This document discusses polymers used in textile industries. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units, and describes the two main types of polymerization as addition and condensation. Common synthetic polymers used in textiles include nylon, polyester, and acrylic. Nylon is produced via condensation polymerization and is strong, heat resistant and abrasion resistant. Polyester is most commonly polyethylene terephthalate produced via polycondensation of a diol and diacid. Both synthetic and natural polymers like gums are used, but synthetic polymers like nylon and polyester are widely used in textile industries.
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
Although all Textiles will burn, some are naturally more resistant to fire than others. Those that are more flammable can have their fire resistance drastically improved by treatment with fire retardant chemicals called flame Retardant Textiles.
Although all Textiles will burn, some are naturally more resistant to fire than others. Those that are more flammable can have their fire resistance drastically improved by treatment with fire retardant chemicals called flame Retardant Textiles.
Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains .
The word POLYMER comes from the Greek words poly means many and mer means parts .
Polymer is used as a synonym for plastic .
All plastics are polymers , but not all polymers are plastics
From the stone age to the age of computers, a significant development is self evident in the materials that make our daily life comfortable. One of these revolutionary materials in the modern world is polymers. Polymers are natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. These are present in almost every aspect of modern day lives because of their vast spectrum of properties. Natural polymers like wool, cotton, and silk are present in our society long before the notion itself. In 1869 John Wesley Hyatt invented celluloid, the first synthetic plastic, while searching for an artificial replacement for ivory. It was not until 1907 when polymers entered the industrial sector with the invention of Bakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic, containing zero naturally occurring molecules. These inventions later emerged as a field of macromolecular chemistry, a field closely associated with the name of Herman Staudinger, who received the Nobel Prize in 1953 for first proposing the idea of polymerization a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains . Since then, there have been several developments in the synthesis of various polymers, contributing to six more Nobel prizes associated with the field of polymeric sciences. In this review we will discuss some of the most commonly used polymers in everyday life. Dr. Pushpraj Singh "Polymers Used in Everyday Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/48033/polymers-used-in-everyday-life/dr-pushpraj-singh
Many materials in day to day use are made from natural and synthetic polymers as constituents. Polymer based industries are products of research and development.
Introduction
Types of polymer
Classification of Polymer
Polymerization
Biodegradable Polymer
Application of biodegradable polymer
Natural polymer
They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example, proteins, starch, cellulose, and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers called biopolymers.
Semi-synthetic Polymers:
They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification. For example, cellulose nitrate, and cellulose acetate.
Synthetic Polymers
These are man-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6, polyether’s etc.
Thermosetting polymersThese polymers greatly improve the material’s mechanical properties. It provides enhanced chemical and heat resistance. For example, phenolics, epoxies, and silicones.Addition Polymerization: For Example, poly ethane, Teflon, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)Condensation Polymerization: Example, Nylon -6, 6, perylene, polyesters.
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Polymer
Polymer - any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed
of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of
simpler chemical units called monomers.
Monomer - a single molecule that has the ability to combine with
identical or similar molecules, a process also known
as polymerization.
Polymerization - is the process in which monomer units are linked by
chemical reaction to form long chains. These long chains set polymers
apart from other chemical species and give them their unique
characteristic properties. The polymer chains can be linear, branched,
or cross-linked.
4. Polymerization
The two major types of polymerization are “Addition Polymerization” also
called Chain Reaction and “Condensation Polymerization” also called Step
Reaction.
Step reactions require bifunctional or polyfunctional monomers, while chain
reactions require the presence of an initiator.
5. Step & Chain Polymerization
Step polymerization requires that there is at least a reactive
functional group on each end of the monomer that will react
with functional groups with other monomers. For example,
6. Cont….
Chains (i.e., addition) polymerization requires an initiator
(I) and proceeds by adding one repeating unit at a time.
Example
7. Types of polymers
There are two types of polymers: synthetic and
natural. Synthetic polymers are derived from
petroleum oil, and made by scientists and
engineers.
Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon,
polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy.
Natural polymers occur in nature and can be
extracted i.e. Starch, cellulose, proteins, natural
rubber.
9. Natural Polymers
Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted.
They are often water-based. Examples of naturally
occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and
proteins.
There are four basic kinds of biological macromolecules.
They are carbohydrates,lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids. These polymers are composed of
differentmonomers and serve different
functions. Carbohydrates - molecules composed of
sugar monomers.
10.
11. Brief on Natural Polymers
Proteins and Polypeptides- Proteins are the basic type of natural polymers
which constitutes in almost all the living organisms. Proteins are said to be
most versatile in nature. They can also be as catalysts. Some of the proteins
are called as enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for various chemical
reactions occurring in our body and it happens about million times faster even
without these enzymes. One type of protein in our blood called as hemoglobin
carries the oxygen from lungs to the cells of a human body.
A protein is usually a naturally occurring type of polyamide. This polymer
consists of an amide group present in the backbone chain of human body.
Collagen– Collagen is one of the natural polymers and is a protein. It makes
up the connective tissue present in the skin of human beings. This Collagen-
polymer is also a fiber that creates an elastic layer below the skin and thus
helps in keeping it supple and smooth.
Latex- Latex is known to be a kind of rubber, and rubber is a natural polymer.
This latex occurs in both the forms either synthetic or natural. The natural
form of latex is mainly collected from the rubber trees and it is also found in
variety of plants which includes the milkweed. It can also be prepared
artificially by the process of building up long chains of molecules of styrene.
12. Cont..
Cellulose– Cellulose is one of the most abundant organic compounds found on
the Earth and moreover the purest form of natural cellulose is the cotton.
The paper manufactured from the woods of trees and also the supporting
materials in leaves and plants mainly comprise of cellulose. Like the amylose,
it is also a polymer which is made from the monomers of glucose.
Starch– Starch is the derivative of condensation polymerization and consists
of glucose monomers, which further split into water molecules when
combined chemically. Starch is also a member of basic food groups called
the carbohydrates and it is found in the grains, cereal and potatoes. Starch is
a polymer of monosaccharide glucose. The molecules of starch consists of 2
kinds of glucose polymers namely amylopectin and amylose which are the
main component of starch in most of the plants.
13. Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are those which are human-made polymers.
The eight most common types of synthetic-organic polymers, which are commonly
found in households are:
• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Polystyrene (PS)
• Nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6.
• Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
• Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU)
15. Polymer Abbreviation Properties Uses
Low-density polyethylene LDPE Chemically inert, flexible, insulator
Squeeze bottles, toys, flexible pipes, insulation
cover (electric wires), six pack rings, etc.
High-density
polyethylene
HDPE
Inert, thermally stable, tough and
high tensile strength
Bottles, pipes, inner insulation (dielectric)
of coax cable (see also PTFE), plastic bags, etc.
Polypropylene PP
Resistant to acids and alkalis, High
tensile strength
Auto parts, industrial fibers, food containers,
liner in bags, dishware and as a wrapping
material for textiles and food
Polystyrene (thermocole) PS
Thermal insulator. Properties depends on
the form, expanded form is tough and
rigid
Petri dishes, CD case, plastic cutlery
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE
Very low coefficient of friction,
excellent dielectric properties,
chemically inert
Low friction bearings, non-stick pans, inner
insulation (dielectric) of coax cable (see also
HDPE), coating against chemical attack etc.
Polyvinylchloride PVC
Insulator, flame retardant, chemically
inert
Pipe ( mainly draining), fencing, lawn chairs,
hand-bags, curtain clothes, non-food
bottles, raincoats, toys, vinyl flooring,
electrical installation insulations, etc.
Polychlorotrifluoroethyle
ne
PCTFE
Stable to heat and thermal attacks, high
tensile strength and non wetting
valves, seals, gaskets etc.
16.
17. Polymers Used in Textile
Both synthetic and natural polymers used in textile field,
like nylon, polyester, gums such as xanthan and guar
gums and carrageenan.
Widely used polymers are synthetic polymers in textile
industries.
Mainly nylon ,polyester, acrylic.
18. Nylon
The synthetic polyamides are the urea-formaldehyde
resins, which are thermosetting. They are used to produce
molded objects and as adhesives and coatings for textiles
and paper.
Also important are the polyamide resins known as nylons.
They are strong, resistant to heat and abrasion,
noncombustible, and nontoxic, and they can be colored.
Their best-known use is as textile fibers, but they have
many other applications. It is a condensation
polymerization process.
21. Polyester
Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional
group in their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly
refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation
reaction. See "condensation reactions in polymer chemistry". The
general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is :
(n+1) R(OH)2 + n R´(COOH)2 → HO[ROOCR´COO]nROH + 2n H2O