 NH2
HEXAMETHYLENE
DIAMINE
Nylon-6,6 derives its names from its raw materials,
adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine (both have 6
carbon atoms)
The raw materiasa can be prepared from
1,3-Butadiene as shown below:
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21. Nylon-6,6 was developed as a synthetic
fiber fir the production of stocking and
other clothing apparel
It was introduced to the public at the
New York World’s Fair in 1939.
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22. CLOTHING MATERIALS
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23. CARPETING
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24. FISHING LINES & ROPES
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25. BRISTLES FOR BRUSHES
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26. Gears & Bearings
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27. A thermoplastic polymer is one which
softens on heating and becomes hard on
cooling.
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28. A thermosetting polymer is one which
becomes hard on heating and it cannot be
softened by heating again.
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29. Development of Synthetic Fibers:
Nylon – First synthetic fiber.
Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers or small
molecules.
Raw materials are usually Petrochemicals.
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30. MELT SPINNING PROCESS
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41. Adding metallic properties to clothing for the
purpose of fashion
Elimination and prevention of static charge
build-up
Conducting electricity to transmit
information
Conduction of heat
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42. Synthetics are used in soil to
help the plants grow better
Expanded polystyrene flakes
Urea-formaldehyde form resin
Polyurethane form phenolic
resin foam
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