This document provides information about a seminar on cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines CPR, discusses its history and purpose, and outlines the main stages and steps of resuscitation including airway management, breathing, circulation, equipment used, causes of cardiac arrest requiring CPR, and the phases of CPR. The document focuses on the basics of CPR including assessment, head-tilt chin-lift, rescue breathing, and external chest compressions.
CPR involves chest compressions and assisted ventilation to restore circulation and prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen in someone experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest. It consists of basic life support provided by any first responder and advanced life support involving intubation, defibrillation, and drugs. The procedure for CPR involves checking responsiveness, feeling for a pulse, clearing the airway, giving chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute to a depth of 1.5-2 inches, and rescue breaths at 10-12 breaths per minute until spontaneous circulation returns.
CPR involves procedures to manually maintain heartbeat and breathing when these functions have stopped. It provides oxygen to vital organs until medical treatment can restore normal heart function. CPR consists of opening the airway, providing rescue breaths, and external chest compressions to circulate blood. The goals are to keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart until definitive treatments like defibrillation can be applied. CPR is used to treat cardiac arrest from conditions like heart attacks, drug overdoses, and respiratory issues.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for an infant, child, or adolescent who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
Cardiovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death, with cardiac arrest being responsible for 366,807 deaths per year in the US. Effective basic life support (BLS) provided immediately after cardiac arrest can double a victim's chance of survival. BLS involves chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing to sustain life until advanced medical treatment can restore normal heart function. It consists of five steps: assessing the scene and victim, checking for no pulse and breathing, beginning chest compressions, opening the airway, and giving rescue breaths. BLS is performed at a rate of 100-120 chest compressions per minute with complete chest recoil between compressions to promote circulation until emergency responders arrive.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its definition, purpose, procedures, guidelines, and the roles of nurses. CPR is an emergency procedure performed when a person is unresponsive and not breathing or has abnormal breathing to manually maintain heart function until further measures can restore spontaneous circulation and breathing. It involves chest compressions, airway management, and rescue breathing in a cycle according to guidelines. Nurses play an important role in initiating and assisting with CPR, managing airways, monitoring the patient, and documenting the procedures. Knowledge of CPR techniques and guidelines is essential for nurses to be able to effectively resuscitate patients in cardiac or respiratory arrest.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its definition, purposes, indications, principles, and standard method. CPR is a life-saving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It maintains an open airway, breathing through external ventilation, and blood circulation through chest compressions. The standard CPR method follows the sequence of chest compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB). It involves 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in repeated cycles until emergency responders arrive.
Triage is the process of sorting patients based on the urgency of their condition to determine priority of treatment. The goal is to provide the right care to the right patient at the right time. There are different categories for triage, such as immediate, urgent, less urgent and non-urgent. The triage nurse conducts an initial assessment of the patient's airway, breathing, circulation and disability level to identify life-threatening issues and assign an acuity level for treatment. Re-triage is important as a patient's condition may deteriorate while waiting. The triage nurse plays a key role in efficiently sorting and treating patients based on need.
CPR involves chest compressions and assisted ventilation to restore circulation and prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen in someone experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest. It consists of basic life support provided by any first responder and advanced life support involving intubation, defibrillation, and drugs. The procedure for CPR involves checking responsiveness, feeling for a pulse, clearing the airway, giving chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute to a depth of 1.5-2 inches, and rescue breaths at 10-12 breaths per minute until spontaneous circulation returns.
CPR involves procedures to manually maintain heartbeat and breathing when these functions have stopped. It provides oxygen to vital organs until medical treatment can restore normal heart function. CPR consists of opening the airway, providing rescue breaths, and external chest compressions to circulate blood. The goals are to keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart until definitive treatments like defibrillation can be applied. CPR is used to treat cardiac arrest from conditions like heart attacks, drug overdoses, and respiratory issues.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for an infant, child, or adolescent who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
Cardiovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death, with cardiac arrest being responsible for 366,807 deaths per year in the US. Effective basic life support (BLS) provided immediately after cardiac arrest can double a victim's chance of survival. BLS involves chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing to sustain life until advanced medical treatment can restore normal heart function. It consists of five steps: assessing the scene and victim, checking for no pulse and breathing, beginning chest compressions, opening the airway, and giving rescue breaths. BLS is performed at a rate of 100-120 chest compressions per minute with complete chest recoil between compressions to promote circulation until emergency responders arrive.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its definition, purpose, procedures, guidelines, and the roles of nurses. CPR is an emergency procedure performed when a person is unresponsive and not breathing or has abnormal breathing to manually maintain heart function until further measures can restore spontaneous circulation and breathing. It involves chest compressions, airway management, and rescue breathing in a cycle according to guidelines. Nurses play an important role in initiating and assisting with CPR, managing airways, monitoring the patient, and documenting the procedures. Knowledge of CPR techniques and guidelines is essential for nurses to be able to effectively resuscitate patients in cardiac or respiratory arrest.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its definition, purposes, indications, principles, and standard method. CPR is a life-saving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It maintains an open airway, breathing through external ventilation, and blood circulation through chest compressions. The standard CPR method follows the sequence of chest compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB). It involves 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in repeated cycles until emergency responders arrive.
Triage is the process of sorting patients based on the urgency of their condition to determine priority of treatment. The goal is to provide the right care to the right patient at the right time. There are different categories for triage, such as immediate, urgent, less urgent and non-urgent. The triage nurse conducts an initial assessment of the patient's airway, breathing, circulation and disability level to identify life-threatening issues and assign an acuity level for treatment. Re-triage is important as a patient's condition may deteriorate while waiting. The triage nurse plays a key role in efficiently sorting and treating patients based on need.
Drowning occurs when water enters the respiratory tract, preventing breathing and oxygen intake. It can cause death within 24 hours from suffocation. Near-drowning victims survive for over 24 hours. Signs of drowning include a wet, cold body; blue lips; vomiting; abnormal breathing; and cardiac arrest in severe cases. Treatment depends on the condition - CPR for no pulse or breathing, clearing airways and removing water from the lungs otherwise. Complications can include pneumonia, renal failure, and stroke if not promptly treated. Prevention emphasizes safety around bodies of water and supervision of children.
The document describes the proper procedure for cleansing the urethral meatus and surrounding skin for patients with urinary retention catheters who are bedridden. The procedure aims to promote patient comfort and reduce the risk of urinary tract infections. It involves preparing supplies, positioning the patient, cleaning and disinfecting the area with antiseptic solutions and ointment, and documenting the process.
Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages in all settings, including promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for those who are ill, disabled, or dying. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) refers to clinical guidelines for urgently treating life-threatening cardiac conditions that cause or can cause cardiac arrest, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. The ACLS algorithms address airway management, ventilation, chest compressions, defibrillation, and medications to treat dangerous arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
Here, we discuss about the intake output chart.
The intake output chart is a vital in patient care. By maintaining intake output chart we can monitor the improvement of the patient. So, here we provide about the intake output chart, indications, procedure, precautions, maintaining chart and more.
Please read it attentively and upgrade your professional knowledge and apply it to practice.
Thanks
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
This document provides an overview of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its history, purpose, procedures, and key facts. CPR is an emergency procedure used to manually circulate blood to vital organs when someone's heartbeat or breathing has stopped. It involves chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing in a repeated cycle. Proper CPR can double someone's chances of survival from cardiac arrest until emergency services arrive with a defibrillator. The document outlines the specific steps and techniques for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants.
Thoracentesis is a procedure to drain excess fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall under local anesthesia to remove fluid for analysis or to relieve symptoms like shortness of breath. Precautions are taken before and during the procedure to monitor vital signs and breathing. After the procedure, the patient is observed for complications and a chest x-ray may be taken to evaluate the drainage.
CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
1. The document provides guidelines for performing pediatric CPR for infants, including the steps for 1-rescuer and 2-rescuer infant CPR.
2. It also outlines the steps for performing CPR on children and infants, including giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in a ratio of 30:2.
3. The document describes when to use an AED during CPR and provides brief descriptions of drugs that may be used during resuscitation attempts.
This document discusses different types of suctioning procedures including endotracheal, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal suctioning. It defines each procedure, lists the necessary equipment and supplies, outlines the step-by-step processes, and notes special considerations like appropriate suction pressure levels. Endotracheal suctioning involves removing secretions from the tracheobronchial tree through an endotracheal tube, while oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning remove secretions from the oral or nasal cavities and pharynx.
The document discusses cardiac monitoring and electrocardiography (ECG). It defines a cardiac monitor as a device that displays electrical and pressure waveforms of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac monitors are used to continuously monitor heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and other vital signs in critically ill patients. They allow for prompt detection of arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions. A 12-lead ECG provides a graphical recording of the heart's electrical activity over time and is useful for diagnosing arrhythmias and detecting other cardiac abnormalities.
What type of procedure is suctioning?
Suctioning is 'the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place'. The procedure involves patient preparation, the suctioning event(s) and follow-up care.
This document provides information on nasogastric tube feeding including:
1. It defines nasogastric tube feeding as administering food directly into the stomach through a tube inserted through the nose or mouth.
2. It lists indications for nasogastric tube feeding such as head/neck injuries, coma, obstruction of the esophagus or oropharynx, and increased metabolic needs from burns or cancer.
3. It describes the procedure for nasogastric tube feeding including assessing the patient, placing the feeding tube, administering the feeding slowly by gravity, and monitoring the patient after feeding.
This document discusses nasogastric tube feeding and its nursing management. It begins by introducing NG tube feeding and its purposes, which include providing nourishment to patients who cannot feed themselves or be fed orally. It then covers indications for NG tube feeding, the necessary equipment, assessment steps, the procedure including feeding administration and aftercare, and complications to watch for. It also discusses gastrostomy and jejunostomy tube feeding procedures and their differences from NG tube feeding.
This document provides an overview of paediatric emergency management. It discusses cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures for children and outlines management of common paediatric emergencies like drowning, burns, falls, and foreign body ingestion. Specific conditions covered in more depth include near-drowning, burn classifications and estimations, and treatment plans for minor and major burns. The document aims to equip medical professionals with knowledge of stabilizing critically ill children and preventing long-term complications from emergency situations.
The document defines and describes critical care units, nursing, and nurses. It states that critical care units are specially designed facilities staffed by skilled personnel that provide effective care for life-threatening illnesses. Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. Critical care nurses are responsible for ensuring optimal care for critically ill patients and their families.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines CPR as a combination of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions that delivers oxygen and artificial blood circulation to someone in cardiac arrest. The document outlines the purpose, principles, procedures, and importance of immediately starting CPR for cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest in order to prevent irreversible brain damage from lack of oxygen. It describes performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, clearing the airway, and giving rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio to restore circulation and oxygen flow until emergency services arrive.
This document provides guidelines for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines. It outlines the basic steps for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants, including checking for responsiveness, calling for help, checking breathing, beginning chest compressions, providing breaths, using an automated external defibrillator, and relieving choking. The guidelines emphasize compressing at a rate of 100 times per minute and adjusting hand placement and compression depth based on the age of the victim.
CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to circulate oxygenated blood to vital organs until the heart can resume its natural rhythm. It should be performed if a person is unconscious and not breathing. The first step is to call 911 if possible. CPR follows the ABCs - clear the airway, give breaths, and perform chest compressions to restore circulation. Even imperfect CPR is better than no aid, as it can significantly increase the victim's chances of survival until emergency help arrives.
Drowning occurs when water enters the respiratory tract, preventing breathing and oxygen intake. It can cause death within 24 hours from suffocation. Near-drowning victims survive for over 24 hours. Signs of drowning include a wet, cold body; blue lips; vomiting; abnormal breathing; and cardiac arrest in severe cases. Treatment depends on the condition - CPR for no pulse or breathing, clearing airways and removing water from the lungs otherwise. Complications can include pneumonia, renal failure, and stroke if not promptly treated. Prevention emphasizes safety around bodies of water and supervision of children.
The document describes the proper procedure for cleansing the urethral meatus and surrounding skin for patients with urinary retention catheters who are bedridden. The procedure aims to promote patient comfort and reduce the risk of urinary tract infections. It involves preparing supplies, positioning the patient, cleaning and disinfecting the area with antiseptic solutions and ointment, and documenting the process.
Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages in all settings, including promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for those who are ill, disabled, or dying. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) refers to clinical guidelines for urgently treating life-threatening cardiac conditions that cause or can cause cardiac arrest, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. The ACLS algorithms address airway management, ventilation, chest compressions, defibrillation, and medications to treat dangerous arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
Here, we discuss about the intake output chart.
The intake output chart is a vital in patient care. By maintaining intake output chart we can monitor the improvement of the patient. So, here we provide about the intake output chart, indications, procedure, precautions, maintaining chart and more.
Please read it attentively and upgrade your professional knowledge and apply it to practice.
Thanks
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
This document provides an overview of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its history, purpose, procedures, and key facts. CPR is an emergency procedure used to manually circulate blood to vital organs when someone's heartbeat or breathing has stopped. It involves chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing in a repeated cycle. Proper CPR can double someone's chances of survival from cardiac arrest until emergency services arrive with a defibrillator. The document outlines the specific steps and techniques for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants.
Thoracentesis is a procedure to drain excess fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall under local anesthesia to remove fluid for analysis or to relieve symptoms like shortness of breath. Precautions are taken before and during the procedure to monitor vital signs and breathing. After the procedure, the patient is observed for complications and a chest x-ray may be taken to evaluate the drainage.
CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
1. The document provides guidelines for performing pediatric CPR for infants, including the steps for 1-rescuer and 2-rescuer infant CPR.
2. It also outlines the steps for performing CPR on children and infants, including giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in a ratio of 30:2.
3. The document describes when to use an AED during CPR and provides brief descriptions of drugs that may be used during resuscitation attempts.
This document discusses different types of suctioning procedures including endotracheal, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal suctioning. It defines each procedure, lists the necessary equipment and supplies, outlines the step-by-step processes, and notes special considerations like appropriate suction pressure levels. Endotracheal suctioning involves removing secretions from the tracheobronchial tree through an endotracheal tube, while oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning remove secretions from the oral or nasal cavities and pharynx.
The document discusses cardiac monitoring and electrocardiography (ECG). It defines a cardiac monitor as a device that displays electrical and pressure waveforms of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac monitors are used to continuously monitor heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and other vital signs in critically ill patients. They allow for prompt detection of arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions. A 12-lead ECG provides a graphical recording of the heart's electrical activity over time and is useful for diagnosing arrhythmias and detecting other cardiac abnormalities.
What type of procedure is suctioning?
Suctioning is 'the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place'. The procedure involves patient preparation, the suctioning event(s) and follow-up care.
This document provides information on nasogastric tube feeding including:
1. It defines nasogastric tube feeding as administering food directly into the stomach through a tube inserted through the nose or mouth.
2. It lists indications for nasogastric tube feeding such as head/neck injuries, coma, obstruction of the esophagus or oropharynx, and increased metabolic needs from burns or cancer.
3. It describes the procedure for nasogastric tube feeding including assessing the patient, placing the feeding tube, administering the feeding slowly by gravity, and monitoring the patient after feeding.
This document discusses nasogastric tube feeding and its nursing management. It begins by introducing NG tube feeding and its purposes, which include providing nourishment to patients who cannot feed themselves or be fed orally. It then covers indications for NG tube feeding, the necessary equipment, assessment steps, the procedure including feeding administration and aftercare, and complications to watch for. It also discusses gastrostomy and jejunostomy tube feeding procedures and their differences from NG tube feeding.
This document provides an overview of paediatric emergency management. It discusses cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures for children and outlines management of common paediatric emergencies like drowning, burns, falls, and foreign body ingestion. Specific conditions covered in more depth include near-drowning, burn classifications and estimations, and treatment plans for minor and major burns. The document aims to equip medical professionals with knowledge of stabilizing critically ill children and preventing long-term complications from emergency situations.
The document defines and describes critical care units, nursing, and nurses. It states that critical care units are specially designed facilities staffed by skilled personnel that provide effective care for life-threatening illnesses. Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. Critical care nurses are responsible for ensuring optimal care for critically ill patients and their families.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines CPR as a combination of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions that delivers oxygen and artificial blood circulation to someone in cardiac arrest. The document outlines the purpose, principles, procedures, and importance of immediately starting CPR for cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest in order to prevent irreversible brain damage from lack of oxygen. It describes performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, clearing the airway, and giving rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio to restore circulation and oxygen flow until emergency services arrive.
This document provides guidelines for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines. It outlines the basic steps for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants, including checking for responsiveness, calling for help, checking breathing, beginning chest compressions, providing breaths, using an automated external defibrillator, and relieving choking. The guidelines emphasize compressing at a rate of 100 times per minute and adjusting hand placement and compression depth based on the age of the victim.
CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to circulate oxygenated blood to vital organs until the heart can resume its natural rhythm. It should be performed if a person is unconscious and not breathing. The first step is to call 911 if possible. CPR follows the ABCs - clear the airway, give breaths, and perform chest compressions to restore circulation. Even imperfect CPR is better than no aid, as it can significantly increase the victim's chances of survival until emergency help arrives.
CPR is a lifesaving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It maintains circulation and breathing until emergency help arrives. CPR involves chest compressions to circulate blood, clearing the airway, and giving rescue breaths. It is performed as a series of cycles with 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in each cycle. CPR should continue until the person shows signs of movement or emergency personnel take over.
The document provides training on basic life support and anaphylaxis, outlining objectives, background, and steps to assess an unconscious victim, perform CPR, and recognize and treat anaphylaxis. It describes how to check for response and breathing, perform chest compressions and rescue breaths, and continue CPR until emergency help arrives. Causes of anaphylaxis include foods, drugs, insect stings, with recognition involving airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure problems that should be treated with epinephrine auto-injectors.
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves artificial ventilation and external chest compressions to establish blood circulation to vital organs after cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. It is indicated for cardiac, pulmonary or respiratory causes of arrest. The key steps of CPR are maintaining airway, providing rescue breathing, and performing external chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute. Signs of successful resuscitation include return of pulse, breathing and consciousness. Ongoing nursing care and monitoring is critical for survival in the hours after resuscitation.
The Musculoskeletal System under the Unit HUMAN BODY
~now active with hyperlinks.
Please note that this presentation will be more appreciated if your computer is under Microsoft 2013. Kindly consider the compatibility for more convenient and pleasing slides.
The musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement, and protection to the human body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and muscles. Bones provide structure and store minerals, muscles allow movement by contracting and relaxing, and joints connect bones to facilitate motion. Together, these components form a complex system that is essential for human movement and survival.
This document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal and muscular systems. It describes the main bone types and classifications, joints, movements, and muscle contractions. Key terms are defined such as anatomical directions, bone functions, and the differences between skeletal muscle fiber types.
Neurogenic changes in denervated skeletal muscle include angulated fibers, increased nuclei, and an absence of necrosis or fibrosis. Reinnervation results in fiber type grouping and target fibers. The reading frame hypothesis explains how in-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene cause Becker muscular dystrophy by producing an abnormally short, but present, dystrophin protein. Routine muscle biopsy has limitations in diagnosing some muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial diseases due to heterogeneity and sampling issues. Dermatomyositis is distinguished from polymyositis by features of a complement-mediated small vessel vasculitis, while inclusion body myositis shows vacuolated fibers, mononuclear inflammation, and intracellular protein
Pathology of the musculoskeletal system 2016Chapima Fabian
This document provides an overview of bone pathology and various bone diseases. It begins with an introduction to the mechanical, mineral storage and hematopoietic functions of bones. The rest of the document is outlined and covers various congenital bone diseases like achondroplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta, acquired bone diseases including fractures, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis and tuberculosis of bone. For each disease, it discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, signs and symptoms as well as treatment where relevant.
1. The document discusses advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines for treating cardiac arrest. It outlines the chain of survival and emphasizes high-quality CPR, defibrillation, airway management, monitoring during CPR, and drug therapy.
2. Key ACLS interventions include chest compressions, rescue breathing, defibrillation, and vasopressor administration to treat cardiac rhythms like ventricular fibrillation.
3. The document also reviews special considerations for cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy and post-cardiac arrest care.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including its main components like muscles, bones, tendons, and joints. It describes the three main types of muscles and functions of bones and joints. Assessment of the musculoskeletal system includes inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, and evaluation of gait and posture. Common musculoskeletal problems like pain, impaired mobility, and self-care deficits are discussed along with relevant nursing management.
The document summarizes updates to CPR guidelines from 2015, including:
1. For untrained lay rescuers, compression-only CPR is recommended, while trained lay rescuers should provide 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
2. Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of 100-120 per minute for adults, to a depth of at least 2 inches but not more than 2.4 inches.
3. Rescuers should avoid leaning on the chest between compressions to allow full chest wall recoil, and when using an advanced airway one breath should be given every 6 seconds during continuous chest compressions.
This medical document summarizes a patient's back pain issues. A 30-year old male cricket player has been experiencing dull, lower lumbar back pain for 3 years that is aggravated by prolonged standing and vigorous activity and eased by rest. Examination found increased lumbar lordosis, tender lower back area, and tight lower back muscles. Tests were otherwise normal. The diagnosis was lumbar spondylosis and lower back muscle spasm. Treatment recommended was infrared therapy, back and core strengthening exercises, and posture education. The goal is to reduce lower back muscle spasm and back pain.
Musculoskeletal Masqeuraders - Rolling the 'Clinical Dice'Steve Nawoor
I recently delivered this presentation on 'MSK Masqueraders' at the National Exhibition Center (NEC) in Birmingham for the 2015 Therapy Expo conference.
Basically this was a brief insight and overview of MSK Masqueraders and the impact on clinical practice. The context of each slide was expanded during the conference session and hopefully the presentation below gives you a flavour of the topics I covered. Be mindful that this presentation is a snippet of what I would usually cover so, is not a complete overview of the topic of Masqueraders, which is a challenging area of clinical practice.
Having knowledge of conditions that can masquerade as MSK pathology is a key aspect of the physiotherapist’s clinical development. More and more roles and opportunities are arising where we are responsible for first line assessment and care, which means we must have an ability to screen effectively, systematically and understand when the patient is presenting with symptoms that don't quite fit with an MSK presentation.
Index of suspicion, pattern recognition and understanding when and how to streamline you assessment to ascertain clarity on the next steps for a patient that you are concerned about can be challenging but is vital.
Twitter Handle: @stevenawoor
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing direct medical recommendations or diagnoses without a full patient history and physical examination. Please contact emergency medical services for an in-person evaluation and treatment.
This document provides information about basic life support (BLS). It discusses the goals of BLS as early access to care, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced cardiac life support in order to preserve brain viability. BLS generally does not include drugs or invasive skills and is contrasted with advanced cardiac life support. The document then outlines the BLS procedure, which consists of checking for response, calling for help, opening the airway, checking for breathing, and performing chest compressions if there is no pulse. It emphasizes the importance of early defibrillation and continuing CPR until more advanced support arrives.
The document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with joint pain or arthritis. It emphasizes taking a thorough history and physical exam to determine the anatomical source of pain and pathological process involved. Key diagnostic clues come from assessing patterns related to onset, number and symmetry of involved joints, distribution of affected areas, and presence of extra-articular features. Distinguishing inflammatory from non-inflammatory arthritis and monoarticular from polyarticular involvement helps generate differential diagnoses for common arthritic and joint conditions. The goal is to localize symptoms and identify the pathophysiological cause to guide appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
The MSK Referral System provides a central access point for all musculoskeletal (MSK) referrals in Lewisham through the MSK Clinical Assessment Triage and Treatment Service (MCATTS). MCATTS triages all orthopaedic and rheumatology referrals using a standardized referral form. It aims to provide a "one stop shop" approach and lower follow up rates across the care pathway. The referral pathway involves patients being referred to MCATTS, where a consultant rheumatologist will triage the referral and the patient will be offered a choice of secondary care providers if further management is needed.
This document discusses orthopedic pathology and bone biology. It covers the structure and function of bones, development of bones, bone cells including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone healing and repair, and various bone diseases. Key topics include embryonic bone development, calcium metabolism, bone marrow hematopoiesis, osteoblast and osteoclast regulation, fracture healing, osteomyelitis, rickets, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone. Diagrams of bone structure, cells, and diseases are provided.
The document discusses cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which is a technique used to artificially support breathing and heart function when they have ceased. It involves clearing the airway, providing rescue breathing through mouth-to-mouth or with a bag and mask, and performing external chest compressions to manually pump the heart. The key steps of CPR include assessing for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse; opening the airway; giving breaths; and administering compressions at a rate of 100 per minute with a depth of 1.5-2 inches until emergency services arrive or the person starts breathing on their own.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
1) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure performed when a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It involves chest compressions, rescue breathing, and defibrillation if needed.
2) There are different techniques for CPR depending on the age of the victim, including mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, mouth-to-stoma, and use of barrier devices like masks or face shields. The goal is to pump oxygenated blood to the brain and other vital organs until normal heart function resumes.
3) Signs that CPR is effective include constricted pupils, distinct pulsations with compressions, blinking in response to stimuli,
Basic CPR competency is a foudational skill in both basic and advanced life support training and ample data supports the need to improve ongoing maintenance of competency. Many out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims do not receive CPR before the arrival of professional rescuers. Video-based instruction effectively trains students more quickly than traditional classroom based courses and evidence suggests ongoing refresher training benefits skill retention. Real time feedback devices improve CPR quality in both training and actual resuscitation. Devkunwar Salam "Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21417.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21417/cardiopulmonary-resuscitation/devkunwar-salam
This document provides an overview of cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) presented by Mr. Sudhir Khuntia. It defines CPR as a basic life support technique used to oxygenate the brain and heart until medical treatment can restore normal function. The goals of CPR are to promote circulation through chest compressions and maintain an open airway through breathing efforts. Proper CPR involves assessing for responsiveness, calling emergency services, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute combined with rescue breathing at a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves restoring breathing and circulation in a patient whose heart has stopped. CPR has three main steps - airway, breathing, and circulation. For airway, techniques like head tilt and jaw thrust are used to open the airway. For breathing, mouth-to-mouth or bag-mask ventilation is provided. For circulation, chest compressions are given at a rate of 100-120 per minute to manually pump the heart and circulate blood to vital organs. Advanced CPR techniques involve use of equipment like endotracheal tubes, defibrillators, and drugs to further support breathing and restore heart rhythm. The goal of CPR is to prevent irreversible brain
CPR involves basic techniques to manually support breathing and circulation until further medical help arrives. It aims to restore oxygenated blood flow to vital organs. The key steps are: [1] early recognition of cardiac or respiratory arrest; [2] beginning chest compressions immediately at a rate of 100 per minute; [3] giving rescue breaths if no signs of breathing. Advanced techniques use equipment like defibrillators, ventilators and drugs to further support breathing and circulation."
CPR involves restarting a person's heartbeat and breathing after they have stopped. It was developed in the 1960s and combines chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth breathing. The objectives of CPR are to keep oxygen flowing to the lungs and oxygenated blood flowing through the body. It is performed through cycles of 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths at a rate of 120 compressions per minute. High quality CPR requires minimizing interruptions, providing adequate rate and depth of compressions, avoiding excessive ventilation, and ensuring proper hand placement. CPR is used to buy time until normal heart and lung function can be restored or a defibrillator becomes available.
Cardiac arrest is the cessation of normal blood circulation due to failure of the heart to contract effectively. It is classified based on ECG rhythm into shockable (ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia) and non-shockable (asystole and pulseless electrical activity). Risk factors include male sex, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diabetes, and family history. Signs include unconsciousness, no breathing, no pulse, dilated pupils, and blue lips/nails. Diagnosis is typically made clinically by absence of a carotid pulse. Treatment involves cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and medications to restore spontaneous circulation.
This document provides information on emergency care for airway obstruction and heart attack. It discusses the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress and airway obstruction, including clutching the neck and inability to speak or cough. First aid management for airway obstruction includes back blows, chest thrusts, and abdominal thrusts. For an unconscious victim, chest compressions and rescue breathing are demonstrated. The signs and symptoms of a heart attack are also outlined. Early CPR is emphasized as critical for cardiac arrest victims, with the steps of CPR described, including chest compressions, opening the airway, and rescue breathing. Hands-only CPR is recommended for untrained bystanders.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique used to manually preserve brain and heart function until further medical treatment can restore normal function. CPR involves clearing the airway, providing rescue breaths, and performing chest compressions to manually pump the heart and circulate blood to vital organs like the brain. The basic steps of CPR are CABD - Clear airway, give Breaths, perform Chest compressions, and use a Defibrillator if available. CPR is used to treat cardiac arrest, where the heart suddenly stops pumping effectively. It aims to restore effective circulation and prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen.
CPR involves maintaining circulation and respiration through chest compressions and rescue breathing. It is performed when someone experiences cardiac arrest and their heart stops beating. The key steps of CPR are compressing the chest at a rate of 100-120 times per minute and providing two rescue breaths after every 30 compressions. Regular practice of CPR and immediate response in emergencies can help sustain vital organ function until advanced medical help arrives.
The document outlines the general and specific objectives of a class on cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and care of the deceased. The general objectives include defining CPR, describing how to perform CPR, outlining risk factors and guidelines. The specific objectives cover introducing CPR, defining it, reviewing causes of cardiac arrest, procedures, drugs used and post-care, as well as introducing death, defining it, physiological changes after death and procedures for caring for the deceased.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique of basic & advanced life support for purpose of oxygenating the brain & heart until appropriate definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart & Ventilatory action. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a life saving technique used to restore life of the people.
CPR is a basic Technique to oxygenating the brain and Hearts until definite medical treatment can restore normal functioning of Heart.
INDICATIONS
Cardiac and Respiratory arrest
Co2 poisoning
Drug poisoning.
Types of CPR
1. BLS ( Basic life support)
2. ACLS ( Advanced cardiac life support)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLS AND ACLS
BLS can be used by general public and incorporates cpr with first aid and some time the use of AED.
ACLS IS generally use by medical professional only and permit thems to use medication to treat patients experiencing cardiac arrest
ACLS is basically an extended version of bls with more advanced methods for emergency care .
Causes of Cardiac and Respiratory arrest
Allergic reaction
Choking
Drug reaction or overdose
Exposure to cold
Stroke
Suffocation
Drowning
Electric shock
Smoke inhalation
Coma
Purpose of CPR
- To restore and maintain breathing and circulation and to provide oxygen and blood flow to the heart , brain and other vital organs.
- TO Prevent irreversible brain damage from anoxia
- To maintain an open and clear airways
-
-
Assessment
1) Apnea
2) Pulse
3) Unconsciousness
4) Cyanosis
5) Dilated pupil.
Sequence
1) Circulation
2) Airway
3) Breathing
Procedure
• Scene safety
• Recognition of cardiac arrest: check for responsiveness
No breathing or only gasping
Check for circulation : No definite pulse felt within 10 sec In carotid artery
• Activation of emergency response system
• Start compression:
1. The victim is on the horizontal supine position on a flat and hard surface
2. The rescuer should be position closed to the side of the victim ‘s chest
3. Location: four fingers above xiphoids process
4. Arms should be staright
5. Rescuer shoulders position directly over hands
6. Begin compression
7. Compression depth : at least 2inches ( 5cm)
8. Do not allows the fingers to touch the chest wall
9. Allow chest to rebound to normal position after each compression
10. Compression rate:100-120/Min
11. Check for sign of circulation every 3-5 Min
12. Compression ventilation ratio: is 30:2 irrespective of number of rescuer.
13. Exhalation occur between two breaths and during the first chest compression of the next cycle.
14. Perform four complete cycle and reassess for sign of breathing and circulation.
15. When Possible , Change CPR operator every 2min.
• Airway
Open the airway for breathing
1. HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT MANEUVER ( CERVICAL SPINE INJURY IS NOT A CONCERN)
2. JAW THRUST MANEUVER(CERVICAL SPINE INJURY IS SUSPECTED)
3. FINGER SWEEP MANEUVER
BREATHING
Mouth to mouth
mouth to mask
Ambu bag
Mouth to Neck Stoma
CPR Consist of six parts
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Drugs /defibrillation
Endocardial intubation
Fluids.
Drugs used in CPR
Epinephrine (Administered every three to five minutes early in CPR for asystole ,ventricular fibrillation)
Vasopressin (As an alternative to epinephrine every three to five minutes for asystole. bradycardia)
Atropine used for (Asystole) (Pulseless electrical activity)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure used during sudden cardiac arrest. It involves chest compressions to circulate blood to vital organs like the brain and heart, as well as rescue breaths. The key steps of CPR include checking for responsiveness, calling for help, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute and providing two rescue breaths. An automated external defibrillator (AED) can deliver an electric shock to potentially restart the heart if it detects a shockable rhythm. Advanced cardiac life support in a hospital setting provides additional interventions like intravenous drugs and defibrillation to treat cardiac arrest. CPR is essential to maintain limited blood flow until definitive medical treatment
1. The document provides instructions for performing external cardiac resuscitation, including opening the airway, artificial ventilation, and external chest compression.
2. It describes how to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on infants, children, and adults and includes the proper hand placement and compression rates.
3. The recovery position is described to maintain an open airway and allow fluids to drain from the mouth when leaving a casualty unattended.
1. P.G. COLLEGE OF NURSING
SEMINAR
ON
CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
SUBMITTED TO, SUBMITTED BY,
MRS ROJA PRINCY MS SHRADDHA MIRE
H.O.D MENTAL HEALTH NSG M.Sc. Nsg 1st year
2. INTRODUCTION:
Unexpected cardiopulmonary collapse
is a medical emergency that requires immediate
institution of the artificial measures to support life
and to reverse the initiating pathophysiological event.
Cerebral resuscitation is the most
important goal of advanced cardiac life support.
Resuscitation is a continuous process from basic life
support (BLS) to advance cardiac life support
(ACLS), where BLS initiates the process and ACLS
aims to restore and maintain spontaneous
respirations and circulations.
3. DEFINITION:
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
is a technique of basic life support for the
purpose of oxygenation to the heart, lungs and
brain until and unless the appropriate medical
treatment can come and restore the normal
cardiopulmonary function.
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation is a
series of steps used to establish artificial
ventilation and circulation in the patient who is
not breathing and has no pulse.
4. Historical review:
5000- First artificial mouth to mouth respiration.
3000 BC- Ventilation.
1780-First attempt of newborn resuscitation by blowing.
874- First experimental cardiac massage.
1901- First successful direct cardiac massage in man.
1946- First experimental indirect cardiac massage and
defibrillation.
1960- Indirect cardiac massage.
1980- Development of cardio pulmonary resuscitation due to
works of peter safar.
5. HOW CPR WORKS:
The air we breathe in, travels to our lungs were oxygen
is picked up by our blood and then pumped by the heart to our
tissue and organs. When a person experiences cardiac arrest-
whether due to heart failure in adults or the elderly or an injury
such as near drowning, or severe trauma in a child-the heart goes
from a normal arrhythmic pattern called ventricular fibrillation, and
eventually ceases to beat altogether. This prevents oxygen from
circulating throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and tissue.
Inessence, cardio (heart) pulmonary(lung)
resuscitation (revive, revitalize) serves as an artificial heartbeat
and an artificial respirator. CPR may not save the victim even
when performed properly, but if started within 4 minute of cardiac
arrest and defibrillation is provided within 10 minutes, a person
has a 40% chance of survival.
6. MAIN STAGES OF
RESUSCITATION:
A (Airway)- ensure open airway by prevention the
falling back of tongue, tracheal intubation if possible.
B (Breathing) – start artificial ventilation of lung.
C (Circulation) – restore the circulation by external
cardiac massage.
D (Differentiation, drug, defibrillation) – quickly
perform differential diagnosis of cardiac arrest; use
different medication and electric defibrillation in case
of ventricular fibrillation.
7. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not resuscitate when a decision not
to resuscitate has been noted in chart. This order
is often abbreviated to DNR (do not resuscitate), is
sometime referred to as no code, and is now
discussed with the client on admission and is
referred to as an advanced directive.
9. ASSESSMENT
Determine that the client is unconscious.
Shake the client and shout at him or her
to confirm if unconscious rather than
being asleep, intoxication or hearing
impairment.
Assess for the presence of respirations.
Assess carotid artery for pulse.
10. EQUIPMENTS
A hard flat surface.
No additional equipment is necessary but in hospital setting, an
emergency (crash) cart with defibrillator and cardiac monitor
should be brought to the bedside. A crash cart contains:
Airway equipment.
Suction equipment.
Intravenous equipment.
Laboratory tubes and syringes.
Pre packed medication for advanced life support.
11. CAUSES
System Reasons
CNS Cerebro-vascular accidents.
Shock.
Pulmonary: COPD.
Airway obstruction.
Atelectasis.
Cardio vascular: Acute M I.
CABG.
Heart failure.
Dysrhythmias.
Heart block.
Miscellaneous: Drowning, Fall, Poisoning.
Emboli, Accident.
12. PHASES OF THE CARDIO
PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION:
Phases Steps
Phase-1 Basic life support A= Airway
B= Breathing
C= circulation
Phase-2 Advance cardiac life D= Drugs
support E= ECG
F= fibrillation
Phase-3 Prolonged life G= Gauging
support H= Human Mentation
I= Intensive care
13. TYPICALLY THE SEQUENCE OF BLS
CONSISTS OF ASSESSMENT AND THE
ABCS OF CPR.
Assessment
It is of crucial importance. It
includes
Assess responsiveness
by calling the person;
shouting and shaking.
Assess breathing by
look, listen and feel: Look
for chest movements,
listen for breath sounds
and feel for the
movements of the air flow.
15. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Airway management
Open and clear the airway: This is
achieved by head tilt and chin lift
maneuver or if there is suspicion/
evidence of head or neck trauma, the
jaw thrust maneuver is used.
16. HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT
MANEUVER:
Place one hand on
the victim’s hairline
and place the other
hand’s index finger
and the middle
finger on the chin
and apply firm
backward pressure.
17. JAW THRUST MANEUVER: -
It is accomplished
by placing one hand
on each side of the
victim’s head,
grasping the angles
of the victim’s lower
jaw, lifting with both
hands.
18. FINGER-SWEEP MANEUVER:
-
With the victim’s head up, opens the
victim’s mouth by grasping both tongue
and the lower jaw between the thumb
and fingers and lifting (tongue-jaw lift).
This action draws the tongue from the
back of the throat and away from the
foreign body. The obstruction may be
partially relieved by this maneuver.
19. If the tongue-jaw lift fails to open the mouth
then crossed finger technique may be used.
This is accomplished by opening the mouth by
crossing the index finger and the thumb and
pushing the teeth apart. The index finger of the
available hand is inserted along the inside of
the cheek and deeply into the throat to the
base of the tongue.
A hooking motion is used to dislodge the
foreign body and maneuver it into the mouth
for removal.
20. If the tongue-jaw lift fails to
open the mouth the crossed
finger technique may be used.
This is accomplished by
opening the mouth by crossing
the index finger and the thumb
and pushing the teeth apart.
The index finger of the
available hand is inserted
along the inside of the cheek
and deeply into the throat to
the base of the tongue.
A hooking motion is used to
dislodge the foreign body and
maneuver it into the mouth for
removal.
21. BREATHING: -
After the airway
management if the victim is
still not breathing, then
maintaining head tilt, chin lift
positions pinch the nostrils
and place the mouth around
the victim’s mouth to make a
tight seal, take two deep
breaths and deliver two
positive pressure
ventilations; each at least of
two seconds duration. When
performing mouth-to-mouth
ventilation always assess for
chest wall movement.
22. BAG AND MASK
VENTILATION
Use a resuscitator bag
and mask.
Apply the mask to the
victim’s mouth and
create a seal by
pressing the left thumb
on the bridge of the
nose and the index
finger on the chin.
Use rest of the fingers
of the left hand to pull
on the chin and the
angle of the mandible to
maintain the head in
extension.
23. Use the right hand to inflate the lungs by
squeezing the bag to its full volume.
Observe the chest wall for symmetric expansion.
The volume of air of each ventilation should be
approximately 700-1000ml, which can be
determined by noting a rise of 1-2 inches in the
victim’s chest.
Smaller volume (400-600ml) should be attempted
during bag and mask ventilation.
24. CIRCULATION:
The carotid artery is used to
determine the absence of
pulse.
While maintaining the head tilt
position with one hand on the
forehead, locate the victim’s trachea
with two or three fingers of the other
hand, then slides these fingers into
the groove between the trachea and
the muscles of the neck where the
carotid pulse can be felt.
The technique is more easily
performed on the side nearest the
rescuer.
If on assessment, there are no signs
of circulation start external cardiac
compressions.
Position hands, arms and shoulders
25. External cardiac compressions
technique consists of serial
rhythmic application of pressure
on the lower half of the sternum.
The victim is on the horizontal
supine position on a flat and hard
surface.
The rescuer should be positioned
closed to the side of the victim’s
chest.
Locate landmark notch hands in
the center of the chest, right
between the nipples and four
fingers above the xiphoid process.
26. Elbows should be locked and
arms are straight.
Rescuer’s shoulders position
directly over hands.
Begin compression.
Pressure should come from
the shoulders.
Compression should depress
victim’s sternum
approximately 1.5- 2 inches.
Don’t allow the fingers to
touch the chest wall.
Allow chest to rebound to
normal position after each
compression.
27. Perform compression at the rate of 100/min.
Maintain correct position at all times.
Check for signs of circulation every 3-5 min.
Compression: ventilation ratio is 30:2
irrespective of number of rescuer.
Exhalation occurs between the two breaths and
during the first chest compression of the next
cycle.
Perform four complete cycles and then reassess
for signs of breathing and circulation.
28. Five keys aspects to great
CPR
Rate
Depth
Release
Ventilation
Uninterrupted
29. DEFINETION
It is asynchronous cardio-version
that is used in emergency situation.
Defibrillation completely depolarizes the
all myocardial cells at once, allowing the
sinus node to recapture its role as the
pacemaker.
30. IMPORTANCE OF EARLY
DEFIBRILLATIONS
Most frequent arrest
frequent arrest rhythm
VF/VT
Treatment is defibrillation.
Successful conversion
diminished over time.
VF tends to deteriorate to A
systole.
34. DEFIBRILLATION: GENERAL
CONCEPT
Immediate defibrillation if
witnessed arrest and
automated external
defibrillation available
compressions before
defibrillation if unwitnessed or
arrival at the scene >4-5
minutes. One shock followed
by immediate CPR ( beginning
with chest compression)
35. KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
WHILE DEFIBRILLATING
Use a conducting agent
between the skins the paddles
such as saline pads or electrode
paste. This decreases the
electrical impedance and helps to
prevent burns.
The paddles are placed on the
chest wall one the sternal paddle
is placed to the right of the
sternum, 2’nd intercostals space
just below the clavicle. The apex
paddle is placed on the left 6’Th
intercostals space mid axillary line.
Switch on the defibrillator.
36. Move the knob of the defibrillator
to the required amount of joules.
Shock at 200,300,360 joules.
Exert 20-25 pounds of pressure
on each paddle to ensure good
skin contact.
Press the charge button.
Call “stand clear” to ensure that
personal are not touching the
patient or the bed at the time of
discharge.
The defibrillator is then
discharged by depressing the
buttons on the both paddles
simultaneously.
37. GAUGING:
Identify the cause of cardiac arrest by:
Cardiac monitoring.
Lab examination of the blood.
HUMAN MENTATION:
Start CPR within 4 min as brain can only
survive for four min without oxygen.
Do not interrupt the CPR more than 7min.
Reassess for breathing and circulation every
2-3min.
38. ECG
ECG is the graphical representation
of the electrical activity of the cardiac
muscles. During CPR the victim’s ECG
should be continuously monitored for
monitored for monitoring evaluating and
recording.
39. INTENSIVE CARE
If the victim’s condition is stable, send the
victim to the ICU for close and continuous monitoring.
DRUGS THAT CAN BE USED DURING CPR
INJ EPINEPHRIN
INJ ATROPINE
INJ LIDNOCAINE
INJ MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
INJ DOPAMINE
INJ DOBUTAMINE
INJ SODA BI CARB
INJ CALCIUM GLUCONATE
40. TERMINATION OF BASIC
LIFE SUPPORT:
CPR is stopped as a result of a number
of circumstances; these are typically restoration of
spontaneous respiration and circulation, complete
rescuer exhaustion, or medical decision. Signs of
restored ventilation and circulation include:
Struggling movements
Improved color
Return of or strong pulse
Return of systemic blood pressure
41. NURSING TEAM LEADER
(USUALLY SENIOR WARD
NURSE)
Identifies self as Nursing Team Leader, responsible for co-
coordinating and directing emergent nursing care of the patient.
Checks appropriate emergency call has been placed
Starts timer as soon as the Emergency trolley arrives.
Delegates available staff to roles appropriate to their level of
practice: Airway, Compression, Monitor & Medications and
Runner to collect or remove extra equipment, supplies, labs etc.
Establishes the patient’s weight and delegates someone to print
out an Emergency Drug Worksheet (Icon on desktop of clinical
computers).
42. Cont …….
Ensures that the patient is placed on CPR back board.
Reassigns nursing staff once the PICU nurse and additional staff arrive
as required.
Ensure someone is assigned to support family members.
Documents initial and ongoing vital signs and cardiac rhythm,
medication administration, procedures and patient’s response to
interventions on the ACH/Starship Resuscitation record (CR8545).
Monitors the time interval between adrenaline administration and
prompts the Team Leader when 4 minutes has passed since last dose
administered.
Completes, including a brief summation of presenting events and signs
the ACH/Starship Resuscitation record (CR8545).
Ensures the outside copy of the CR8545 form is placed on the Charge
Nurse desk and the inside copy is placed in the clinical record.
43. AIRWAY NURSE
(USUALLY THE PATIENTS NURSE OR THE
NURSE WHO FINDS THE PATIENT)
Summons help and initiates CPR as required until
initial assistance arrives and then assumes
responsibility for airway management.
Maintains airway patency with use of airway
adjuncts as required (suction, high flow oxygen,
via Hudson mask, blob mask with O2 or bag valve
mask ventilation).
44. Cont……..
This role becomes the responsibility of the
PICU nurse on their arrival.
Assist with intubation and securing of ETT
Inserts gastric tube and/or facilitates gastric
decompression post intubation as required.
Assists with ongoing management of
airway patency and adequate ventilation
Supports less experienced staff by
coaching/guidance e.g. drug preparation
45. COMPRESSION NURSE
If CPR in progress, assume responsibility for
cardiac compressions (this includes ensuring that
staff doing compressions are changed at regular
intervals (e.g. every 2 minutes) to avoid fatigue
resulting in inadequate compressions being
delivered)
Assess pulses (including pulse volume) and
capillary refill as required
46. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION:
Although aids isn’t known to be
transmitted in saliva, some health care
professionals may hesitate to give
rescue breath, especially if the victim
has AIDS. For these reason, it is
recommended that all health care
professional should how to use
disposable air way equipments.
47. CONCLUSION:
CPR is the responsibility of a team of
personnel and not one person in
isolation. For cardiac arrest we strive to
prevent when possible, treat effectively
when challenged and support humanely
when death is imminent.